1. Causes of floodingImpact of flooding

2. A discharge great enough to cause a body of water to overflow its channel and submerge the surrounding land. Canhave huge social and economic costs but can also be beneficial E.g. creating fertile soils 3. PHYSICALHUMAN Urbanisation Climatological Deforestation Natureof drainage basin Coastal influences 4. Climatological factors:1.Intense rainfall (rainfall intensity > infiltrationcapacity) common in semi-arid areas2.Prolonged period of rainfall produces saturation ofthe soil and overland flow ( widespread flooding inUK during summer 2007 was the result of thewettest summer since 1766)3.A sudden increase in temperature producing rapidsnowmelt, which can be made worse by frozenground limiting infiltration4.(1995 Rhine flood in Germany & Netherlands) 5. Natureof drainage basin:1. Infiltration rate depends on rock and soil2. Shape of the river basin, gradient and vegetation covers affect how quickly run- off reaches the channel 6. Coastal influences: High seasonal tides, storm surges, tropical cyclones can result in higher water levels in rivers and low- lying coastal areas E.g. Bangladesh 7. 1. Deforestation Reduces interception and evapotranspiration Increase run-off Decrease in channel capacity due to amt of sediment being carried into river channel E.g. Maraca rainforest in the Amazon Basin 8. The creation of highly impermeable surfaces such as roads, roofs and pavements Smooth surfaces served by a dense network of drains, gutters and underground sewers, effectively increasing drainage density 9. Natural river channels are often constricted by bridge supports or riverside facilities, reducing their carrying capacity Straightening river channels and lining them with concrete as part of building projects lead to faster delivery of water downstream 10. Failureof hard engineering such as a dam burst can produce catastrophic flooding Dam burst in an iron ore mine near Seville, Spain 1999 Land management techniquessuch as: drainage systems, digging ditches or ploughing up and down a slope will decrease lagtime for water to reach theriver channel 11. The process of finding the probability(how likely it is to happen) that ahazardous event of particular sizeoccur within a given period of the timeand estimating its impact 12. Building and property washed away by water andmud Crops ruined and farmlands saturated for months People and animals can drown in fast flowing water Transport can be interrupted; airport can beclosed, roads and railways submerged under water Sewage contaminate drinking water and causesdiseases like cholera & typhoid 13. Gadong flood 14. Road between Mc Donald and Mall 15. Replenishes groundwater reserves Providesnutrient-rich sediment for agriculture in the dry season Reducesthe need for artificial fertilisers Flushespollutants and pathogens away from domestic areas May increase the fish supply