flow of charge and electric circuits water flow model high potential energy water low potential...
TRANSCRIPT
Lesson 18
Electric CurrentEleanor Roosevelt High School
Chin-Sung Lin
Flow of Charge and
Electric Circuits
Water Flow ModelHigh Potential Energy Water
Low Potential Energy Water
Pump Doing Work
Height
Water Doing Work
Water Pipe
Water Flow vs. Electric Current
High Potential Energy Water
Low Potential Energy Water
Pump Doing Work
Height
Water Doing Work
Water Pipe
Electric Current Model
Battery Doing Work
Voltage
Electric Current Doing Work
High Voltage
Electric Circuits
Low Voltage
Water / Electric Current Model
Electric Current Model
Battery Doing Work
Voltage
Electric Current Doing Work
High Voltage
Electric Circuits
Low Voltage
Electric Current Model
Battery Doing Work
Electric Current Doing Work
High Voltage
Electric Circuits
Low Voltage
Voltage
Light Bulb Structure
Electric Circuit Symbols
Battery Resistor
Wire
Voltage
Electric Circuits
Battery
Resistor
Wire
Electric Circuits
Ohm’s Law
Electric Current
Voltage (V)
Current (I)
Resistance (R)
Electric Current
V (volts, V)
I (amperes , A)
R (ohms, Ω)
Ohm’s Law
V
I
R
Ohm’s Law
V: Voltage (V) I : Current (A) R: Resistance (Ω)
Voltmeter – Measuring Voltage
V
V
Ammeter – Measuring Current
A
A
Multimeter – Measuring All
V: Voltage (V) I : Current (A) R: Resistance (Ω)
Digital Multimeter – Measuring All
V: Voltage (V) I : Current (A) R: Resistance (Ω)
Digital Multimeter – Measuring All
Digital Multimeter – Measuring All
CurrentVoltage /Resistan
ceGroun
d
Digital Multimeter – Measuring All
Digital Multimeter – Measuring All
Resistance
DC Voltage
AC Voltage
AC Current
DC Current
Transistor
Ohm’s Law
V (V)
I (A)
R (Ω)
A
V
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
voltage = constant x current V = R x I V: Voltage (V)
I : Current (A)
R: Constant or Resistance (Ω)
Ohm’s Law
R = or V = I R or
I = VR
VI
V: Voltage (V) I : Current (A) R: Resistance (Ω)
Ohm’s Law Example
What is the current through a 4-ohm resistor connected to a 12-V power supply?
Ohm’s Law Example
What is the current through a 4-ohm resistor connected to a 12-V power supply?
I = V / R
I = 12 V / 4 Ω = 3 A
Ohm’s Law Example
A 5-ohm resistor has a 8-A current in it. What is the voltage across the resistor?
Ohm’s Law Example
A 5-ohm resistor has a 8-A current in it. What is the voltage across the resistor?
V = I R
V = 8 A x 5 Ω = 40 V
Ohm’s Law Example
What is the resistance of a device that uses 2.5 A of current when connected to a 15-volt power source?
Ohm’s Law Example
What is the resistance of a device that uses 2.5 A of current when connected to a 15-volt power source?
R = V / I
R = 15 V / 2.5 A = 6 Ω
Ohm’s Law Exercises
What is the current through a 6-KΩ resistor connected to a 9-V power supply?
What is the resistance of a device that uses 0.5 mA of current when connected to a 5-volt power source?
A 2.5-MΩ resistor has a 0.02-mA current in it. What is the voltage across the resistor?
Resistors
Resistors
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component which implements electrical resistance
Resistors are used to control the amount of current flowing in a circuit
Resistor are usually measured by the units of Ω, kΩ, and MΩ
Resistors
Resistors on PCB
Resistor Color Coding
Surface Mount Resistors
SMT Resistors on PCB
Resistance and
Resistivity
Resistance
Electric current in a circuit is decided by voltage (V) and resistance (R): I = V / R
What are the factors to determine the resistance?
Resistance & Length
Which one has larger resistance?
Resistance & Length
Which one has larger resistance?
Resistance & Length
Which one has larger resistance?
R ~ L
Resistance & Area
Which one has larger resistance?
Resistance & Area
Which one has larger resistance?
Resistance & Area
Which one has larger resistance?
R ~
1A
Resistance & Resistivity
Which one has larger resistance?
SilverCoppe
r
Resistance & Resistivity
Which one has larger resistance?
SilverCoppe
r
Resistance & Resistivity
Resistivity
of Materials
Resistance & Resistivity
Which one has larger resistance?
R ~ ρ
SilverCoppe
r
Resistance
Resistance is determined by
ρ resistivity [Ω m]
L length [m]A cross-section area [m2]
R =
ρ LA
Resistance Example
A 0.5-m long Nichrome wire has 0.001 m2 cross-section. What is the resistance of the wire?
Resistance Example
A 0.5-m long Nichrome wire has 0.001 m2 cross-section. What is the resistance of the wire?
R = ρ L / A
= (150 x 10 -8 Ωm) (0.5 m) / 0.001 m2
= 7.5 x 10-4 Ω
Resistance Exercise
A 1.2 x 10-5 Ω Copper wire has 0.004 m2 cross-section. What is the length of the wire?
Resistance Exercise
A 1.2 x 10-5 Ω Copper wire has 0.004 m2 cross-section. What is the length of the wire?
R = ρ L / A
1.2 x 10-5 Ω = (1.72 x 10 -8 Ωm) L / 0.004 m2
L = 2.79 m
Electric Current
Electric Current
Electric current is the flow of charge
In solid conductors: the electrons
In fluids: positive and negative ions as well as electrons
Electric current is usually measured in units of A and mA
Electric Current
When electrons flow in a wire, the number entering one end is the same as the number leaving the other
The net charge of the wire is normally zero
Electric CurrentElectric (conventional) current is
from positive to negative, while electron flow is from negative to positive
Electric Current
Current is the charge flow rate past a given cross-section
(current) = (charge) / (time) or I = Q / t
Electric Current
1 A is 1 C of charge going past a given cross-section per second
1 C is 6.24 x 1018 electrons
Electric Current Example
How much current must there be in a circuit if 100 coulombs flow past a point in the circuit in 4 seconds?
Electric Current Example
How much current must there be in a circuit if 100 coulombs flow past a point in the circuit in 4 seconds?
I = Q / t
= 100 C / 4 s
= 25 A
Electric Current Exercise
If there is a current of 20 amperes in a circuit for 10 minutes, what quantity of electric charge flows in through the circuit?
Electric Current Exercise
If there is a current of 20 amperes in a circuit for 10 minutes, what quantity of electric charge flows in through the circuit?
Q = I t
= 20 A x 600 s
= 12000 C
Electric Current Exercise
How much time is required for 10 coulombs of charge to flow past a point if the rate of flow (current) is 2 amperes?
Electric Current Exercise
How much time is required for 10 coulombs of charge to flow past a point if the rate of flow (current) is 2 amperes?
t = Q / I
= 10 C / 2 A
= 5 s
Voltage Sources
Voltage Source
A voltage source is a two-terminal circuit element which supplies a constant DC or AC potential difference for any current flow through it
Voltage sources: dry cell batteries, wet cell batteries, solar panel, or generators
Voltages are usually measured by the units of V, kV, and MV
Voltage Source
The potential energy per coulomb of charge available to electrons moving between terminals is the voltage
V = W / q
Voltage is sometimes called the electromotive force, or emf
Voltage Sources: Dry Cell
Voltage Sources: Wet Cell
Voltage Sources: Solar Panel
Voltage Sources: Generator
Batteries in Parallel / Series
Batteries in Parallel / Series
Batteries in Parallel / Series Exercise
1 KΩ
1 KΩ1 KΩ
Calculate the current in each case
Electric Shock
Electric Shock
The damaging effects are the result of current passing through the body
The current depends on the voltage applied and also on the resistance of the human body (I = V / R)
The resistance of the body range from ~100 Ω to ~500 KΩ
Electric Shock
Current (A) Effect
0.001 can be felt
0.005 painful
0.010 involuntary muscle contractions (spasms)
0.015 loss of muscle control
0.070if through the heart, serious disruption; probably fatal if current lasts for more than 1 second
Electric Shock
Why do the birds perch on the high-voltage wires not getting electric shock?
Electric Shock
Why do the birds perch on the high-voltage wires not getting electric shock?
Because every part of their bodies is at the same high potential as the wire
DC & AC
Direct Current (DC)
A flow of charge that flows in one direction, even if the current moves in unsteady pulses
A battery produces direct current
Electrons always move through the circuit in the same direction from the negative terminal and toward the positive terminal
Direct Current (DC)
Direct Current (DC) Waveform
Time
Voltage
Time
Voltage
Alternating Current (AC)
A flow of charge is alternating its directions
This is accomplished by alternating the polarity of voltage at voltage source
Alternating Current (AC)
Alternating Current (AC) Waveform
Time
Voltage
Time
Voltage
Alternating Current (AC)
Nearly all of the commercial AC circuits in North America involves 120 V and 60 Hz
Europe adopted 220 V as their standard
Alternating Current (AC)
The 120 V refers to the “root-mean-square” (RMS) average of the voltage The actual voltage in a 120 V AC circuit varies between +170 V and – 170 V peaks. It delivers the same power as a 120 V DC circuit
Alternating Current (AC)
Because most electric service in the United States is three-wire: one wire at +120 V, one wire at 0 V (neutral), and the other wire at -120 V
Most of the appliance use +120V/-120 V and the neutral wires, producing 120 V. When use both +120V and -120 V wires, a 240 V is produced
AC-to-DC Conversion
Speed of Electrons
Thermal Speed vs. Drift Speed
Thermal Speed vs. Drift Speed
Thermal motion (random motion) speed inside a metal wire is about 1/200 the speed of light
Under electric field, the Drift Speed (net speed) is only about 0.01 cm/s
Speed of Electrons
The electrons will collide with the metallic ions in their path and transfer some kinetic energy to them
The extremely high speed of electricity is not due to the electrons but due to the signal. The signal is traveling at near high speed
Speed of Electrons
The electrons inside the conductor will shift forward (DC) or forward and backward (AC)
Why does the electric power company charge you money when they provide you AC electricity which no net electrons enter your home?
Speed of Electrons
The AC outlets in your home do not supply you electrons but supply you energy
The source of the electrons is the conducting circuit material itself
Electric Power
Electric PowerThe rate at which electrical energy
is converted into another form (mechanical energy, heat, or light) is called electric power
(Electric Power) = (Electric Energy) / (Time)
Unit: Watts (W)P =
W
t
Electric PowerElectric Power = Energy / Time
= (Charge/Time) x (Energy/Charge)
= Current x Voltage
Unit: 1 watt = (1 ampere) x (1 volt)
P = I V
P =
= V I = I V
Wt
= Wq
q
t
Electric Power
Derive the formulas of 1. P, I, R,
2. P, V, R
Electric Power
P = I V = I (I R) = I 2 R P = I V = ( ) V =
VR
V 2
R
P = I V = I
2 R =
V 2
R
Electric Power
Since Energy / Time = Power, Energy = Power x Time
Derive the formulas of 1. W, I, V, and t
2. W, I, R, and t
3. W, V, R and t
W = P t
Electric Power
Since Energy/Time = Power, so Energy = Power x Time
W = P t = I V t = I 2 R t W = P t = I V t = ( ) t = t
V 2
R V 2
R
W = Pt = IVt = I2Rt = t
V 2
R
Electric Power
Energy can be represented in units of kilowatt-hours (kW·h)
1 kW·h = 3.6 x 106 J
A kilowatt is 1000 watt, and a kilowatt-hour is the energy consumed in 1 hour at the rate of 1 kilowatt
Electric Power Example
A light bulb is plugged into a 120-volt outlet and has a 0.7 A current in it. What is the power rating of the light bulb?
Electric Power Example
A light bulb is plugged into a 120-volt outlet and has a 0.7 A current in it. What is the power rating of the light bulb?
P = I V
= (0.7 A)(120 V)
= 84 W
Electric Power Example
A heater uses 21 A when connected to a 110-V line. If electric power costs 10 cents per kilowatt-hour in this location, what is the cost of running the heater for 13 hours?
Electric Power Example
A heater uses 21 A when connected to a 110-V line. If electric power costs 10 cents per kilowatt-hour in this location, what is the cost of running the heater for 13 hours?W = I V t
= (21 A)(110 V)(13 hr)
= 30030 W-hr
= 30.03 kW-hr
Cost = ($ 0.1 /kW-hr)(30.03 kW-hr) = $3.00
Electric Power Exercise
A 120 V outlet in Tony’s house is wired with a circuit breaker on an 8 A line. a) If Tony tries use his newly-bought 1200-Watt hair dryer, will he trip the circuit breaker? b) What is the resistance of the hair dryer?
Electric Power Exercise
Alice likes to keep her 40-Watt front porch light on at night time from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m., and Alice pays 8.00¢ per kWh, how much does it cost to run the light for this amount of time each week?
The End