fluid mechanics - · pdf filethe weight of the fluid displaced. if an object is more dense...
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FLUID MECHANICSPRESSURE, BUOYANCY, AND GAS LAWS
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
• CONTINUOUS
• AMORPHOUS
• FREE MOVING MOLECULES
• TAKE SHAPE OF CONTAINER
• LIQUID, GAS, OR PLASMA
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
If an object is more dense than the fluid it is in, it will sink.
CENTER OF BUOYANCY
The weight of a vessel acts downward over the entire structure.
CENTER OF BUOYANCY
it can be considered as acting on the center of gravity of the vessel.
Because the weight is distributed throughout the length…
CENTER OF BUOYANCY
The hull of a vessel is supported by water along its entire length.
CENTER OF BUOYANCY
The center of buoyancy exists underwater similar to the above-water center of gravity.
CENTER OF BUOYANCY
The relative positions of the center of gravity and the center of buoyancy will determine the stability of the vessel.
DENSITY
p = m/V
The density of water is 1 g/ml.
An irregularly shaped brass object (p = 8.5 g/ml) is immersed in water. What will its apparent weight be if its mass is 12 kg?
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTERMatter is composed of a large number of constantly moving particles.
Four Postulates:1. Large number of
molecules moving randomly
2. Molecules stay far apart on average
3. No weak bonds form4. Collisions are perfectly
elastic.
PRESSURE
Pressure = Force / Area
Units are Pa (Pascal) or N / m2
Pressure is exerted equally in all directions.
AIR PRESSURE
There are 101.325 kPa in 1 atmosphere
1 atm. = approximately 62 miles of air.
Hurricane Ivan had recorded pressure of 91 kPa.
PRESSURE UNDER WATER
If P = P0 + pgh, what will be the pressure exerted on a human body 30 m under water?
PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
A change in pressure at any point in a fluid is transmitted equally and unchanged in all directions of the fluid.
!"#"
= !%#%
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
As the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases.
QUIZ
• EXPLAIN THE DIVER USING ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE.
• EXPLAIN THE DIVER USING PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE.
CHARLES’S LAW
!"#"= !%#%
Is it realistic to hold pressure constant?
BOYLES’S LAW
!"#" = !%#%Is it reasonable to hold temperature constant?
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
!"#"= !%#%
Is it reasonable to hold volume constant?
COMBINED GAS LAW
!"#"$"
= !&#&$&
!# = '($
where n = number of molesR = gas constant 8.3145 J/mol K
for an ideal gas.