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Flexible and Printed Electronics in the Emerging Field of
Body Sensor NetworksJohn Heitzinger
Soligie® Foundation & History
Wholly owned subsidiary of Taylor Corporation
o Over $1B holding company
o Nearly 100 entities in print and related media
o 10,000 employees
o 8 countries
Soligie History
o Funded Aug, 2005
o Located in Savage, MN
o Dedicated to emergent market of “Printed Electronics”
o Provide design and manufacturing services
TechnologyPartners
Soligie® Partners with PE Technology CompaniesWho have novel Materials & Components
Soligie® Bridges Development to ManufacturingAccelerates Commercialization
Research Development ProductionProof on
Production PressManufacturing
Readiness
Concept
Proof of Concept
Materials Prototypes
Tech TransferReadiness
Tech TransferExecution
Soligie®
Soligie’s FocusManufacturing
Body Sensor Network
o Widely projected that healthcare transitions to the home
– Individuals take more responsibility as consumers vs. patients
o BSN reduces explosive costs of healthcare
o Disposable electronics needed in Medical BSN patches
o Leverages the momentum/backbone of the Digital Revolution
o Also sports, industrial, weight management, lifestyle applications
Body Sensor Network PatchesExamples
o Shimmer by Realtime Technologies Inc.
o IMEC
Product Concept Smart Patch for Body Sensor Network
o Improve usability
– Minimize rigid construction through Printed Electronics
o Avoid cost and lead time for Application Specific Integrated Circuit
What is Printed Electronics?
The migration of electronics to a thin, flexible form factor – Interconnects– Passive components: resistors, capacitors, etc.– Power: batteries, photovoltaics– Memory– Sensors: Temperature, humidity, force, chemical,
biological– Digital and analog circuits transistors– Displays
Why use “Printed Electronics”?
o To make new things possible
o To augment silicon chips and conventional components
with something light weight, thinner, more robust and/or
more reliable
ConventionalElectronics
Print Electronics
Cos
t
Performance
Print Electronics does not replace Conventional ElectronicsIt offers new opportunities
Application Areaso Medical and Pharmaceutical
– Therapeutic: Drug delivery patches– Diagnostic: physiological monitoring– Monitoring & Compliance: Drug dispensing, disposable cables
o Logistics– RFID, track & trace, cold chain monitoring
o Consumer Electronics– Rugged, lightweight flexible displays
o Toys, Games, Gizmos– Cards: financial, gift, greeting, trading– Interactive books, promotional items
o Consumer goods– Smart Labels & Smart Packaging– Point of Purchase Displays
o Military– Power: lightweight batteries, flexible photovoltaics– Reduced weight electronics– Physiological monitoring
o Enabled by new materials and improvements in printing
Vyteris LidoSite®
Body Sensor Network PatchesBuilding Blocks
o Interconnects
– Hook all the electrical components together
– Compatible with die attach
o Passive components
– Resistors, capacitors, inductors, switches
o Power
– Batteries, photovoltaics, energy harvesting
o Displays & Indicators
o Sensors
– From simple electrodes to photodetectors
o Digital & Analog circuits
– Logic, signal conditioning & processing
Flexible Interconnects
o Printed silver widely used
– Membrane switches in appliances
– RFID antennas
– Conductive epoxies used for die attach
o Carbon based inks also widely used
– Higher resistance
o Mature technology
Flexible Passive Components
o Resistors
o Capacitors
o Inductors
o Switches
o All successfully fabricated
Capacitors by VTT
Resistors by VTT
Resistors by Soligie
Flexible Power
o Typical flexible batteries
– Zn/MnO2 or lithium based
– 1.5 V or 3 V
– 10 mAh to 30 mAhr (size dependent)
– -30 to 54 C
– 0.45 mm thick
Flexible Displays & Indicators
o Indicators
– Multiple technologies available
– Various states of maturity
o Seven segment displays
– Similar materials set as indicators
– Requires drive electronics
o Active matrix displays
– Nearly ready for commercialization
– Relatively expensive
Plastic Logic
Aveso
Add-Vision
Acreo
Flexible SensorsSimple Electrodes
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Ohm
s/sq
uare
USL
o Silver & silver chloride electrodes commercially available
o Ag/AgCl ink thickness a critical parameter
o Sheet resistance critical characteristic
o Surface morphology control
Sheet Resistance
Flexible Sensors
o Glucose test strips - printed
o Temperature sensors
– Positive and negative temperature coefficient inks
– Precision and accuracy not sufficient for medical
applications
– Needs further development
o Photodetectors
– Flexible photodetectors demonstrated
– Further development needed
Flexible Digital & Analog Circuits
o Flexible transistor circuits desired
o Digital Circuits
– Relatively high degree of computational power desired on a smart patch
– Standard microcontroller likely the best solution
o Analog Circuits
– Requirements highly dependent on application
– Operational Amplifier an important building block
PotentialDifference
Preamplifier Low PassFilter
CompensationAmplifier
Analog toDigital
Gain
Shuenn-Yuh Lee et. al., 30th International IEEE EMBS Conference, 2008, p. 1683
Operational Amplifier Metrics
o Gain Bandwidth Product: High > 100 kHz
o Common Mode Rejection Ratio: High > 80 dB
o Power supply: Battery compatible
o Slew rate: High > 2 V/uSec
o Input capacitance: Low < 5 pf
o Quiescent current: Low < 1 mA
o Offset voltage: Low < 1 mV
Can Flexible Transistor Circuits Meet the Op Amp Requirements?
o Need carrier mobility > 50 cm2/V s
o Need transistor channel lengths ~ 5 micron
o Need threshold voltages < 3 V
o Need transistor matching to better than 2%
o Potential materials
– Organic semiconductors: No
– Carbon nanotubes, nanowires: Very immature
– Inorganic semiconductors: Possibly
• Additional material & process development needed
Product Concept Smart Patch for Body Sensor Network
o Can it be realized in a flexible form factor?
– A fairly high probability that it can
