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Fisheries and dam: Socio-economic dimension
Kaviphone Phouthavong and Ian Cowx Living Aquatic Resources Research Center (LARReC)/ Hull International Fisheries Institute (HIFI)
Mekong fisheries Economic value
• Estimated at US$ 2-3,000 million per annum
Employment and Income
• Tonle Sap - 80% of people fish
• Lao PDR > 50% fish; 80% in south
Nutrition
• Fish – main source of animal protein (49-82%), Vit A and calcium
• Per capita consumption Laos: 43 kg fish flesh p.a.
Importance of fishing to households in Laos Recent study highlights more than half of agricultural households in Lao engage in fishing: On an average 65% in the north, 68% in central region 69% in the south.
Source: Lao Agricultural Census 2010/11
Hydropower development
- 11 planned dams on the Mekong
- 23 existed dams (> 20 MW) on tributaries
- Many more tributary dams are projected or under construction
Nam Theun 2 (1075 MW)
Xayaburi
Nam Theun 2 dam Operation date April 2010
Installed capacity 1075 MW
Generate electricity per year 6000 GWh
Catchment area 4013 km2
Dam height 39 m
Dam with a crest length 325 m
Annual average flow 240 m3/s
Maximum depth 47 m
Average depth 7 m
Inter-catchment transfer from Nam Thuen to Xe Bang Fai
Nam Theun 2 hydropower project scheme
• Displacement of 16 villages, 6,200 people • 13,330 new houses were built for the affected HHs with 0.66 ha of land for agriculture • Boats and fishing gears were provided • Four livelihood programmes were developed:
Agriculture Livestock Reservoir fishing Community forestry
Source: ADB 2004
Downstream flows of Xebangfai
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
3000
3300
01-Jan 01-Feb 01-Mar 01-Apr 01-May 01-Jun 01-Jul 01-Aug 01-Sep 01-Oct 01-Nov 01-Dec
Wat
er d
isch
arge
(m
3 /s)
Day-Month
2009 2010 2011
2012 2013
- Changing flooding time - Increase dry season flow
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Log
flow
(m3 /s
)
Exceedance probability (%)
Flow after dam operation 2010Natural flow
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Log
flow
(m3 /s
)
Exceedance probability (%)
Flow after dam operation 2011Natural flow
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Log
flow
(m3 /s
)
Exceedance probability (%)
Flow after dam operation 2012
Natural flow
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Log
flow
(m3 /s
)
Exceedance probability (%)
Flow after dam operation 2013Natural flow
Flow duration curves of the Xe Bang Fai
-Losing mid-range flows (Q40-Q80)
- Extreme low flows (Q95) increased dramatically between 2011 and 2013.
Livelihoods
Reservoir HH River HH
1. Fishing and collecting OAAs 1. Agriculture (rice farming, gardening)
2. Trading and services 2. Livestock rearing
3. Wage labour 3. Collecting NTFPs
4. Agriculture (upland rice, cash crops) 4. Fishing and collecting OAAs
5. Livestock rearing 5. Wage labour
6. Collecting NTFPs 6. Trading and services
Important livelihood activities (in terms of food security and income earning) of Reservoir HH and River HH
Source: Data from field survey
Changing fish species composition
Changing fish production
Source: Nam Theun 2 Reservoir Management Committee
Fish production in Nakai Reservoir
Food security
0 10 20 30 40
Other
Meat
Vegetable
NTFPs
Fish and OAAs
Percentage
ReservoirRiver
- Fish and OAAs contribute 32-36% of the total food weight (excluding rice) - NTFPs share around 28-31%
Data from HH consumption monitoring
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wet season Dry season Transitional season
Cont
ribu
tion
(%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wet season Dry season Transitional season
Cont
ribu
tion
(%
)
Fresh fish Beef Pork Chicken FrogDried fish Salted fish Shrimp Snail Wild animals
Reservoir HH
River HH
- Fish accounts for 60-70% of animal food sources weight follow by OAAs and pork and beef.
Data from HH consumption monitoring
Protein g/person
Calories kcal
/person/day
Percentage of animal protein
Reservoir HH Fresh and
process Fish 14.10 77.08
OAAs 1.43 7.67 Sub total 15.53 84.75 54.07
Meat 13.19 137.99 45.93 Total 28.72 222.74
Rice 41.65 2202 Grand total 70.37 2424.74
River HH Fresh and
process Fish 16.50 89.60
OAAs 2.25 13.26 Sub total 18.75 102.86 69.57
Meat 8.2 93.85 30.43 Total 26.95 196.71 Rice 42.35 2239
Grand total 69.3 2435.71
Fish and OAAs contribute between 54 and 70% of animal Protein in take
Data from HH consumption monitoring
Income
0
20
40
60
80
100
Nak
ai r
eser
voir
Ups
trea
m X
BF
Dow
nstr
eam
XBF
Dow
nstr
eam
NT
Dow
nstr
eam
HB
Ups
trea
m H
B
Dow
nstr
eam
KD
Hou
seho
ld in
com
e (%
)
OtherWage labour TradeTobaccoVegetableNTFPsFishLivestockRice
- Fish accounted for 60% of the total reservoir household income - In Xebangfai the main income came from Livestock and NTFPs
Data from HH consumption monitoring
Expenditure
0
20
40
60
80
100
Nak
ai r
ese
rvo
ir
Up
stre
am X
BF
Do
wn
stre
am X
BF
Do
wn
stre
am N
T
Do
wn
stre
am H
B
Up
stre
am H
B
Do
wn
stre
am K
D
Ho
use
ho
ld e
xpe
nd
itu
re (%
)
OtherEquipmentMedicineFood
Data from HH consumption monitoring
- Most of the expenses of Reservoir HH were for food and equipments (Fishing gear and fuel for boat). - Expenses of equipments of the River HH were mainly for agricultural inputs rather than buying fishing gear
Challenges/Difficulties Opportunities
1. Limited agriculture land 1. Infrastructure (road, electricity, market) were well developed
2. Poor soils 2. New techniques and assistance were offered
3. Long distance to forest/NTFPs 3. Improved housing and public services (including health care centre, school and drinking water)
4. Depending on the market for foods 4. Financial support were available to establish new livelihood activities
5. Changing agricultural practices from subsistence to market orientated
5. Resource (reservoir fishery) were allocated to the relocated HH only.
6. Difficult to adapt to new techniques (cash crops/fishing)
6. New tools for agriculture and fishing were provided
7. Limited fishing areas 7. Reservoir fisheries can be developed
Challenges and opportunities of the Reservoir HH
Challenges and opportunities of the River HH
Challenges/Difficulties Opportunities
1. Difficult to fish due to strong flows and increase water volume
1. More water for agriculture in the dry season
2. Lost of river bank gardening 2. More agriculture land and fertilized soil
3. Have to go further upstream or down stream for fishing
3. More diverse livelihood activities to explore
4. Difficult to travel by boat 4. Some financial support were available to compensate the lost
Conclusions
• Altered environment and fishing opportunities • Considerable social disruption • Shifts in dietary habits- fish to meat • Changing livelihoods • Inequitable distribution of benefits from
hydropower scheme
Thank you