food microbiology and chemistry. summarize the chemical and microbiological factors that affect food...
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Food Microbiology and Chemistry
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Summarize the chemical and microbiological factors that affect food safety.
Objectives
هدف
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Food Spoilage
Six Factors That Affect Growth
Potentially Hazardous Foods
Food Additives
Overview
مرور
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Food Spoilage
Microorganisms are the most important cause of food spoilage.
Spoilage microbes:
Lactic Acid bacteria - common cause
Pseudomonas species of bacteria – commonly causes meat to spoil
Fungi – cause moldy bread
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Food Spoilage (cont.)
Chemical Food Spoilage
Chemical reactions can also reduce food quality
Exposure to air, light
Breakdown of fat in foods form off-flavors and off-orders
Reactions caused by enzymes that are naturally present in the food.
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Six Factors that Affect Growth
There are six main factors that affect microbial
growth in food:
F- Food
A- Acid
T- Temperature
T- Time
O- Oxygen
M- Moisture
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F (“Food” for the microbes to eat)
Nutrients in food affect microbial growth:
Sources of energy (e.g., sugars, proteins)
Sources of nitrogen (e.g., proteins)
Vitamins, Minerals
In order for bacteria to grow, the food has to have the right nutrients for the bacteria
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A (Acid--pH of the food)
pH scale – 0-14pH range of acids – 0-7pH range of bases – 7-14pH 7 is neutral
Microorganisms grow best at pH close to neutralIf the pH of a food is lowered, pathogens may still grow, but much slower
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Acid (cont.)
Most pathogens do not grow at pH < 4.6
Some yeast and molds can grow down to pH 1.5
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Temperature and Time
Heating/cooking foods (to an internal temperature of 74°C), kills pathogens
Some toxins/spores are not destroyed by heat
Staph aureus
Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus
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Vegetative and Spore Cells
When food is heated (cooked) to 74°C
and held <57°C SPORES survive Spores can become vegetative cells again if food is not cooled properly
Vegetative cells grow to high numbers and some produce toxins
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How Long do Bacteria Need to Grow?
Bacteria can double in number every 15-30 minutesExample: bacteria with a 20 min doubling time:
Start
20 Min
40 Min
1 Hour
TIME
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How Long do Bacteria Need to Grow?
Exercise: 1 bacteria on a piece of potentially hazardous food sitting at 90°F, with a 20 minute doubling time:
How many bacteria after 1 hr? 4 hrs? 8 hrs?
What if there were 10,000 bacteria to start with?
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Time
Lag Phase
Gro
wth
Pha
se
Resting Phase
Death Phase
Bacterial Growth Curve
Number of
Bacteria (log10)
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Time
Changing the Bacterial Growth Curve
*Sub-optimal means lowered: pH, AW , Temperature, etc.
Sub-optimal growth
conditions*
Rap
id B
acte
rial G
row
th
Con
ditio
ns
Much longer Lag Phase
Number of Bacteria
(log10)
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Temperature and Time (cont.)
If food is held on a hot serving line pathogens can NOT grow
Pathogens need time to grow to cause disease
Illness is caused by improper cooling of leftover foods
Foods cool faster in the refrigerator than on the counter
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5°C
Danger Zone
Keep cold foods cold
Keep hot foods hot
“Food Safety Thermometer”
Temperature range of rapid pathogen
growth=
Dan
ger
Zon
eH
otC
old
57.2oC
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Oxygen (Oxidation-Reduction Potential)
Generally refers to the amount of Oxygen present
Most bacterial pathogens can grow with or without Oxygen
HOWEVER, some food pathogens can only grow when no Oxygen is present
Many spoilage bacteria and molds require Oxygen to grow (obligate aerobic)
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Moisture (water)
Water is important for growth of bacteria
Water in food is present in two forms:
BOUND
FREE
Bound water is unavailable for bacteria to grow
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Moisture (cont.)
Water Activity (AW)
A measure of the FREE WATER--water that is available for microbial growth
AW can range from:
0.00 (no free water) to 1.00 (all free water)
Pathogens do not grow/produce toxins at
Aw < 0.85
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Potentially Hazardous Foods (PHF)
Definition: A food that supports growth of microorganisms
Examples of PHF’s:
Raw or cooked foods of animal origin:
Meat, Poultry, Waterfoods, Eggs, Dairy Products
Some fruit and vegetables
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Potentially Hazardous Foods (PHF)
Which F&V are PHF’s?Cut melons (like cantaloupe)
And the pH of some melons is >4.6
Heated/cooked fruits and vegetables
Rice, beans, baked potatoes, etc. after they are cooked
Seed sprouts (such as alfalfa sprouts)
Garlic in oil mixtures
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Food Additives
Additive
Government approved substances added to food during production or processing
Make food taste better, look better, and have a longer shelf life (prevent microbial growth and chemical reactions)
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Adulterated food:
Adulterated food means one that contains poisonous ingredients, unapproved additives, or is composed of decomposed or unsanitary ingredients to help cover up spoilage
Food Additives
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SUMMARY
Food Spoilage
Six Factors That Affect Growth
Potentially Hazardous Foods
Food Additives
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Review Questions
What is the most important cause of food spoilage?
What can reduce food quality?
What forms off flavors and off orders?
List the 6 factors that affect growth.
At what pH does microorganisms grow best?
What pH do most pathogens not grow?
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How long do bacteria need to double in growth?
What causes illness in leftover foods?
What is the temperature range of rapid pathogen growth?
Pathogens do not grow/produce toxins at what water level (Aw)?
What is PHF?
Name at least 2 foods considered PHF.
What is an additive?
Review Questions
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Questions?
سواالت