food safety & quality assurance

20122012

All 4-H / FFA members who exhibit the All 4-H / FFA members who exhibit the following species need to be FSQA following species need to be FSQA CertifiedCertified

• Beef• Dairy Cattle• Goats (Dairy & Meat)• Poultry (Chicken, Turkey, Duck, Geese, etc)• Rabbits• Sheep• Swine

Junior members, grades 4 – 6, need to come every year.

Intermediates, grades 7 – 9Seniors, grades 10 - 12Intermediate and Senior members can attend an

annual training or take the test-out option

• Intermediates and Seniors may test out of attending yearly FSQA sessions.

• To do so – they must take a 20 (Int.) or 30 (Sr.) question exam and receive a 70% passing score.

• At one setting, they may take a different exam 3 times if necessary to pass.

• Check with your county extension office for the testing dates / times and for any specific requirements for testing out.

Iowa 4-H Food Safety & Quality Assurance Member Manual & Website

http://www.extension.iastate.edu/4h/projects/livestock/FSQA.htm

Youth PQA Plus Website http://www.pork.org/Certification/21/youthPqaPlus.aspx

Iowa Beef Quality Assurance Website http://www.iabeef.org/Content/bqa.aspx

4-H Livestock Projects Website http://www.extension.iastate.edu/4h/projects/livestock/

Survey of Americans:Survey of Americans:• 9 out of 10

• In favor of additional food safety measures• COOL implementation

• 64% believe imported foods are often or sometimes unsafe

• 58% worry about bacterial contamination of the food supply

Pew-commissioned poll – Hart Research and Public Opinion

Who is responsible for safe food?Who is responsible for safe food?• Producers• Handlers• Processors• Food Suppliers • Consumers

Who Cares About FSQA?Who Cares About FSQA?• 17 million pounds of meat produced 17 million pounds of meat produced

by Iowa 4-H’ers each yearby Iowa 4-H’ers each year• Reputation of the 4-H programReputation of the 4-H program• 4-H’ers need to be responsible to the 4-H’ers need to be responsible to the

consumer and the food industry. consumer and the food industry. • Industry requirements must be met Industry requirements must be met

and maintained.and maintained.• Many 4-H’ers are further away from Many 4-H’ers are further away from

traditional food animal production.traditional food animal production.

• Understand and follow the seven Good Production Practices (GPP’s)

• Produce safe food products for consumers

Good Production Practices

Healthy Animals

Safe Food

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)regulates medicated animal feeds and most

animal health products

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)sets tolerance levels for pesticides used in

food production

Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS)inspects all livestock at federally inspected

packing plants and examines plant sanitation

• A system used in meat packing plants to prevent food safety problems

• Regulated by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)

Hazard Analysis and

CriticalControl

Points

Hazards can be identified as:

Microbial contamination• Bacteria, virus, protozoa

Chemical Hazards• Antimicrobial and chemical tissue residues

Physical Hazards• Broken needles or metal

Identify the risks Identify potential hazards

(risks) Identify critical control points

Plan the prevention Set a critical limit Monitor the process Plan corrective action

Monitor the progress Keep accurate records Review the process regularly

Understand and follow the seven Good Production Practices

Produce safe food products for consumers

1. Keep accurate records2. Veterinary relationship & drug

usage3. Healthy production practices4. Proper care and handling5. Feed and Feed Additives6. Biosecurity and Animal Welfare7. Exhibit strong character traits

(ethics)

GPP 3 – Healthy Production PracticesGPP 4 – Proper Care and HandlingGPP 7 – Ethics

• Properly story, label and account for all drugs and medications

• Properly administer the medications

• Educate all family members to assist with giving medications

• Use drug testing when appropriate

Label of a MedicationName of DrugQuantity of ContentsName of DistributorActive IngredientDosageCautions and WarningsWithdrawal TimeStorageLot numberExpiration date

Worksheet – “Reading Medication Labels” based on the drug label of “SuperCill”

Refer to “FSQA Activity Guide” starting on page 34

Routes of administration

Injection

OralWaterFeedMouth directly

Topical

Properly Administer Medications

Routes of injection

Intramuscular (IM)

Subcutaneous (SQ)

Intraperitoneal (IP)

Intravenous (IV)

Intranasal (IN)

Intramammary

Properly Administer Medications

Intramuscular (IM): means to inject into the muscleCauses damage to muscle tissue

Subcutanueous (SQ): means to inject under the loose skin areaPreferred because it causes least

damage

Intraperitoneal: inject into the abdominal cavityTypically done by Vets

Intravenous (IV): inject directly into the vein or bloodstreamFastest actingDone by Vets

Intranasel: inject into the nasal passages

Intramammary: means to inject into the teat canal (dairy cattle)

Select needle size by –Length of needleBore of needle (inside diameter)

Species to be injectedSize of animal

Intramuscular (IM) Injection Gauge Length

Baby Pigs 18 or 20 5/8" or 1/2"Nursery 16 or 18 3/4" or 5/8"Finisher 16 1"

Breeding Stock 14, 15, or 16 1 or 1 1/2“(Hogs and Cattle)

Calves, <300 lbs 18 1" to 1 1/2"Calves, 300-700 lbs 16 – 18 1" to 1 1/2"Calves, >700 lbs 16 1" to 1 1/2“

Rabbit 22 -25 ½” to ¾”

Sheep and Goats 16 or 18 ¾ “ to 1”

Subcutaneous Injection Gauge Length

Nursery 16 or 18 1/2"Finisher 16 3/4“

Breeding Stock 14 or 16 1“(Hogs and Cattle)

Calves, <300 lbs 18 - 20 1/2" to 3/4"Calves, 300-700 lbs 16 – 18 1/2" to 3/4"Calves, >700 lbs 16 - 18 1/2" to 3/4“

Sheep and Goats 16 – 18 ½” to ¾”

Rabbit 22 -25 ½” or less

Use proper size (see chart)Needles should not be defective.

Can damage muscle tissueCan break off in the muscleCan cause infections

Inspect needles for dirtInspect for dullnessInspect for bendingDo not straighten bent needlesProperly restraining animals decreases chances of

problemsDispose of needles properly

Stop injections Attempt to remove the needle Temporarily identify the animal - How ? Permanently identify the animal – How ? If selling the animal to market, tell the buyer for

separation from market group for special processing.

REMEMBER –ONE BROKEN NEEDLE IS TOO MANY !

Worksheet Exercise, p. 39 of FSQA Activity Guide

Oral: By mouth, by feed or water

Topical: Sprayed, poured or rubbed on the skin. Used with treatment for external parasites or injuries.

Educate all family members to assist

You are responsible for your animals!

All Are On The Same Page

Provide clean facilities Provide a balanced ration Provide plenty of clean fresh water daily Provide health care, including

immunizations and treatments when necessary

Work with a veterinarian to develop a health care plan and monitoring process

Handle animals to reduce stress, and ensure safety

Observe animals daily and treat if needed

What if your animals are Too Cold? More bedding Heaters More animals Prevent drafts Shelter

What if your animals are Too Hot? Shade Fans or ventilation Sprinkle water Remove hair or shear

Animals lose heat in 4 ways… Evaporative Conductive Radiant Convective

The most important nutrient that you can give to your animal

Water constitutes ~ 60 -70 % of an animal’s live weight

An animal can live ~ 45 – 60 days without food but only ~ 3 – 7 days without water

High moisture feeds can supply some of the water requirement

Aid in temperature regulation of the animal

Transport nutrients, hormones, and other chemicals within the body

Lubricates jointsAids in eliminating waste products of

digestion and metabolismHelps regulate blood pressureComponent of salvia and milk

Air Temperature and Humidity

Feed IngredientsWater QualityAnimal’s HealthWater AvailabilityType of WatererTemperature of Water

Reproduction and Lactation

Kind and size of the animalLevel of activityAmount of salt activates

the thirst mechanism

Provide ad lib or hand water generouslyFresh and cleanWater temperature in the range of 40 to 70

degrees if possibleRemember - Animals can’t drink ICE !

See Handout Sheet: FSQA Activity Guide p. 56-57

Species DeterminedKnow the size (animal dimensions) and

growth pattern of your animalThe larger the animal the more square

footage of space is needed

Permanent or Portable StructuresCan be complex to simple structures (Ex:

Confinement vs. Hoop building for pigs)Provide the correct environmental

temperatureDraft FreeWelfare friendly

Cattle – Beef and Dairy 40 – 60 degrees F

Swine Baby pigs < 2 wks = 90 – 95 degrees F Piglets (3 – 8 wks = 75 – 85 degrees F Mature swine = 50 – 70 degrees F

Sheep Lambs < 2 wks = 80 -90 degrees F Mature sheep = 40 – 65 degrees F

Rabbits 40 – 60 degrees F

Poultry Baby Chicks < 1 wks = 90 – 100 degrees F / reduce 5

degrees per week of age. Broilers and Laying Hens = 60 – 80 degrees F

See Handout Sheet: FSQA Activity Guide p. 60, 61

Species DeterminedHand Feeding

More space is needed1 X or 2 X per dayMore labor

Self FeedersLess space neededFeeder Adjustment to

reduce feed wastage

22 – 26 inches per steerBeef Steer 500/1200 lb Fed once per day

9 – 12 inches per lambLambs 30 /110 lb Hand Fed

2 inches per birdChickens - Broilers

24 inches or 2 feet per sow

Sows – Hand Fed

4 – 5 pigs per holeFinishing Pigs –75/250 lb

Feeder Space NeededAnimal Description

Natural instincts Fight Flight People and animals have comfort

zones

Flight zone is the animal’s “personal space”

Movement into an animal’s flight zone causes it to move away from you

Size of flight zone depends on how tame or wild the animal is

With frequent handling, the flight zone decreases in size; meaning, you have to get closer to the animal for it to move

The point where the animal begins to move away is the edge of the flight zone

The Flight Zone

Animal Stress is caused by… Heat and cold Health challenges Excitement or movement

Animal Stress causes…. Reduced feed intake and gain Increased health problems Affects quality of meat produced

What are stresses animals experience when they are PURCHASED?

Movement Changes in feed Health challenges Changes in environment

What are stresses animals experience when they are EXHIBITED at fair?

Movement Changes in feed/water intake Strange animals Strange environment Heat

What are stresses animals experience when they are MARKETED?

Shipment Strange animals (fighting) Remove feed and water Stressful handling

Dark Cutters

Caused by a chemical reaction in the muscle brought on by stress

(Dark, firm, dry) Caused by stress over longer periods of time before slaughter

(Pale, soft, exudative) genetics, improper handling before slaughtering, and poor carcass chilling

$48 million loss per year in pork industry

$94 million loss per year in beef industry

Sheep bruising comes from grabbing fleece to restrain animals

Intact males of any species pose the greatest danger

Exercise caution around female animals with newborns

Livestock have poor depth perception when in motion.

Pigs, cattle, and sheep will naturally move to a more brightly illuminated area

Cattle can kick to the side and to the rear.No electric shockers. Pigs are very sensitive

to electric shock and can cause them to tremble and go down

Monitor Temperature and HumidityGive adequate spaceUse bedding in winter Avoid wind chill of animals in winterWet sand or sawdust in summerKeep cool in summerProvide proper footing for animalsDrive smoothly

People are watching how you treat your animal at shows

Proper handling reduces stress on your animal and you

By reducing stress, you get better quality meat


See Handout Sheet: FSQA Activity Guide p. 55

• Ethics is the demonstration of good character traits. (Caring, Respect, Trustworthiness, Fairness, Responsibility, Citizenship)

• Knowing and doing the right thing.

• Caring - showing concern for others

• Respect - treating others the way you want to be treated

• Trustworthiness - don’t lie, cheat, be dishonest

• Fairness - play by the rules, listening

• Responsibility - be accountable for your actions

• Citizenship - helping others and obeying rules

• Not only deals with how you treat your animal• But also how you act and present yourself

Scenario/Activity#1

Steer

Scenario• Your steer just isn’t walking right at the State

Fair; he seems tight off his back legs• You think he could do really well in the show,

so you and your Dad decide to give him some Banamine to loosen him up

• You know Banamine isn’t really legal but you’ve heard others have used it and it works really good

• No one will even know; there are 300 steers here and you’re just taking him home anyway if he doesn’t win

ResultResult• Your steer got 5th in his class so you’re just

going to send him on the truck to the packer (Tyson)

• The packer does some drug testing on the animals from the fair and finds Banamine present in an animal; YOUR animal

• Tyson notifies the fair of the result and states they will no longer buy 4-H animals since they cannot let the meat enter the grocery store

Now What??Now What??• Since you have violated the Code of Ethics by

giving an unauthorized drug to your animal, you have been banned from showing for 2 years, your friends can’t sell their animals, and you’ve endangered the food supply

• Tyson’s export markets to Japan have been shut down due to the positive test and cattle prices fall since we now have more meat than we can sell

• You may be one in a million, but a million can be affected by one

Scenario/Activity#2

Rabbit

Scenario• You’re exhibiting your rabbit at the county fair

and you see a tremendous one that your friend brought and wins Grand Champion with

• Your friend is not going to the State Fair so you ask if you can “borrow” it to exhibit since rabbits don’t have to be ID’ed or anything really

• Your friend agrees reluctantly, but decides to let you show it at the State Fair

• The rabbit wins Grand Champion at the State Fair as well and you’re ecstatic!!

Result• You joke to another 4-H’er that this isn’t really

even your rabbit, but your friend’s that you’re borrowing

• Show officials hear of the incident and now will have a new rule next year that all rabbits be tattooed and maybe ear tagged by May 15th

• With all the hassle now to enter the State Fair, show numbers dwindle and the rabbit show is cancelled

• Think before you act, and DO THE RIGHT THING!

The Maze Craze– p. 96It’s All on Your Head- p. 98Who Can You Trust– p. 101Sportsmanship = Honor without Arrogance – p.

103Ethics Discussion Situations – p. 106Tommy’s Story – p. 112Code of Ethics Review -

http://www.extension.iastate.edu/4H/Agriculture/documents/lhethicscode.pdf

FSQA Activity GuideFSQA Activity Guide

Thanks for Attending!!

food safety & quality assurance

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