following directions
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Following Directions. Can you follow Directions?. Scientific Process. DO NOW. Pick Up both Sheets on the Cart of Science Youtube Clips on Variables and Scientific Method – on my website Think About – Does water increase growth in plants?. Scientific Inquiry section 1.3. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Following Directions
• Can you follow Directions?
Scientific Process
DO NOW
• Pick Up both Sheets on the Cart of Science
• Youtube Clips on Variables and Scientific Method – on my website
• Think About – Does water increase growth in plants?
Scientific Inquirysection 1.3
• Scientific inquiry refers to the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather.
The Scientific Method
•A planned organized approach to solving a problem.
Step 1: Question Curiosity about an observation sparks a question.
• Scientific Inquiry begins with a problem, or a question about an observation.
• Some questions can not be investigated by scientific inquiry:
Does water increase growth in plants?
Does my dog eat more food than my cat?
Which makes a better pet – a dog or a cat?
Step 2: Research Has anyone ever tried to answer this question before?• Once you have a question, you will try to gain some
insight into that question by conducting research. • We learn from the work other scientists have done
before us.
Step 3: Hypothesis How could you explain your observation?
•A hypothesis is a testable statement. (If I do this… then this will happen)
• A Hypothesis is an explanation to a question that can be tested and supported with evidence.
• An educated guess.• Once scientists have a hypothesis, they can test it
with an experiment.
Step 4: ExperimentDetermine if your hypothesis is correct.
•Design an experiment.•In every experiment there are variables and controls.•During the experiment scientists must collect data and record the results.
Step 5: AnalyzeInterpret the results of your experiment.
• Once the experiment is over, scientists analyze the data in order to interpret it and reach a conclusion.
• Organize your data and look for trends.• Compare the results with your hypothesis and
predictions.
Step 6: Conclude Summarize what you have learned from the experiment.
• Decide if your results supported your hypothesis.• If not, the hypothesis is rejected.• When a series of related hypotheses have been
tested and confirmed many times, in a variety of experiments ,by a variety of scientists a theory is born.
Step 6: Conclude
• A good scientist will verify their results further by conducting the experiment many times in order to make sure the results are the same each time.
• The final step is to communicate the results to other scientists around the world.
Question
Does Gatorade increase growth in plants?
QuestionResearch
QuestionResearch
Hypothesis
QuestionResearch
HypothesisExperiment
QuestionResearch
HypothesisExperiment
Analysis
QuestionResearch
HypothesisExperiment
Analysis Conclusion
Constants, Controls, and Variables
Control – Not Tested
Variable – The Test
Constants ( stay the same) Independent Variable – Water (what is tested)
Dependent Variable – Growth (cm) (the outcome of the test)
All Good Experiments Have
• Constants – Things that stay the same (time, temp, setting)• Controls – Things that are not tested (normal)
• Variables – Things that change– Independent – what the scientists change or test– Dependent – changes that occur as a result of the test
(measure)
• Hypothesis – If the temperature (independent) is increased then it will be more likely to rain (dependent)
Why do we use only One Variable?
• One Variable • Two Variables
ONE VARIABLE
• If you change two or more variables at the same time, you wouldn't know which one is having an effect on the outcome. There might also be no change - in that case, you don't know which one is affecting the results either way and how. By changing one at a time, you can precisely measure what changes happen and exactly how they are related.
Witch Skit
Brain POP
• http://www.brainpop.com/science/scientificinquiry/scientificmethod/
DO NEXT
• Take a look at the dependent and independent variables sheet
Science That was Proven Wrong
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqaDf2fuUH8
Great Scientific
Discoveries(that were totally wrong)
Earth-centric Universe
Claudius Ptolemy
Galileo
The Planet Vulcan
Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier
Spontaneous Generation
Aristotle
Louis Pasteur
Expanding Earth
Nikola Tesla
Alfred Wegener
Martian Canals
Giovanni Schiaparelli.
Phrenology
Humorism
Hippocrates
Do Now
1) Take out your IDENTIFYING VARIABLES Packet
2) Fill in the blanks below with your neighbor
Every experiment needs to have _____________, ________________ and ____________.
All Good Experiments Have
• Constants – Things that stay the same (time, temp, setting)• Controls – Things that are not tested (normal)
• Variables – Things that change– Independent – what the scientists change or test– Dependent – changes that occur as a result of the test
(measure)
• Hypothesis – If the temperature (independent) is increased then it will be more likely to rain (dependent)
ONE VARIABLE
• If you change two or more variables at the same time, you wouldn't know which one is having an effect on the outcome. There might also be no change - in that case, you don't know which one is affecting the results either way and how. By changing one at a time, you can precisely measure what changes happen and exactly how they are related.
DO NEXT
• Take out your Identifying Variables Packet
• Read over the instructions and the example
DO NOW (6 minutes)
• Please pick up Designing a Good Experiment and HEART LAB on the cart in front of the supplies cabinet.
• PUT THIS IN YOUR AGENDA– UNIT 1 ASSESSMENT NEXT FRIDAY 10/3– Study guides will be available next week
• See if you and your neighbor can fill in the blanks on the Designing a Good experiment sheet
Designing A Good Experiment
QuestionWhat is the effect of exercise on heart
rate?Research
Designing A Good Experiment
Once you have conducted your research you need to formulate a
HypothesisYour hypothesis should be an IF - THEN statement that attempts to answer your question… (think about what you know
from your RESEARCH)
Designing a Good Experiment
What is the effect of exercise on heart rate?
HypothesisIF I exercise, THEN my heart rate will go
up.
Experiment
• In a well designed experiment you need to have a control, variable, an constants.
Designing a Good Experiment
the control group• A group of subjects in an experiment that are not
manipulated or given any special treatment.• Everything stays the SAME for this group and it is
used for comparison.
Won’t ExerciseExperimental Group
Will Exercise
Designing a Good ExperimentVariables
•There are two different variables in every experiment, the dependent variable and the independent variable.
VariablesIndependent
• variables that are purposely changed or manipulated in an experiment
• the factor that you wish to test
• usually expressed after the word “if” in the hypothesis
• could be thought of as the “cause” in a cause and effect relationship
Example
The activity level (resting, walking, running)
Dependent
• variables that may change as a result of the independent variable
• the factor you measure to gather results
• usually expressed after the word “then” in the hypothesis
• could be thought of as the “effect” in a cause and effect relationship
Example
The person’s heart rate
Designing a Good Experiment Constants
• Factors in an experiment (both in the experimental and control groups) that are kept the same and not allowed to change.
Examples
1. One minute was consistently the amount of time allotted to perform the necessary activity
2. The type of activity performed
3. The stopwatch used during data collection
4. The method used to measure the heart rate
HEART RATE LAB
• You will be working with your lab partner and another group.
• So go find your lab partner– Read over the lab – Complete up to the Hypothesis– Make certain you can find your pulse– Find your resting Heart rate; (count beats for 10 seconds
and multiply by 6; 11 x 6 = 66 bpm)
Graphing Your Results
• When graphing the results of any experiment, you always put the independent variable on the x axis, and the dependent variable on the y axis. ALWAYS.
DEP
END
ENT
(Hea
rt R
ate)
INDEPENDENT(Activity)
Graphing Your Results
RULES TO GRAPH BY:1.Always label the axis with the appropriate variable.2.Always include the units on each axis.3.Always even space data points.4.Always use as much space as is provided for you.5.Always give the graph a title.
Identify the Variables:
• I want to measure the influence of different quantities of fertilizer on plant growth.
• Dependent Variables:
• Independent Variable:
• Constants:
• Control Group:
Identify the Variables:
• I want to measure the influence of different quantities of fertilizer on plant growth.
• Dependent Variables: growth in height/mass of the plant.
• Independent Variable: amount of fertilizer used.• Constants: type of plant, type of soil, type of
fertilizer, sunlight, size of the pots.• Control Group: a group of plants that gets no
fertilizer.
Variables
• If you are confused try using this sentence…• How tall the plants will grow DEPENDS on how
much fertilizer I give them.• The amount of fertilizer is independent (you are
manipulating it)• The height is dependent (effected by what you do)
Identify the Variables:
• I want to study how different doses of a drug affect the severity of symptoms
• Dependent:
• Independent:
• Constants:
• Control Group:
Identify the Variables:
• I want to study how different doses of a drug affect the severity of symptoms
• Dependent: The severity and frequency of the symptoms.
• Independent: The amount of drug per dose• Constants: The type of drug, the type of disease,
the types of symptoms.• Control Group: A group of sick people who get no
drug, or a placebo.
• How severe will the patients symptoms be? It DEPENDS on how much medicine I give them.
Graphing Your Results
• When graphing the results of any experiment, you always put the independent variable on the x axis, and the dependent variable on the y axis. ALWAYS.
DEP
END
ENT
INDEPENDENT
Graphing Your Results
RULES TO GRAPH BY:1.Always label the axis with the appropriate variable.2.Always include the units on each axis.3.Always even space data points.4.Always use as much space as is provided for you.5.Always give the graph a title.
Identify the Variables:
• I want to measure the influence of different quantities of fertilizer on plant growth.
• Dependent Variables:
• Independent Variable:
• Constants:
• Control Group:
Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 3 Plant 4
Amount of
fertilizer given (cups)
0 cups ½ cup 1cup 1 ½ cups
Growth of Plant (inches)
2 in. 4in. 6in. 8in.
RESULTS
DO NOW
Work with your lab partner to obtain the following materials quickly and in an organized manner.
1.2 lab sheets from the do now basket (one for each of you)
2.1 meter stick (in the box by the sink)3.1 small piece of red string (next to the sink)4.1 piece of wax paper labeled as shown.5.Gum (From Mrs. Burke)6.Get back to your seat and wait for verbal
directions. A B
DO NOW
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Control Constants
Quickly draw this table in your notebook:
Take a bean lab from the do now basket.
BEAN LAB
Question: What variables can affect the growth of a bean?
TYPE OF BEAN
TYPE OF SOIL
SUNLIGHT
WATER
BEAN LAB: TODAY’S GOALS
• You will choose a variable that you wish to investigate and fill out the chart you copied into your notebook.
• Next you will write a hypothesis.• Next you will complete the procedure.
Hints:
1) Number the steps
2) Be Detailed
3) Someone must be able to follow them.
4) Think of a recipe
BEAN LAB: TODAY’S GOALS
• Once Mrs. Burke has approved your procedure you may use the materials set up in the back of the room to set up your experiment.
•The procedure should be followed EXACTALY•Materials need to be carefully measured.•All cups should be labeled and set up in an appropriate location in the classroom
DO NOW
•Take out your bean lab.•Put all of your books and other
belongings off to the side of the room (near the net books, on the heater, or under the red cat)
•DO NOT TOUCH ANYTHING IN THE LAB STATIONS UNTIL YOU ARE INSTRUCTUED TO DO SO!
• Observe your beans and record your observations.• Get a lab sheet from the do now basket.
Measuring Liquid Volume
How well can you follow directions?
Bean Conclusion:•Paragraph 1:
•Explain the variable you were testing. Summarize your experiment. (What did you do, constants, control, set up.)
•Paragraph 2:•Summarize your results. Look at all of
your observations and explain what happened over the course of the experiment.
•Discuss possible sources of error.DUE TUESDAY
10/15one separate sheet of
paper
How to make a wet mount slide…
•You will need a clean slide, a clean cover slip, a pipette and a beaker of water.
•Obtain a small, THIN, sample of onion skin. Using tweezers, place the skin on the slide. (the more purple the better)
•Add ONE drop of water on top of the skin.•Drag the cover slip along the slide at a 45
degree angle until you reach the edge of the specimen, then carefully drop it into place.
•Absorb any excess water.
How to make a wet mount slide…