First AidFirst Aid

What Is First Aid?What Is First Aid?

Immediate, temporary Immediate, temporary care given to a person care given to a person who has become sick or who has become sick or who has been injuredwho has been injured

Takes place until proper Takes place until proper medical authority arrivemedical authority arrive

Emergency Action PlanEmergency Action PlanPrimary SurveyPrimary Survey

3 C’s = Check, Call, Care3 C’s = Check, Call, Care

• Check – scene safetyCheck – scene safety– Check the immediate surroundings for possible Check the immediate surroundings for possible

dangers; move victim dangers; move victim onlyonly if life is threatened if life is threatened

• Check victim...Check victim...– Check consciousness – gently tap and ask, “Are Check consciousness – gently tap and ask, “Are

you you OK?” OK?”– Check the victim for poisoningCheck the victim for poisoning

You don’t want to make more victims!

Emergency Action Plan Emergency Action Plan cont.cont.

º º CallCall• Call 911 immediately if victim shows any life-Call 911 immediately if victim shows any life-

threatening conditionsthreatening conditions• Answer 911 operator’s questions and follow Answer 911 operator’s questions and follow

directions calmly and completelydirections calmly and completely

º º CareCare• Be prepared to provide first aidBe prepared to provide first aid• Control severe bleedingControl severe bleeding• Prepare to perform CPRPrepare to perform CPR

Making the Call to 911Making the Call to 911

• Give location of emergency (exact address, Give location of emergency (exact address, city or town, nearby intersections, building city or town, nearby intersections, building #, floor, apt.)#, floor, apt.)

• Telephone # from which call is being madeTelephone # from which call is being made• Caller’s nameCaller’s name• What happenedWhat happened• # of victims # of victims • Condition of victimsCondition of victims• First aid givenFirst aid given

                                             

Universal PrecautionsUniversal Precautions

• Be responsible – protect yourself and Be responsible – protect yourself and the victim!the victim!

• Wear disposable gloves if coming Wear disposable gloves if coming into contact with body fluidsinto contact with body fluids

• Use a plastic face shield or mask Use a plastic face shield or mask with a one-way valvewith a one-way valve

• Wash your hands with soap and Wash your hands with soap and warm water after providing first aidwarm water after providing first aid

ShockShock

• Usually accompanies severe injury Usually accompanies severe injury or emotional upsetor emotional upset

• Circulation system fails to send Circulation system fails to send blood to all parts of the bodyblood to all parts of the body

Signs – Signs – ► ► cool, clammy skin cool, clammy skin ►► pale pale face face ►►confusion confusion ► ► nausea nausea ► ► vomiting vomiting ► ► rapid breathing rapid breathing

ChokingChoking

• When food or any other object When food or any other object becomes lodged in a person’s airway, becomes lodged in a person’s airway, this person may chokethis person may choke

• Unless the object is dislodged within Unless the object is dislodged within minutes, the person can dieminutes, the person can die

Signs: a person may bring Signs: a person may bring one or both hands to the one or both hands to the throat, gasp for air or turn throat, gasp for air or turn blueblue

CPR = Cardiopulmonary CPR = Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationResuscitation

• When blood does not circulate, the When blood does not circulate, the brain and other vital organs do not brain and other vital organs do not receive O2receive O2

Signs of a cardiac Signs of a cardiac arrestarrest

–UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness–No signs of No signs of breathingbreathing–No signs of No signs of circulationcirculation

CPRCPR

• 2010 Guidelines2010 Guidelines– C, A, BC, A, B (Compressions, Airway, (Compressions, Airway,

Breathing)Breathing)– If not CPR certified, provide “Hands-Only” If not CPR certified, provide “Hands-Only”

CPRCPR

CPR Certified:CPR Certified:– Begin immediately with 30 compressions, Begin immediately with 30 compressions,

2” deep2” deep– Open the airway, deliver 2 breathsOpen the airway, deliver 2 breaths

AEDAED

• Automated External Defibrillator Automated External Defibrillator (AED) (AED)

• An AED can check a person’s heart An AED can check a person’s heart rhythm. It can recognize a rhythm that rhythm. It can recognize a rhythm that requires a shock. requires a shock. 

• It can advise the rescuer when a shock is It can advise the rescuer when a shock is needed. needed. 

• The AED uses voice prompts, lights and The AED uses voice prompts, lights and text messages to tell the rescuer the steps text messages to tell the rescuer the steps to take.to take.

BurnsBurns

• 11stst Degree Degree – superficial – top layers of – superficial – top layers of skin ex. Sunburn – takes 5-6 days to heal skin ex. Sunburn – takes 5-6 days to heal (use sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or (use sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or more)more)

• 22ndnd Degree Degree – top several layers of skin, – top several layers of skin, blisters & blotchy – takes 3-4 weeks to blisters & blotchy – takes 3-4 weeks to healheal

• 33rdrd Degree Degree – destroys all layers of skin – destroys all layers of skin as well as nerves, muscles, fat, and as well as nerves, muscles, fat, and bonesbones

Heat Exhaustion/Heat Heat Exhaustion/Heat StrokeStroke

• Heat ExhaustionHeat Exhaustion – exposed to high temps – exposed to high temps

- - Signs: skin that is cool, moist or pale, Signs: skin that is cool, moist or pale, headache, dizziness, nausea, heavy sweating, headache, dizziness, nausea, heavy sweating, weaknessweakness

• Heat StrokeHeat Stroke – body systems become so – body systems become so overheated = stop functioning – life overheated = stop functioning – life threateningthreatening– Signs: confusion, red, hot, dry skin, shallow Signs: confusion, red, hot, dry skin, shallow

breathingbreathing

Frostbite/HypothermiaFrostbite/Hypothermia• Frostbite Frostbite – freezing of body parts– freezing of body parts

* lack of feeling in the affected * lack of feeling in the affected area, skin that appears waxy or area, skin that appears waxy or discolored and is cold to the touchdiscolored and is cold to the touch

• HypothermiaHypothermia – body temp falls – body temp falls below 95below 95°°

* shivering, numbness or * shivering, numbness or weakness, glassy stare, confusionweakness, glassy stare, confusion

Open Wounds - BleedingOpen Wounds - Bleeding• AbrasionAbrasion – damage to outer layers of skin – damage to outer layers of skin• LacerationLaceration – caused by a sharp object; – caused by a sharp object;

deep cuts result in heavy bleeding and deep cuts result in heavy bleeding and may damage nerves, blood vessels or may damage nerves, blood vessels or soft tissuesoft tissue

• PuncturePuncture – wound caused by a pin, – wound caused by a pin, splinter, or other pointed object piercing splinter, or other pointed object piercing the skinthe skin

• AvulsionAvulsion – tissue is separated partly – tissue is separated partly

or completely from a person’s bodyor completely from a person’s body

Dislocation - FractureDislocation - Fracture

• DislocationDislocation – Displacement or separation of – Displacement or separation of a bone from its normal position at a jointa bone from its normal position at a joint

• FractureFracture – chip, crack, or break in bone – chip, crack, or break in bone– Closed = skin intactClosed = skin intact Open = piece of Open = piece of

bone bone sticks sticks out through skinout through skin

symptoms:symptoms: swelling, inability to move swelling, inability to move joint or pain when moving, joint or pain when moving, tendernesstenderness

Strains & SprainsStrains & Sprains

• Strain Strain – muscles have been – muscles have been overworkedoverworked– Symptoms: dull pain that worsens Symptoms: dull pain that worsens

with movement, swellingwith movement, swelling

• SprainSprain – injury to tissues – injury to tissues surrounding a jointsurrounding a joint– Symptoms: popping sound or tearing Symptoms: popping sound or tearing

sensation, swelling, tenderness, sensation, swelling, tenderness, discolorationdiscoloration

PoisonPoison

Poisons can enter the body by 4 routes:Poisons can enter the body by 4 routes: Ingestion, Inhalation, Injection, Ingestion, Inhalation, Injection,

AbsorptionAbsorption

• Ingestion – most swallowed poisons are Ingestion – most swallowed poisons are household cleaners and medicationshousehold cleaners and medications

• Inhalation: Carbon Monoxide, AmmoniaInhalation: Carbon Monoxide, Ammonia

• Injected Poison – insect stings and bitesInjected Poison – insect stings and bites

• Absorption – Plants and chemicalsAbsorption – Plants and chemicals