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Flavor Quality of New Citrus Cultivars in
FloridaAnne Plotto1, Liz Baldwin1, Jinhe Bai1
Greg McCollum1, Fred Gmitter2, Ed Stover11U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL
2University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred, FL
Flavor Quality of New Citrus Cultivars in Florida
1. Flavor in a population of tangerine hybrids Dr. Fred Gmitter, UF
2. Consumer perception of US Early Pride versus Fallglo Dr. Greg McCollum, USDA‐ARS
3. Flavor of Citrus x Poncirus hybrids Dr. Greg McCollum, USDA‐ARS
Tangerine Hybrids
Anne Plotto1, Liz Baldwin1, Jinhe Bai1
Fred Gmitter2, Filomena Valim3
1U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL2University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred, FL
3 Florida Department of Citrus, Lake Alfred, FL
Tangerine (C. reticulata Blanco)
Sweet Orange Mandarin Grapefruit
TangeloTangor
Tangerine
• Murcott (Honey) = Tangor• Fallglo = Bower (Clementine×Orlando) × Temple Tangor
• Fairchild = Clementine × Orlando Tangelo
Example of Tangerines
The most phenotypically diverse group in Citrus!
• To identify quality attributes in a population of tangerine hybrids.
• To describe these attributes by sensory evaluation.
• To correlate tangerine sensory attributes with chemical data.
• In the long term, to understand characteristics of “good” tangerine fruit and to find quality markers for use in Marker Assisted Breeding.
Objectives
Tangerine material1. Identify flavor profile from hybrid population
3. Consumer studies
2. Maturity of advanced selections
• Samples chosen because of their parentage and a preliminary flavor screening:
2006‐0742 hybrids and 13 named commercial cultivars, multiple
harvests
2007‐0816 samples (4 Commercial) from the previous year9 new samples
2008‐0921 samples (7 Commercial) from the previous years
Which hybrid to evaluate?
• 10‐15 panelists• Trained each year (~ 20 hours)
• Ballot development• Reference standards
Sensory descriptive analysis
low high0 ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15
medium
Sensory descriptive analysis
SweetSourBitterTangerineOrangeGrapefruitFloralFruity non citrusFreshCookedPumpkin / FattySulfury
SweetSourBitterTangerineOrangeGrapefruitFloralFruityGreenOtherAftertaste
11 12
2006‐07 2007‐08 & 2008‐09
Flavor descriptors
2006‐07 (F1 and F2: 64.97 %)
Ortanique
8‐9xVal4
8‐9xVal4
LS Murcott
Ortanique8‐9xVal4Ortanique
LS MurcottLS Murcott
LB 8‐9
LB 8‐10
Ortanique
LS Murcott
LB 8‐10LB 8‐9 LB 8‐9
RxFC55
LB 8‐10
Tangerine
Orange
Grapefruit
Fruity
Floral
GreenOther
SWEETSOUR
BITTER
Aftertaste
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
F1 (48.00 %)
F2 (1
6.98
%)
8‐9xM81 8‐9xM81
8‐9xM81
RxFC688‐9xM51
8‐9xM86
8‐9xM86
Unk parent
Unk parentTemple
TempleTemple Temple
Tangerine Flavor Map 2006‐07
Flavor all data 2008 ( F1 and F2: 65.16 %)
-10
-5
0
5
10
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
F1 (52.36 %)
F2 (1
2.80
%)
Bitter
SourSweet
Woody/spicy
Grapefruit
Fresh
Tangerine
Orange
Floral
Fruity non citrus
Cooked
Pumpkin/fatty
Sulfury
RxFC
Unknown
UnknownTEMPLE
SANG
ORT
MURCOTT
FGxFC
8-9
8-10
8-9xO
8-9xM8-9xM
8-9xM
8-9xVal4
Tangerine Flavor Map 2007‐08
Clementine x Minneola 8‐9 and 8‐10: typical tangerine flavor if harvested at the correct maturity.
8‐9 x Murcott hybrids: sweet, fruity, some orange and floral flavor if harvested ripe. Otherwise, can be sour with grapefruit and sulfurynotes.
LS Murcott: bitter, fatty, sulfury. These characteristics are brought upon by juicing and freezing, and are enhanced in unripe fruit.
Robinson x Fairchild 68: sweet, balanced in fruity and citrus flavors.
Unknown parents: typical pumpkin flavor, very sweet, fruity‐non‐citrus flavor.
Sanguinelli, Temple, Ortanique, 8‐9 x Val4X: orange and floral flavor, may be sour with some grapefruit note.
Suggested sample description
• Wide distribution in aroma and taste attributes of tangerine hybrids.
• Sensory descriptive analysis provides the breeder with specific qualifiers about the hybrids.
• Harvesting at the optimum maturity is a challenge.• Correlate sensory with instrument.• Need to complement descriptive panels with consumer acceptance surveys before releasing cultivars.
Conclusion 3 seasons 2006‐2008
Alice Biotteau & Clotilde LeclairAnne Plotto & Greg McCollum
U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL
Comparison of ‘Fallglo’ and its seedless
mutation ‘US Early Pride’
‘US EARLY PRIDE’
Irradiation induced mutation of Fallglo with very low seed count
‘Fallglo’ and ‘US Early Pride’
‘FALLGLO’
‘Bower’ [Citrus reticulata Blanco (C.paradisiMacf. Citrus reticulata)‘Temple’]
Released in 1987
Sensory evaluation
55 to 62 consumers staff of the USDA and UF
2. Select the reason of your choice• Sweeter• Less sweet• More flavor• Less flavor• …• More seeds• Less seeds
1. Which sample do you prefer?
H1 = Oct 26H2 = Nov 3H3 = Nov 17H4 = Dec 1
Preference ‘Fallglo’ vs ‘Early Pride’
Harvest Prefer Fallglo
Prefer Early Pride
Total panelists
Minimum for 5% sign.
H1H2H3H4
25332830
36293225
61626055
39403936
0
10
20
30
40
H1 H2 H3 H4
Nb. Pan
elists
Fallglo
Early Pride
Not Significant!!!
H1 = Oct 26H2 = Nov 3H3 = Nov 17H4 = Dec 1
Reasons for preference
0 20 40 60 80 100
Less seeds
Juicier
More tangerine
Less sour
Sweeter
Percent responses
EP H4EP H3EP H2EP H1FG H4FG H3FG H2FG H1
SSC and TA over time
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
H1 H2 H3 H4
TA (%
Citric Acid)
Fallglo
Early PrideSSC = 12.6 +/‐ 0.6
SSC = 10.9 +/‐ 0.5
Percent responses “less sour”
18
27.4
15
25.5
34.4
21
30
21.8
0
10
20
30
40
H1 H2 H3 H4
%
Less sourFallgloEarly Pride
H1 H2 H3 H4Fallglo 10.01 A 11.05 A 12.98 A 13.95 A
Early Pride 9.65 A 9.87 B 12.21 A 12.84 A
H1 H2 H3 H4Fallglo 6.54 A 6.59 A 7.42 A 8.39 A
Early Pride 5.01 B 5.15 B 6.75 A 6.82 B
SSC/TA & BrimASSC/TA
BrimA= SSC‐5TA
H1 H2 H3 H4Fallglo 6.54 A 6.59 A 7.42 A 8.39 A
Early Pride 5.01 B 5.15 B 6.75 A 6.82 B
Sweetness perception vs SSC & TA
BrimA= SSC‐5TA
31.1
43.5
31.7
40.039.3
21.0
35.0
21.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
H1 H2 H3 H4
%
SweeterFallgloEarly Pride
Summary
• TA was higher in ‘Fallglo’ on the first harvest (Oct. 26)
• SSC tended to be higher for ‘Fallglo’, but not significant except H1
• BrimA was a better predictor than SSC/TA for the perception of sweetness
Summary
• Untrained panelists could perceive differences between ‘Fallglo’ and its seedless mutation ‘US Early Pride’
• However, results showed NO PREFERENCE for either strain
• Panelists who preferred ‘Fallglo’ indicated it was for its sweetness and tangerine flavor
• Panelists who preferred ‘US Early Pride’ indicated it was for its juiciness and seedlessness
Sophie Deterre, Greg McCollum, Jinhe Bai, John Manthey, Liz Baldwin, Anne Plotto
U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL
Sensory & chemical evaluation of Citrus x Poncirus trifoliata
hybrids
Poncirus trifoliata x Citrus hybrids
• Poncirus trifoliata is cold hardy and resistant to diseases
• Hybrids with P. in their background appear to be tolerant of Huanglongbing disease
• Fruit of P. trifoliata are inedible• What about the hybrids? How many generations does it take to be acceptable???
80‐9
‘Duncan’P. trifoliata
(‘Gotha Road’)
‘Succari’
US 1191/4 Poncirus
‘Temple’ tangor
64‐76 6‐1‐672610
1‐7‐38
Sweet Orange
‘Ambersweet’
1‐76‐100*1‐77‐105*
‘Robinson’
1/16 or 1/8 Poncirus
‘Clementine’
5‐100‐47
‘Robinson’
0 Poncirus
5‐100‐47 H1
1‐76‐100 H1
1‐77‐105 H1
US 119 H1
5‐100‐47 H2
1‐76‐100 H2
1‐77‐105 H2
US 119 H2
Tangerine
Orange
Fruity‐non‐citrusFloralCooked
Green
Poncirus flavor
Sweet
Sour
BitterAftertaste…
‐15
‐10
‐5
0
5
10
15
‐25 ‐20 ‐15 ‐10 ‐5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
F2 (3
0.99
%)
F1 (64.64 %)
Biplot (axes F1 and F2: 95.63 %)
Sensory Profiles (PCA)
Volatiles (relative peak area)
Hybrid Monoterpene Sesquiterpene
Aldehydes Total alcohols Esters Ketoneshydrocarbons hydrocarbons
5‐100‐47 2.595 0.001 0.026 0.151 0.001 0.013
1‐76‐100 13.550 1.127 0.247 0.081 0.009 0.025
1‐77‐105 7.915 0.518 0.290 0.518 0.027 0.013
US 119 6.885 6.040 0.277 0.258 0.048 0.075
Esters:• Ethyl acetate & octyl acetate in hybrids• 24 different esters in Poncirus!!!
Sesquiterpenes much more abundant in Poncirus
Bitter Bitter
Sample limonin nomilin
deactylnomilinacid
glucoside
limoninglucoside
nomilinacid
glucosidenaringin poncirin narirutin
isosakuranetin
rutinosidehesperidin
5‐100‐47 0.8 1.0 2.0 14.8 29.6 18.5 6.1 302.2
1‐76‐100 2.8 1.4 1.7 66.6 267.1 10.3 9.6 231.9
1‐77‐105 0.9 1.0 2.0 19.5 98.4 10.0 23.1 195.3
US‐119 0.8 1.2 9.9 50.2 112.5 173.7 243.0 10.4
Poncirus 10.8 1.3 16.1 17.4 1.4 115.9 50.2 22.4 38.8 17.0
Limonoids & Flavonoids (µg/g of juice)
Poncirus trifoliata x Citrus hybrids
• Correlate sensory descriptors with instrumental data
• Different inheritance mechanism between flavonoids/limonoids and volatiles
• Commercial potential of these hybrids
Overall Summary
• Sensory evaluation helped characterize new tangerine hybrids.
• Consumer panels with US and ARS employees did not reveal preference for ‘Fallglo’ or ‘US Early Pride’, but could distinguish among preference types.
• More research is needed to evaluate Citrus x Poncirus hybrids prior to commercialization.