fishes copyright © mcgraw-hill education characteristics of vertebrates animals belonging to...
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Vertebrates• Animals belonging to subphylum Vertebrata have a vertebral
column and specialized cells that develop from the nerve cord.
• Classes of vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Vertebrates
Vertebral column• The notochord is replaced by a vertebral column that protects and
surrounds the dorsal nerve cord.
• Made of cartilage – flexible tough material found in skeletons, or bone
• The vertebral column functions as a strong, flexible rod that muscles can pull against during swimming or running.
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Vertebrates
Neural crest• A neural crest is a group of cells that develop from the nerve cord
in vertebrates.
• Portions of the brain and skull, certain sense organs, and some nerve fibers are some of the structures that develop from the neural crest.
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Fishes• Fishes are found in a variety of aquatic habitats including seas,
lakes, ponds, streams, and marshes.
• Most fishes have vertebral columns, jaws, paired fins, scales, gills, and single-loop blood circulation.
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Fishes
Jaws• Anterior gill arches evolved into jaws in ancient fishes.
• The development of jaws allowed ancient fishes to prey on a larger range of animals.
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Fishes
Paired fins• A fin is a paddle-shaped structure on a fish or other aquatic animal
that is used for balance, steering, and propulsion.
• Paired fins reduce the chance of rolling to the side and allow for better steering during swimming.
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Fishes
Scales• Scales are small, flat, platelike structures near the surface of the
skin
• Ctenoid scales – made of bone and skin
• Cycloid scales – made of bone and skin
• Placoid scales – made of toothlike material
• Ganoid scales – made of enamel and bone
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Fishes
Gills• Fishes get oxygen when water that enters their mouths flows
across their gills, where oxygen from the water diffuses into the blood.
• The flow of blood in the gills is opposite the flow of water across the gills, allowing for more efficient uptake of oxygen
• Some fish protect their gills with operculum, a movable flap.
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Fishes
Circulation• Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system.
• In most fishes, the heart consists of two main chambers – the atrium, where the heart receives blood from the body, and the ventricle, where the heart pumps blood to the gills.
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Blood Flow in Fish
Animation
FPOAdd link animation from page 824 (figure 8) here.
FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Fishes
Feeding and digestion• Ancient fishes were most likely filter feeders and scavengers.
• Most fishes swallow their food whole, passing it through a tube called the esophagus to the stomach, where digestion begins.
• Fishes and subsequent vertebrates are unable to synthesize certain amino acids, and must get them from food.
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Fishes
Excretion• Cellular wastes are filtered from fishes’ blood by the kidneys.
• A nephron is a filtering unit within the kidney that helps maintain the salt and water balance of the body and to remove cellular waste products from the blood.
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Fishes
The brain and senses• Color vision, chemical detection, hearing, and balance are
coordinated in the brain.
• The lateral line system is a sensory system the allows fish to detect movement in the water, and also helps to keep them upright and balanced.
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Fishes
Reproduction• The majority of fishes reproduce through external fertilization, but
some do have internal fertilization.
• Male and female fishes release their gametes near each other in the water in a process called spawning.
• Developing embryos get nutrition from the yolk of their eggs.
• Many fish produce large numbers of eggs and exhibit little care for their offspring.
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Characteristics of Fishes
Movement• Most fish have a streamlined shape for moving through water.
• Mucus lubricates their body
• Have a gas-filled space called a swim bladder that allows a fish to control it’s depth
• Fishes move through the water by contracting muscle groups on either side of their bodies.
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FishesCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Review
Essential Questions• What are the features of vertebrates that make them different from
invertebrates?
• What are the characteristics that most fishes have in common?
• How are the characteristics of fishes adapted to aquatic life?
Vocabulary
• cartilage• neural crest• fin• scale
• operculum• atrium • ventricle• nephron
• lateral line system• spawning• swim bladder