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Fluid Mechanics Lecture #8

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Page 1: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

Fluid Mechanics

Lecture #8

Page 2: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

Stability• Center of the buoyancy and center of the solid body can be different.

• When?– The solid material is not homogeneous.– The solid body is not fully submerged.

Page 3: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

Fully submerged body• Assume an equilibrium state (W=FB)

c: center of buoyancy; CG: center of solid mass

Consider  a moment around CG.

Stable equilibrium

Page 4: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

Unstable equilibrium

Page 5: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

Stable vs. Unstable Equilibrium

Page 6: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

Floating Body

Page 7: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

Applications

Page 8: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

Fluid with Acceleration• Fluid is always under influence of the acceleration due to gravity (az=‐g)

• Often, there exists acceleration in another direction (ax,ay≠ 0)

Page 9: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The
Page 10: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

1p gk a

1px

ax, 1py

0, 1pz

g az (ax, az are constant)

px

ax, py

0, pz

(az g)

dp px

dx py

dy pz

dz

( ) 0x za dx a g dz dzdx

ax

az g

X

Z

At the water surface, p=patm (constant)

Page 11: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

PROVE IT YOURSELFKEYS1. Total differential2. Pressure is constant at the water 

surface: dp=0

Page 12: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

dzdx

ax

az g

Physical Meaning

At the free surface, dx/dzdenotes the free surface slope.

X

Z

Page 13: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

Review of Chapter I• Fluid cannot sustain a shear stress.• Fluid viscosity gives rise to a shear stress.• For Newtonian fluids, • Surface tension is caused by the property of fluids that minimizes their surface area.

• Unit is Force/Length [N/m]

dudy

Page 14: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

Review of Chapter II• Pressure at a point is independent of directions.

• Understanding of total differential• For fluids with a zero shear stress, the equation for the pressure is 

• The above equation can be integrated to obtain pressure distributions.

1p gk a

Page 15: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

Review of Chapter II• In compressible fluids, one should consider density variations for integrating the pressure equations.

• In incompressible fluids, density variation is neglected.

• Methods for calculating the hydrostatic force– Inclined plane wall (Ixx Ixy)–Pressure prism method– Free‐body diagram method

Page 16: Fluid Mechanics - contents.kocw.netcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/kangseokkoo/8.pdf · Lecture #8. Stability • Center of the buoyancy and center of the ... –The

Homework #2• Due date: April 7th• 2.95, 2.108, 2.109, 2.143, 2.148, 2.149, 2.151

• Plus 8 additional problems (check the website)