folder title: 447intro updated: september 15, 2015 filename: 447intro(notp) (without tp questions...
TRANSCRIPT
Folder Title: 447Intro
Updated: September 15, 2015Filename: 447Intro(NoTP)
(Without TP Questions Except for Slides 6, 7, 8, & 32)
BIO 447: Immunobiology
Introduction to Immunobiology and Immunology in Health and
Medicine
The Power-Point Presentations are available on the course web-site at tpfondy.syr.edu/bio447
in the table link called “Course Schedule and Graphics”
http://tpfondy.syr.edu/bio447
(Turning Point question slides are not included until after the presentation except for this first presentation)
Course Web-Site and Presentations
Textbook and Teaching Assistant
Textbook: Kuby, Immunology, 7th Editionby Owen, Punt, & Strandford
Yifan Gong: Teaching Assistant
EMail: [email protected]
How to use your NXT Transmitter(Revised January 11, 2015 by Yifan)
Find channel and edit names• Press grey button with white oval in
the middle• Main screen should be seen as shown
in picture on the right side• Press upper right button to go to
Toolbox • Go to “Find Channels” and make sure
you are on the right channel (Channel 41)
• Press Right Arrow 4 times to get to “Your ID”
• Enter your name (first five letters OK) using the letters shown on each key.
Left arrow under abc will clear characters If you want a “c”, hit the abc key three times in
quick succession. When your name is entered hit the grey button. You will get a smiley face.
• Hit upper left button to go to “Back”. Now you are on the main screen and are ready to answer quiz questions
Send response to Professor
• To Send in a “Response to Leader” at any time during class, go to Toolbox, select “Send Message”, type in your questions in there, professor will get an icon on his screen to see what was asked. (Your name will NOT be shown on screen)
• BE CAREFUL! Do not answer quiz questions under this “Send Message” function! Your answer input here will NOT be received. You have to go to main screen (See picture above) to answer question.
To Respond to Turning Point Questions in Class:Using the NXT Transmitter
(Revised January 10, 2015)
1. Put your last name onto your transmitter under “Your ID” for NXT 2. If you borrow a transmitter from us, fill out an index card, take instruction form, leave the
device ID unchanged on the borrowed transmitter. We will know who you are form the index card that you filled out on the date when you borrowed our transmitter. Do not change the “BIO” designation.
3. We are using Channel 41 in this room. NXT should find Channel 41 when you hit “Find Channel”. You get a smiley face.
4. Respond to the question as directed on the question itself.5. With NXT you have to hit the square response button in the upper left below the screen in order
to get to the blank screen that is presentation mode.6. Screen will show whether your response has been received. Your device will also show a check
when your name has been received.7. If you have problem with your NXT transmitter we can provide a paper back-up form if
absolutely unavoidable. However, you must hand in the back-up form with your response at the same time that the question is being responded to by the rest of the class.
8. You must identify yourself with your SUID photo card when you hand in a back-up form so we know that the form has been filled out by the person who hands it in.
9. We count persons in class and match that number with the TP responses + Backup Forms. 10. If the numbers don’t agree, we hand out paper forms one-at-a-time. The person or persons who
have someone else respond for them will be dismissed from the class
This is to test your ability to send in a one-word answer: What day of the week is it?
Rank Responses123456
1 2 3 4 5 6
0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
What is your best language?
Rank Responses123456
1 2 3 4 5 6
0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
With respect to responding to quiz questions in English using the Turning Point NXT Transmitter:
A. I will have no problem.B. I will need a little extra time.C. I will have a lot of difficulty.*
0% 0%0%If you will need extra help from Yifan, please sit on one of the aisle seats on the left side of the room as you face the screen. That was we can get to you quickly.
Course Evaluation, Grading,and Maintenance of Standards
Three In-Class Exams, 100 Pts Each
Exams only for those who actually come to class based on responses received from NXT transmitters.
Exam 1 Oct. 13th; Exam 2 Nov. 12th; EXAM 3 Last Day of Class (No Final Exam)
Class Participation Components:
Based on Responses Using Turning Point NXT Transmitters
Number of responses is matched to the number of persons in class
200 Points Maximum Possible (40% of Course Grade)
500 Points for the entire course: Graded based on standing in the class of 108 students
Course Evaluation and Maintenance of Standards
No Make-Ups for scheduled exams.
Medical excuses are required for illness causing absence from an exam. (See Verification of Medical Conditions, University Policy, February 25, 1993)
Dean's office confirmation required for personal emergencies.Exam contents cover only what is actually presented in class,
whatever parts of the textbook directly pertain to what is covered in class,(For example figures directly from the book), hand-outs given in class,
or whatever is specifically assigned in class.
Course organized based on Immunology by Janis Kuby and later Authors: Prior editions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
7th Edition Currently in Use
Course Evaluation and Maintenance of Standards
Class Participation: 200 Points In-class Quizzes using Turning Point NXT Transmitters 10 Points Each
Start of Class, End of Class, or In-Between Will Give 26 Quizzes
(will assign your average quiz grade for any quizzes legitimately excused)
Course Total: 500 Points
Course GradingDone strictly on a comparative basis by determining standing in the class.
Therefore: Rigorous honesty is essential! (Don’t cheat and don’t assist anyone else in cheating)
NXT Transmitter, also called “Response Card” used for all classes. Procedures for use sent to Class via Blackboard and given in earlier slides
No cell phones or other electronic devices other than the NXT transmitters are permitted in class, during quizzes, or during exams.
If you wish to record a class because of limitations with your comprehension of English, or for problems with hearing, you can place your recording device on the front desk at the start of class.
You have to pay careful attention. We will provide a 5 minute break at the 35 minute point to break-up the 80 minute class.
Do not multi-task or converse during class. Our brains work only by focusing on one cognitive task at a time.
Immunobiology: Why Do We Want to Know?
Why Does it Matter?
What’s special about immunology and the immune response system?
Why does Syracuse University have an Immunology Policy?
Why did we all get this mailing here at SU a few years ago?
See next three slides…
SU NEWS ALERT: Flu Information for the Fall SemesterAugust 26, 2009:
Syracuse University continues to monitor developments related to the spread of flu—both the common seasonal flu and the H1N1 flu virus (popularly known as “swine flu”). The University’s goal is to work with all members of the community to reduce the effects of flu and flu-like illness, while maintaining the academic mission and business functions of the campus. Members of SU’s multi-departmental Pandemic Flu Preparedness Task Force convene regularly on flu planning, and task force representatives met recently with Onondaga County Health Department officials for the latest in an ongoing dialogue. In addition, last week the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued new guidance for colleges and universities (http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/schools/) that is currently being reviewed by University officials for possible modifications to the University’s flu strategies. Widespread flu-like illness is expected over the next several months, with H1N1 flu intermingling with seasonal (“regular”) flu during 2009-10. Based on current information from health officials, H1N1-specific testing will not be routinely available, so it is unlikely that health professionals will know whether a specific individual with flu-like symptoms is ill with seasonal flu or H1N1. Based on the current behavior of H1N1 in the Southern Hemisphere, H1N1 is expected to cause mild to moderate (rather than severe) illness in most persons infected with this virus in the United States this fall. All students, faculty and staff are encouraged to receive the seasonal flu vaccine (a “flu shot”). Opportunities to obtain the flu vaccine will be available on and off campus beginning in early fall and continuing while supplies last. Information on vaccine availability will be posted on the Syracuse University Preparing for the Flu website (http://sunews.syr.edu/h1n1flu/index.html). When H1N1 vaccine becomes available, the University anticipates it will be administered on campus to eligible (based on criteria established by the CDC) students. Opportunities for faculty and staff to receive the vaccine will be available in the community.
All persons 50 years and older, and persons younger than 50 years who have certain medical conditions, should receive the Pneumovax 23 vaccine from their health care provider (if they have not already done so) to reduce the risk of pneumonia following infection with H1N1. Persons who are ill with flu-like symptoms will typically be advised to stay at home or in their residence hall room until 24 hours after fever (100 degrees Fahrenheit or 38 degrees Celsius) symptoms abate without the aid of fever-reducing medications. Individuals with flu-like symptoms may be advised to wear a mask when it is necessary to be in public places, such as a dining hall. At this time, the University does not anticipate closure or severe disruption of the academic year due to H1N1, although planning is taking place to diminish the impact of potential interruptions of work or services due to faculty and staff illness, the necessity for faculty and staff to care for ill family members, and similar situations. All members of the University community should practice good hygiene such as proper hand washing, cough etiquette and other flu mitigation strategies. Individuals are also encouraged to take personal responsibility for the sanitization of frequently/commonly used surfaces such as doorknobs, keyboards, copiers, remote controls and desks within their personal living, learning and work areas to minimize the transmission of virus. Hand sanitizing products are available for purchase by schools/colleges/departments from Materials Distribution through the Materials Distribution Online Ordering System (http://mdoos.syr.edu/). In addition, students should ask instructors about class attendance policies, and faculty and staff should work with their school/college/department to review policies regarding flexible work, paid time off, leaves of absence, and expectations for continuity of operations and services.
Following are contacts that are available to respond to flu-related questions on specific topics: General health care and flu prevention: SU Health Services, 443-9005, [email protected] On-campus residence halls and apartments: Bill Longcore, Office of Residence Life, 443-3637, [email protected] Off-campus and commuter students: Darya Rotblat, Off-Campus and Commuter Services, 443-5489, [email protected] International students: Lillian and Emanuel Slutzker Center for International Services, 443-2457, [email protected] Academic policy topics: Sandra Hurd, Academic Programs, 443-1899, [email protected] Academic personnel topics: Kal Alston, Academic Administration, 443-5525, [email protected] Staff human resources: Jack Matson, Human Resources, 443-5461, [email protected] Parent/family concerns: Colleen O’Connor Bench, Parents Office, 443-1200, [email protected] Additional information on seasonal flu and the H1N1 flu virus will be provided to the University community via e-mail, the Web (http://sunews.syr.edu/h1n1flu/index.html) and other forms of communication as the information becomes available. Sincerely,
Dr. James R. Jacobs, M.D., Ph.D., FACEPDirector of University Health ServicesCo-chair, Pandemic Flu Preparedness Task Force
University Immunization Policy(from Schedule Book ~1990)
Vaccines in Human Health
Meningitis and Ear Infection
Variola major small pox.
30% Death rate.
See Chapter One: Kuby Edition 7
• Overview of the Immune System:• How does it work? pp. 1 to 10• What does it do? pp. 11 to 18• What can go wrong? pp. 19 to 22
What’s Special about the Immune Response?
What it has to do?Distinguish pathogenic threat from symbiotic beneficial organisms, and from non-pathogenic elements.
Distinguish Self from Non-Self.
Distinguish Normal Self from Pathological Self.
Remember what it has seen.
Turn on when needed, turn off when no longer needed.
Be controllable when we don’t want a response.
Has to work everywhere in the body (be systemic).
Has to be able to deal with cellular, tissue, and molecular targets, so has to mobilize cellular, tissue, and molecular responses
What if those elements of the Immune Response Don’t Work Correctly?
Failure to Recognize? Immune deficiency diseases.
Attacking Self? Allergy, hypersensitivity, auto-immunity
Failure to Distinguish Self from Altered Self: Cancer Immune Evasion.
Failure to Remember what it has seen: Immune-unresponsiveness; Vaccine Immunology
Failure to Turn-off: Inflammation, Hypersensitivity
Need to control when we don’t want a response: Transplantation Medicine
What’s Special about the Immune Response?
How does it do what it has to do?
Cell Sociology in Metazoan Evolution
How do cells “talk” to each other from a distance?
How does an organ system work when the system is discontinuous?
Cell signaling in multicellular organisms
How do cells “remember” stuff?
Self and Non-Self Recognition in Biology
Species Specific Sperm and Egg Recognition Maternal - Fetal Recognition Kin and Group Recognition Self-Recognition in Plants Innate Natural Immune Response Self-Recognition and Self-Awareness in Neurobiology (See Science, April 12, 2002, Reflections on Self)
Immunity is part of self, non-self, altered-self, and damaged-self recognition in multi-cellular organisms
Host Responses to External and Internal Agents and Events
Vision: Ocular and Neurological Response Air and Water-pressure Changes: Auditory ResponsesChemical concentration and identity: Olfactory Responses Blood Pressure: Cardiovascular Response Sexual Attraction: Hormonal Response Avoidance Behavior: Hormonal Response
Non-Immunological Responses
Response1
Host Responses to External and Internal Agents and Events
Distinguishing Cell, Tissue, and Molecular Self from Non-Self
Distinguishing Normal Self from Pathological Self Distinguishing Normal Self from Damaged Self
Distinguishing Beneficial Organism and Agents from Pathological ones
“Remembering” pathogenic challenges
Immunological Responses
What’s Special about the Immune Response?
What it has to do?
How it does what it has to do?
How it is set up?
Questions: Where is the heart? Where is the liver? Where is the digestive system? Where is the respiratory system? Where is the immune response system?
More Questions: Where is the nervous system? Where is the circulatory system? Where is the lymphatic drainage system? What happens if they aren’t continuous?
What’s Special about the Immune Response?
How can a discontinuous system work?
Inter-cellular communication and cell signaling:
Notions of “Biocomplexity”
Keeping a discontinuous system functioning normally.
What can go wrong.
Immunology in Human and Animal Health and Disease
Why do we want to know about Immunology? What does it tells us about ourselves and about biology?
What can it do for us?
As a tool in biomedical research?
As a diagnostic and therapeutic modality in clinical and veterinary medicine?
What can it do to us, as a source of pathology?InHealth
Immunology in Human and Animal Health and Disease
What Can We Make it Do For Us?
To Here, Day 1, Sept. 1, 2015
BIO 447 Immunobiology:First Third: September 01 to Oct. 13th
What Immunology IsWhat It Can Do in the Host
Beneficial Deleterious
What Does the Immunological Response Recognize and Respond to?What Does It Respond With?How Can It Possibly Recognize and Respond to so Much Diversity?
I am here!(Testing your Turning Point Transmitter)
1. Yes2. No
For Off-White NXT DeviceEnter your name under “Your ID”Hit Grey Circular button with white ovalGet a wrench iconHit square split screen button in upper right“Find Channel”Hit grey button again. Enter Channel Number 41Hit grey button again“Channel Changed”. Get Smiley Face. Should see “41”Hit grey button again.Hit the square button at the top left under the screenGet blank screen.Enter your response
Be sure that your name is enteredunder “Your ID” in your NXT DeviceUnless you have a borrowed Bio NXT transmitter
We are using channel 45
Response
Counter
KEY FEATURES OF SPECIFIC ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY IN HISTORY
Freedom from Plague after Surviving First Exposure
Immunity Exists
Susceptibility to Other DiseasesEven After Surviving Plague Immunity is Specific
Deliberately Induce Small-pox toProtect Against Later Exposure Immunity has Memory
Induce Non-pathogenic Cow-pox to Protect Against Virulent Small-pox (Vaccination)
Related Antigensare Cross-Reactive
Resistance to Chicken Cholera after Surviving Exposure to Weakened Chicken Cholera Bacilli (Attenuated Vaccines)
Antigens can beseparated frompathogenic features
Some Comments About What Immunology Teaches Us About the Vulnerability of Our Civilizations and Who is looking out for us.
History of the Second Millennium ADSmallpoxBubonic Plague
CholeraTuberculosisSyphilusInfluenzaPneumoniaChild-bed Fever
Human Response to Pathobiology and to Psychopathology
Use our socialized brain-power and 50,000 years of experience
Learn from each other and from the past
Take care of each other.
Why Does Immunobiology Matter?
Some Stories:
The Boy Policeman from Raleigh, North Carolinahttp://abclocal.go.com/wtvd/story?section=news/local&id=7531763
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38084943#38084943
Killer Disease on Campus: NOVA Video on Meningitis(See Slide 82 later)
2-year-old Boy with Fanconi’s Anemia as Best Man for His Parents’ Wedding. Logan Stevensonhttp://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57597155/logan-stevenson-2-year-old-pa-boy-dies-after-serving-as-parents-best-man/
(This link does no longer seems to work)
What the Immune Response Has to Do:
Recognize and respond to external pathogens.Recognize and respond to infected cells.Recognize and respond to transformed self (cancer) cells.Participate in tissue remodeling and senescence.Know where the challenge is.Know how to mount an effective response.Know how to get the effector response to the right place.Respond without damaging normal cells and tissues.Know how much response is needed.Shut down when the response is completed.Remember previous response and respond more quickly effectively the next time around.Do not react against normal self. (no autoimmunity).
Do not react against something that is in fact not a problem until the immune responds reacts (no allergies).
Accept medically needed transplants
Infection in thumb:That there is a peripheral challengeIt’s in the thumb!Which thumb?(Where the challenge is located?)What is the challenge?What do I need to respond with?How do I get it there?How much response do I need?When should I shut it down?What do I do if it comes back?What if I don’t pick up the signals?What if I get it wrong and respond incorrectly?
How is the Immune response set-up to do all of these things?How does the immune response know where the problem is?
Cytokines, Chemokines, Receptors (Chapter 4)See Appendix I, Pages A1 to A29, 540 CD AntigensSee Appendix II, Cytokines, Pages B1 to B6, 58 CytokinesAppendix III, Chemokines and Receptors, p. C1, about 30 chemokines and related receptors.
Beneficial Protective Immune ResponsesRecognition and Response to External Organisms and Agents:
Antimicrobial and Anti-parasitic Immunity (Chapter 17)Molecular Pathogens
Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Molds
Single Celled Eucaryotes
Multi-cellular Organisms
Induction of Protective Immunity: Vaccines (Chapter 17)
Recognition and Response to Internal Pathology: (Chapter 19)
Tumor Immunology Recognition and Response to Transformed Self
Deleterious Immune Responses and
Immunopathology
Allergy and Hypersensitivity (Chapter 15)
Organ and Tissue Transplantation Rejection (Chapter 16)
Self-Reactivity: Loss of Tolerance ; Autoimmunity
(Chapter 16)
Immune Stimulation of Tumor Growth, Invasion, and Metastasis (Chapter 19)
Immunodeficiency Diseases (Chapter 18) • Congenital
• Acquired
• How is the Immune Response Set-up to do what it has to do? (How is the immune response organized)
• How does the immune response work?• Innate Natural Immunity• Specific Adaptive Immunity
Non-Specific Host Defenses, and Non-Specific and Specific Host Immunity
Non-Immunological Host Defenses
Innate, Natural, Non-Specific Immune Responses (Chapter 5)
Specific, Adaptive, Acquired Immune Responses (Chapter 3 and others)
CD Antigens (Constellation of Differentiation Antigens,see Table A1 to A29, 540 CD Antigens!)
Non-Specific Host Defenses, and Non-Specific Immunity
Anatomical Barriers• Skin• Mucous Membranes; Epithelial Linings
Chemical and Physical Barriers• Temperature• pH• Enzymes, Cytokines, Chemical Mediators• Bathing fluids (e.g. eye), oils
Cellular Barriers• Leucocytes: Neutrophils (Polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes or PMNs)• Eosinophils, Basophils• Monocytes & Macrophages
Non-Specific Cellular Barriers:Innate, Natural Immune Response
Cellular Barriers• Leucocytes: Neutrophils (Polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes
or PMNs)• Eosinophils, Basophils•Monocytes & Macrophages•Dendritic Cells•Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
Inflammatory Responses• Enzymes, Cytokines, Chemical Mediators• Elevated Temperature
Specific, Adaptive, Acquired Immune ResponseHumoral Immunity • Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)• Involves Cell-free, Specific Antibodies in Serum and Other Body
Fluids• Produced by B-Cells (B-Lymphocytes or Bone-marrow Derived
Lymphocytes)• Can use the Complement System (Chapter 6)
Cellular Immunity• Involves Specific T-Cells (T-Lymphocytes or Thymus-derived
Lymphocytes)• Involves Cytokines (Inter-cellular Protein Signal Molecules
Produced by Cells)
Properties of the Specific, Adaptive, Acquired Immune Response
Recognizes Specific Biochemical Structures:
AntigensInducible by Antigen-ExposureExhibits Memory ResponseDiscriminates between Self and Non-SelfInvolves Specific Cellular Responses: T-CellsInvolves Specific Humoral Responses: Antibodies
Non-Specific, Innate, Natural Immune Responses(See Chapter 5)
Responds to Non-Self Cell-Surface Structures: PAMP(Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns) including TLR’s (Toll-like Receptors). or to the Absence of Self ("password") Signals Non-Antigen Specific
Discriminates between Self- and Non-Self.Less Specific than the Adaptive Immune Response.No Immunological Memory Response.Inherently Present; Does not have to be induced. Can be induced by cytokines and various other agentsUses Non-Antigen-Specific Cells and Soluble Factors in Humoral Fluids, but not
Antibodies or T-Cell ReceptorsInvolved in Inherent Resistance to Infectious and Neoplastic DiseaseProbably to earliest form of immune response in evolutionSe Plant Innate Immunity, pages 178-179
Pathogen-associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) Receptors and Toll-Like Receptors in the Innate Natural Immune Response
Figure 5-10a, 7th Edition
Interaction Between Natural Immunity and Specific Adaptive Immune Response
Innate Immunity
PMN = Polymorpho-nuclear Leucocytes (“Polymorphs”) = Neutrophils, Basophils, & Eosinophils (lobular nucleus)
Macrophage
T-Helper Cell
Interaction Between Innate Natural Immune ResponseAnd the Specific Adaptive Immune Response
Macrophage-Helper-T-Cell Interaction
Phagocytic macrophage ingesting mycobacterium tuberculosum
Humoral and Cell-mediated Specific Adaptive Immunity
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity
MHC = Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule
Innate Immunity and Specific Adaptive Immunity
Walking along the Quad.See people running out of a building.This is unusual. Something it wrong (Pattern Recognition).Smell smoke. Think “Fire” (Pathogen associated molecular receptors).Run in and grab a fire extinguisher. (effector response)Not good enough. Recognize this is Bowne Hall-Chemistry Building.Don’t know where they store flammable solvents.Don’t know where the peroxides, azides, and other explosives are.Call 911.Professional Fire-Fighters Arrive.They know this is the Chemistry Building.They have details of the lay-out.They have special equipment for managing chemical and electrical fires.This is not the first time they have responded to the Chemistry Building.They put out the fire.They don’t set up a back-fire or burn the building down to contain the original fire.
The Specific Adaptive Immune Response and
Clonal Selection, Expansion, and Memory
See Figure 1-5, p. 11Kuby 4th Edition
Membrane-bound Antibodies & T-Cell Receptors
See Figure 1-10, p. 17Kuby, 4th Edition
Clonal Generation, Antigen Selection, Expansion
Figure 1-12, p. 17Kuby, 6th Edition
Cellular and Non-Cellular Components for the Immune Response
Morphology and Staining Characteristics of Blood Cells
Kuby, 3rd Edition Figure 3-1
CellMorf
Hematopoiesis:Where blood cells come from and what they look like.
From Stem Cell Technologies Wall-Chart on Hematopoietic and Non-Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Innate Natural Immunity and Systemic Sepsis:NOVA Video on Meningitis (Meningococcal
Meningitis, Endotoxin, and Systemic Sepsis)
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/meningitis/
Has video links to steps in meningococcal sepsis
“Amy’s Story”and related NOVA Stories
Killer Disease on Campus
Merck Introduction of KeytrudaFor Malignant Melanoma
Sept. 6, 2014Wall-Street Journal
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BUSINESSFDA Approves Merck's New-Wave Cancer DrugNew Treatment, Which Costs $150,000 a Year, Is Aimed at Bolstering the Body's Immune System
By PETER LOFTUS
Updated Sept. 4, 2014 6:12 p.m. ET
Merck receives U.S. regulatory approval to sell its new cancer drug, which the company plans to sell under the brand name Keytruda. MerckU.S. regulators on Thursday approved a new kind of cancer drug from Merck & Co. that is designed to unleash the body's immune system against tumors. The drug is part of a long-anticipated wave of medicines that could transform cancer treatment and forge a large new market for pharmaceutical companies.
The Food and Drug Administration cleared the drug, pembrolizumab, for the treatment of a deadly form of skin cancer, melanoma. The approval followed a swift review of data from a relatively early-stage human trial—an unusual move reflecting the medical community's keen interest in pembrolizumab. Merck plans to
Re-emergence of Infectious Measles Cases in Texas: Refusal of VaccinationSee Chris Hayes, MNNBC, August 27, 2013
Comments on “Herd Immunity” by Arthur Kaplan
Vaccines We Don’t Have:Malaria World-wide: 2010
Caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasiteTransmitted by Mosquito vector
Infected: 220,000,000 (assume at any one time?)Killed: 660,000 (of those infected?)
Mostly children
Experimental vaccines use immature form of Plasmodium falciparum (sporozoite)See Science, 9 August 2013, p.605, Vol. 341
Hand-out from Science
May, 2014
New Approaches to Getting Effective Vaccines
What Is Type A Flu Virus?Type A flu or influenza A viruses are capable of infecting people as well as animals; although it is more common for people to suffer the ailments associated with this type of flu. Wild birds commonly act as the hosts for this flu virus.Type A flu virus is constantly changing and is generally responsible for the large flu epidemics.
What Is Type B Flu Virus?Unlike type A flu viruses, type B flu is found only in humans. Type B flu may cause a less severe reaction than type A flu virus, but occasionally, type B flu can still be extremely harmful. Influenza type B viruses are not classified by subtype and do not cause pandemics.
How Is Type C Flu Virus Different From the Others?Influenza C viruses are also found in people. They are, however, milder than either type A or B. People generally do not become very ill from the influenza type C viruses. Type C flu viruses do not cause epidemics.
Influenza: Types A, B, and C
What’s the Big-Deal About “H5N1” or “H7N9”?
H =Hemagglutinin variantN = Neuraminidase variant
Different isoforms of proteins and enzymes needed for Viral attachment to target cells entry into the cells and for viral release from infected cells.
Are present on viral envelop .
Are specific antigens that can generate a protective immune response if the antibodies are present ahead of time.
Basis for specific prophylatic vaccines(Prophylactic = protective, preventative rather than therapeutic)
Influenza Virus: Hemagglutinin and
NeuraminidaseHemagglutinin
• Agglutinates (Clumps) Red Blood Cells• Involved in virus attachment and
penetration and fusion of viral membrane with cellular membrane• There are 15 types of
hemagglutinin• Antibodies against Hemgglutinins
are important for immunity to flu.
Neuraminidase
• Penetrates through mucous epithelium• Facilitates release of virions
from infected cells by cleaving sialic acids residues and preventing aggregation• There are nine types of
neuraminidase• Vaccines against flu are
characterized by immunity to different Hemgglutinins and Neuraminidases.
Flu Vaccine at Rite-AidFall 2013
• Trivalent Vaccine:• A - H1N1• A - H3N2• B – MA 02/2012
Current Vaccine at Rite-AidFall 2014
• Quadrivalent Vaccine:• A - H1N1• A - H3N2• B – MA 02/2012-like• B – Brisbane/60/2008-Like
• Hand-out of Vaccine Description andInformation on Vaccination