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Fa Source material and Glossary

95

Source material

Contents

Training video: why oxygen is so important (1:3) 0:01–0:02

The recovery position (1:6) 0:03

Using a dictionary or glossary (3:3) 0:04

The respiratory system (3:3) 0:05

Understanding flow charts (3:6) 0:06

Recognising and treating shock (3:7) 0:07

Dealing with the situation (4:1) 0:08

Filling in an accident report form (4:4) 0:09

Ordering First Aid supplies (4:5) 0:10

Finding information on the Internet (4:6) 0:11



96



0:01Source material and Glossary

97

Fa Fa

GAS

Air

entering

lungs

Air

leaving

lungs

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

21%

0.03%

16%

3%

Training video: Why oxygenis so important

Trainer’s guide:

Why oxygen is so

important

This ten-minute video explains

why we need oxygen, how it

passes from the lungs and heart

to the rest of the body, and why

exhaled air can still help a

casualty.

Now all our body tissues depend on

oxygen, so we breathe in air to get

that oxygen. Air, as you can see in

the table, consists of 21% oxygen.

But the interesting thing is that

the air we breathe out still contains

16% oxygen. So why is this useful

for us as First Aiders?

A lack of oxygen in the body is known as

hypoxia. This is a very serious condition;

if the brain is starved of oxygen for

more than 3 minutes, we die. But the

air we breathe out still contains

enough oxygen to keep someone alive

until an ambulance comes with more

advanced medical help.



Ribs

Lungs

Diaphragm

Rib cage

Source material and Glossary 0:02

98

Fa Fa

Why oxygen is so important

Ribs

Lungs

Diaphragm

Rib cage

Left lung

Oxygen-rich bloodHeart

Right lung

Oxygen-poor blood

Capillaries

So let’s move on now to look at how we use

this oxygen. We need to start with the

respiratory system, that’s to say

breathing in and out. Basically the body

takes in oxygen and removes a gas called

carbon dioxide, which it does not need.

Let’s start at the point of breathing air

into the lungs – we do this when the chest

expands and the diaphragm flattens.

From the respiratory system we move on to the

circulatory system, in other words, the circulation

or movement of blood from the heart to the body

tissues. Blood with oxygen from the lungs, which we

call oxygenated blood, is pumped by the heart to the

body tissues through the arteries, which divide into

strong, elastic-walled vessels called capillaries.

The thin walls of the capillaries allow the exchange of

gases and other material between the blood and the

cells of the body. The capillaries join to veins, through

which the deoxygenated blood is then pumped from the

heart to the lungs. Oxygenated blood is brighter red than deoxygenated blood, which is a darker red, but is

always shown as blue on diagrams.

So now we are back with the lungs, with the

respiratory system. This final stage in the cycle

comes when we breathe out; the chest contracts and

the diaphragm becomes shaped like a dome. This

releases carbon dioxide and takes fresh oxygen into the lungs. Oxygenated blood then returns to the

heart to be pumped round the body again.




99

Fa Fa

The recovery position

1

Listen for the

instruction wordstelling you what to do.

Listen for the

descriptions of howto do it.

Listen for the

explanations of why you do it.

2

3

5

4




100

Fa Fa

Using a dictionary orglossary

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

The heart is located in the centre of the

chest, slightly to the left of your breastbone.

It weighs about 10 ounces. It is a strong

muscular pump that beats an average

100,000 times each day, pumping about 4

and a half litres of blood through the body

approximately three times every minute.

The pump consists of four chambers, two at

the top and two at the bottom. Valves in the

heart prevent the backflow of blood that has

been pumped returning into those chambers

again.

The middle layer is the part of the heart that

is primarily affected by a heart attack, as an

area of this muscle dies as a result of theinadequate supply of oxygen to that area.



Larynx

Nasal cavity

Epiglottis

Mouth cavity

Oesophagus

Bronchioles

Pleural membrane

Trachea

Bronchus

Left lung

Alveoli

Diaphragm

Tongue


101

Fa Fa

The respiratory system

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

The respiratory system is all about breathing. The body takes in

oxygen and removes a gas called carbon dioxide, which the

body does not need.

Oxygen, however, is vital to life as the brain and body need

oxygen to function. If the body is starved of oxygen irreversible

brain damage starts to occur after about three minutes.

The respiratory system can be divided into the respiratory tract,

the mechanics of respiration and control of breathing. The

respiratory tract is the route that air follows when it is inhaled,

passing from the nose and mouth, through the epiglottis, and

eventually reaching the alveoli in the lungs. The oxygen is taken

up by the circulatory system, then carbon dioxide, which is a

waste product, is removed by exhaling.

The mechanism for breathing is as follows: messages from the

brain are passed via nerves, which stimulate muscles to contract

and relax, so enabling breathing to take place.




102

Fa Fa

Understanding flow charts

Casualty no. Condition of casualty Action you would take

1 A woman is lying on thefloor. She is unconscious.

There is a live electric

cable right next to herbody.

2 A man is sitting on thefloor.

He is in a lot of pain, and is

holding his arm.

You think it might be

broken.

3 A young man is lying

unconscious on the floor.

He is breathing, but his

breathing is noisy, so youthink he has an obstructed

airway.




103

Fa Fa

Recognising and treating shock

Recognising and treating shock

Clinical shock is a life-threatening condition; it occurs when

insufficient oxygen reaches the body tissues because the circulatory

system has failed. This may happen either because the heart isn’t

pumping well enough, or stops; or because not enough fluid is

circulating round the body.

Causes

The most common reason for a reduction in the volume of fluid

circulating around the body is blood loss either through external

bleeding (e.g. from a cut wrist), or through internal bleeding (from a

damaged organ, such as the liver). A lowering in the total volume of

fluid circulating around the body may also be due to other fluids lost

through burns, diarrhoea, or vomiting.

Recognising the condition

Ways of recognising that a casualty is in shock include: feeling sick orthirsty, or weak and giddy. Other signs are cold or clammy skin,

bluish lips or restlessness. A person in shock may be alert but can

quickly become unconscious, with fast or shallow breathing, and a

rapid or weak circulation, which may even stop.

Action you should take

When treating a casualty with shock you should raise and support

their legs, loosen tight clothing, insulate them from the ground,

cover them with a blanket, and get help. You should also reassure

them, because shock can be made worse by fear or pain. You should

not move the casualty, let them eat, drink or smoke, and you should

not leave them unattended unless you have to in order to get help.




104

Fa Fa

Dealing with the situation




105

Fa Fa

Filling in an accidentreport form

Bill Preston, a machine operative at AAA Engineering, had

an accident in the machine room on June 15th 2005 at half

past ten in the morning. As First Aider in the company, you

attended to him.

Oil on floor

Aagh … My ankle is

really hurting. It’s very

painful and it’s

already very swollen.




106

Fa Fa

Ordering First Aid supplies

You work for a small printing company (eight employees).

Your boss asks you to select a First Aid kit suitable for thecompany. You decide to look at suppliers’ catalogues on line.

1 Read the part of the catalogue below and select the right

section for you.

2 You find the right section. Now select the right kit for

your company.

First Aid & Emergency Signs. 14

Find such items as signs + first aider arm bands etc, if you do

not see what you require please call.

First Aid Cabinets (Metal) 3

If you do not see what you require please call.

First Aid Kits (Sports) 5

Various sports first aid kits, and sports related items. (If you do

not see what you require please call.)

First Aid Kits (Fischen Premier 4) 5

Fischen Premier 4 Range of first aid kits First aid has finally

Evolved.

First Aid Kits (Specialist) 12

This Category Contains Kits Such as burns kits, boating kits,

Biohazard kits, sharps kits, Etc.

First Aid Kits For Business & Offices

(Standard)39

You will find first aid kits for many areas such as Travel, Burns,

Catering, Hikers, Motorist, Van & Truck, Biohazard, Sports,

Aluminium kits, Etc.

Code Product Units Price

K1 Company Kit (1–10 Employees) (K1) 1 *£9.99

K2 Company Kit (11–20 Employees) (K2) 1 *£16.99

K1C Company Kit (1–10) Contents Only (K1C) 1 *£9.99

K5 Travel Kit (K5) (in a soft zip up first aid pouch) 1 £8.85

K4 Public Service Vehicle KIT 1 £10.99

K2C Company Kit (11–20) Contents Only (K2C) 1 *£14.99




107

Fa Fa

Search for Skills Update

courses:

See also:

First Aid at Work

FAW Requalification

Emergency Aid for

Appointed Persons

Run this course at your

venue

National Contracts

Request a brochure

Our skills update/

practice session gives

First Aiders the chance

to refresh their skills.

Finding information onthe Internet

You already have a First Aid certificate, but you want to find a course

to bring your skills up to date.

1 Read the information below in detail. Then decide if this is the right

course for you, and say why.

2 If it is the right course, what do you have to do to join it?

http://www.sja.org.uk/training/courses/workplace/skillsUpdate.asp

Skills Update/Practice Session

The course provides First Aiders in the workplace with an

opportunity to practise and update their skills at any time during

their three-year period as a qualified First Aider, so that they

remain prepared for an emergency. We recommend that they

attend at least once during this time, especially if First Aid

incidents are rare in their workplace.

Who should attend

A person who holds a current First Aid at Work certificate

What they will learn

This session builds First Aiders’ expertise and confidence by

involving them in realistic situations with simulated casualties.

Course duration/content

The course is tailor-made to meet

the delegates’ need to refresh the

skills gained from their First Aid

at Work training.

Assessment

Practical Scenario sessions

Certificate

A certificate of attendance may be issued with this course

on request.

▲

▲

▲

▲

▲

▲

find

postcode or town

June 2005▲



Module 1 Getting the most out of your courseFa 1:1Fa

108

Listening to training

Carrying out First Aid correctly can be a matter of life

and death, so listening carefully to speakers isimportant.

What’s the best way to listen to

my trainer?

Look at the

speaker – this

keeps you focused.

Listen to an extract from a

training session to consider

the points on this page.

● List the signal words that

tell you the speaker is

moving on to a new

subject.

1

● Listen carefully to the beginning of the talk to

find out exactly what the talk is about.

● Listen for the main points the speaker is making.

Right, today I’m going to go over some points about personal

protection when you’re giving First Aid to others. First, let’s look at

electrical burns …

Listen for important information, for

example, the reason why you do something.

Don’t touch the casualty with your hands or try to move them with a wet

item such as a mop, because you’re likely to be electrocuted yourself .

Listen for key words to help you understand the

talk and remember key points.

If the casualty is still in contact with the electrical source and you

know it’s low voltage , you canmove the wire or the casualty to a safe position with a dry pole

or rope .

Keep your concentration by listening for words that

signal the start of a new step in the stage. For

example: Now let’s move on; Next …, Then …

Now let’s move on to dealing with ableeding patient …

Remember!

Personal safety is the mostimportant thing in First Aid.



Module 1 Getting the most out of your courseFa Fa 1:2

109

Work at your listening

There are strategies you can learn to help you become

a better listener. Active listening helps you get theright message and avoid misunderstandings.

Let the speaker know you are listening by:

● giving them your full attention

● using positive signals such as eye contact.

Listen to the next part of this training

session. Listen carefully for key

words.● What is the next part of the talk

about?

2

ABC checks? I remember her mentioning ABC checks and A stood for airways but I don’t

remember what B or C stands for!

If you don’t understand something, don’t

be afraid to ask the speaker. Don’t

interrupt the trainer in mid-sentence. Wait

until there is a convenient pause or break.

If there is a lot of information or the trainer

is speaking too quickly, you should ask

them to repeat what they said.

I’m sorry to interrupt, but could youpossibly remind us what the B and C

stand for in ABC checks?

Excuse me. The information about how to get the casualty’s blood to circulate

seems very important. Could you possibly repeat what it is we need to do?

Right, so today we’re going to look at dealingwith an unconscious casualty who’s not

breathing and has no circulation.

You’ve established this through your primary survey, that’s your ABC checks.

Whatever you do, don’t give up! You can still supply that vital oxygen to the brain and heart

even though the heart’s not beating!

What you have to do is make the casualty’sblood circulate enough by compressing the chest. First you have to know where to put your hands, and how to apply pressure …



GAS Air

entering

lungs

Air

leaving

lungs

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

21%

0.03%

16%

3%

Watching training videos

Now, what did the trainer say? She said we were going to watch a video

that explains why oxygen is so important.I think there was something else?

To get the best out of a training video you need to know why

you are watching the video. Ask yourself what you expect tolearn from the video. Once you understand the purpose for

listening and watching you can focus your attention on the

important parts of the video.

Read, watch and listen carefully to the

title and the introduction. Training

videos are often only 5 or 10 minutes

long. Stay focused all the way through.

It is not like watching TV. If your attention wanders, you might miss

essential facts or explanations.

Focus closely on

tables and

diagrams. They can

give you important

information quickly.

Listen to the

trainer as she

introduces the

video.

We are going to watch a short video.It’s about 10 minutes long so please

get comfortable! It’s called ‘ Why oxygen is so important ’.

It explains why …

Oh yes. She also said that we were

going to talk about how to avoid the brain being starved of oxygen.

Air we breathe out still contains16% oxygen …

A lack of oxygen in the body is known as

hypoxia …

… In the video we will see how oxygen istransported between the heart and lungs and around the body, and thendiscuss what you can do to prevent

oxygen starvation of the brain.

Listen for:

● emphasised words or phrases,

especially when the narrator is going

through important information

● explanations of technical words.


110




111

Answering questions about First Aid

Your tutor or trainer may ask you oral questions to check that you

understand important facts about First Aid. These tips will help you to respond clearly and confidently to these questions.

Listen carefully to the question. It may

help you remember which part of the

video the question refers to.

Use the questioner’s words to help

you phrase your answer. This will

help you give a relevant answer.

Answer It’s interesting that the air we breathe out still contains 16% oxygen.

Answer The air we breathe out is so useful

because it has 16% oxygen and can keep a person alive until medical help comes.

Hmmm. They were talkingabout that when they showed

that woman lying on the floor – she looked in a bad way.

Hmmm. That was right at the

beginning when they showed that table on the screen …

QuestionSo, thinking back to the beginningof the video. Can someone tell me what is so interesting about the

air we breathe out ?

Air, as you can see in the table, consistsof 21% oxygen. But the interesting thing

is that the air we breathe out still contains 16% oxygen. So why is this

useful for us as first aiders?

… but the air we breathe out still

contains enough oxygen

to keep someone alive until an ambulance comes with more

advanced medical help.

QuestionSo, moving on. Why is

the air we breathe out so useful ?




112

Taking part in a discussion

The key to a good discussion is to stick to the point, listen to

other people’s opinions, and encourage everyone to take part.

OK. You’ve had a chance to get into the course now. So I’d like you to get into

groups of three or four and discuss how you feel about becoming a first aider.

Well, I don’t know about anyone else, but I’mcertainly worried about whether I’d cope in an

emergency. My friend says that I’m too squeamish. It’s true that on holiday last year …

I think when it comes to it, and we’re in asituation where we need to act we’ll manage

and do what we need to. I agree that the training we receive here is very important.

If someone is saying too much or moving off the

point, politely interrupt and make your own points.

Body language is very important in discussions.

You can also use your eyes and hands to signalto others that it is a good time to speak.

Encourage quieter group

members to voice their opinions by asking them

open questions about the

topic. Don’t force someone

to speak or draw too much

attention to them.

1

3

2 Could I just make a point here? I don’t think we should expect

too much of ourselves. How well we cope will depend on what we learn here on the course and also on the support we get

when we’re doing it for real at work. In any situation we can

only do our best after all.Mary, what do you think?

How do you feel about having to deal with an accident at work?




113

Why?

Watching demonstrations

The recovery position

To get the most out of a demonstration you need to watch and

listen carefully to the trainer in order to understand:

● what to do

● how to do it

● why it should be done that way

Listen for key

instructions.

Listen for

explanations.

Watch carefully and

listen for accompanying

descriptions which

add more detail

about how to carry

out key instructions.

You can ask questions to:

● check information

● confirm

understanding

● ask for more

information.

What?

Open the airway …

How?

… by lifting the

chin forward ,like this.

Any fluid will thendrain out of the

mouth so there’sless chance of the casualty choking

on it.

Tips

● Let the demonstrator

finish giving the full

instruction first.

● Note down any key

points you need to

remember.

So, the first thingto do is …

Could you just explain again …?

What do you do if …?

3



Work at your memory

If you like playing around

with words, make up a

mnemonic. Here’s a

common First Aid example

that helps you to

remember the key stages

in assessing a casualty in

the correct order:Airways

Breathing

Circulation

Danger

Response

Airways

Breathing

Circulation

There is a lot to learn on any First Aid course. You will need to be able to

listen for and remember relevant facts and important information. It canbe difficult but there are a number of techniques you can use to help.

Listen and count the important facts as the trainer

talks about them.

Don’t be afraid to ask questions to check you have

understood. This will help you get the key facts clear

in your head and remember them.

Look at the trainer – this will help keep you focused.

After the training

Look through your notes and handouts. Pay

particular attention to colours, shapes and diagrams

because these are often easier to remember thanwords.

Talk to your colleagues about what you have learned

and make a list of key points.

If you think in pictures,

you might want to connect

important information or

key words with images.

For example, to remember

how to put a casualty into

the correct recovery

position, imagine a picture

of the body and workdown it from head to toe.

How can I remember key facts while listeningto a trainer or watching a demonstration?

Chin lifted forward tokeep airways open

Hand supporting andprotecting the head

Chest – not flat on

the floor to make

breathing easier

Legs bent

to stop

body rolling

forward 3

2 14


114




115

Aims:

● Stop bleeding

● Stop shock● Min. infect risk● Hosp.

Action:

1. Direct pressure

2. Raise arm

3. Lay down4. Dial 999

Take note of First Aid

Writing things down can help you to remember later on

what you have learned. Here are some techniques to help you take notes while you are listening or reading.

Cut notes down by using abbreviations

(shortened words).

To shorten words you can:

● Use the first few letters of the word.

Examples: hosp = hospital, ext = external,

unconsc = unconscious

● Use the first and last letter of the word.

Example: yr = year

● Use just the capital letters for titles.

Example: AP = Appointed Person

● Use the apostrophe to show letters have

been left out.

Example: you are = you’re

Here are more examples of common

abbreviations:

approx = approximately, inc. = including,

Tues = Tuesday, tel no = telephone number

Use symbols in place of words. Symbols are

marks that have a meaning.

+ plus or more − minus or less

∴ therefore = equal, the same as

@ at & and

Use hyphens and arrows to link ideas.

External bleeding is dangerous if a casualty

loses enough blood to affect the circulation –

this can result in shock and unconsciousness.

Ext. bleeding – dangerous -

blood loss affects circulation

affects circ → shock + unconsc.

Use a highlighter pen or underline theimportant parts you want to remember:

External bleeding is dangerous if a casualty

loses enough blood to affect the circulation

– this can result in shock and

unconsciousness.

pressure raise arm

1 control bleeding 2 to prevent shock

3 min. infection4 HOSPITAL!

dial 999 lay down

BLEEDING

You can also write notes as a list.

Use numbers, letters or bullet points.

Or use a spidergram (also

called a mind map).

4



Using the contents and index

You will probably be using a First Aid manual on your course. This

will have a contents page and an index. These pages can help youquickly find the part of the book you want to read.

Section 11: Casualty Management 42

Disorders of circulation: shock Section 12: Casualty Management 45

Disorders of circulation: external bleeding

Section 13: Revision 48

Section 14: Quick Reference and Answers 52

Index 78

You want to find out

about the job of an

Appointed Person.

Do not read every

word in the index.

Look for the first

letter of the word: A.

(You may need tolook for the first two

letters: AP.)

If you want to find out

how to use the trainee

workbook , you can look in

the contents for a section

that may explain this. You do not need to read

every word on the

contents page. You can

scan the page to find the

information you need.

Scanning is reading to

find out one piece of

information only; for

example, reading your

phone manual to see what

a particular display symbol

stands for.

Look quickly for the word

Workbook . Look for no

other word.

The contents page is usually at the beginning of the manual.

It tells you what information is covered in the book.

This manual is divided into 14 sections. The numbers on the

right tell you on which page each section starts.

Another way of finding information quickly is to

use the index, usually at the back of the book.

List of contentsCourse Briefing 5

Workbook Introduction 6

Section 1: Reception 7

Section 2: First Aid in the Workplace 9

Section 3:What is expected of an Appointed Person? 16

Section 4:Emergency Aid: Incident Management 17

Section 5: Casualty Management 21

Life-Threatening Conditions

Index

A

ABC, 21, 23, 37, 45, 58, 72, 73, 76

Accident Book, 13, 52, 54

Action plan, 17, 20, 55, 74, 77

Action plan to manage the incident, 19

Aftermath, 20, 55, 74

Appointed Person, 16

B

Bleeding, 42, 45, 46, 47, 71, 72, 73, 76

Entries in an

index are

always in

alphabetical

order.

Module 2 Using the course bookFa 2:1Fa

116



Module 2 Using the course bookFa Fa 2:2

117

Using the layout

What is expected of an Appointed Person?

The help of an Appointed Person is obviously

needed in emergencies involving accidents and

sudden illnesses.

Am I the right person for this?

You may be afraid of seeing blood, or severe

injuries; you may think someone else would be

able to cope better than you. Your group

discussions have probably shown you that you

are not alone in these feelings.

Will I be able to cope?

At the start of this course, it is important that

you don’t expect too much of yourself. In anysituation you can only do your best. You

are not expected to achieve miracles or to take

personal risks. Remember that, as an Appointed

Person, your aim is simply to try to:

• preserve life

• limit the effects of the casualty’s condition

• help the casualty recover, if possible.

What support will I get?

You are only human, so AFTER AN INCIDENTIT IS NORMAL TO FEEL UPSET AND NEED

SOMEONE TO TALK IT THROUGH WITH;

this happens even to experienced emergency

service personnel, so make sure that you are

prepared for it.

Discuss with your colleagues how you can give

and receive help of this kind in your workplace

after an incident.

The information in a course book is organised in many different formats, or

layouts. This helps you to find the information you need more quickly.

The title of this page is in a large,

bold, coloured font. This makes the

words stand out and catch your eye.

Under the title and objective there is

often an introductory sentence; it

tells you more about what is

coming.

The subheading is the first of three

questions. All of these are questions.

The use of italic font shows their

importance.

The information that follows answers

the question.

The most important part of the

answer is written in BLOCK

CAPITALS. This makes sure that this

very important information catches

the reader’s eye.

Blank space is an important part of

layout – it makes a text more

readable. It also makes the final

suggestion stand out more.

This whole sentence is in bold. Thismeans that this part of the answer is

very important.

The aims are shown in a short

bulleted list of examples. Bullets

make a list clear and easy to read

quickly.



First Aid at work – what’s it all about?

In order to get the general idea about a new topic you might be asked

to read sections of the course manual. Find the pages, or part of apage, that you want then skim your eyes across and down the page.

When you read to get the general idea or

gist of what something is about, your eyes

skim across and down the page.

You can use the layout or format of a page

to help you skim. All these clues can help

give you a general idea of what a text is

about. Titlesheadings

italics

sub headings

• bullets

CAPITALS

highlighted words

– dashesbold words

First Aid at work First Aid is the first help given to someone to

prevent injury or illness from becoming worse.

First Aid kitsThe contents of a First Aid kit should be linked to

the risks at the site. Extra items may be needed

where certain chemicals are handled. Medicines or

tablets must never be kept in a First Aid kit because

only qualified medical personnel can dispense them.

Minimum contents of a First Aid box• guidance leaflet • 4 triangular bandages

• 6 safety pins • 2 sterile eye pads

• 1 pair disposable gloves • 2 large and 6 medium

• 20 wrapped adhesive sterile unmedicated

dressings wound dressings

KEY WORDS

First Aider – someone trained to a recognised

standard to administer First Aid.

Heading? The numbers of Appointed Persons and First Aiders needed in theworkplace depend on factors such as risk, layout and number of employees. It is recommended that provision should also cover non-employees, such as customers.

Sub heading? An Appointed Person must be available whenever people are working.Their responsibilities include looking after First Aid equipment, makingsure it is always available, taking control when somebody is injured orill and calling the emergency services if needed. An Appointed Persondoes not have to be a trained First Aider although basic training isrecommended.

Sub heading? First Aiders must be specially trained and certified by organisationsapproved by the Health and Safety Executive.They should givetreatment only in the techniques they have been trained to carry out,otherwise they could cause further injury. First Aiders may needadditional training where there are special workplace hazards.

Sometimes a text may not have

so many clues but you can still

skim the text for key words to

help you get the gist.

Tip: useful key words are often

found in the first sentence of a

paragraph.

Task:

● Skim the text. The heading

and subheadings are missing.

● Skim each paragraph for key

words and give each

paragraph a suitable heading.

Module 2 Using the course bookFa 2:3Fa

118



Reading the detail

Health and safety information can be difficult to understand. It

can include long, complicated sentences and unfamiliar words.Here are some tips to help you read this type of information.

Everybody at work should

understand their responsibilitiesunder HASAWA.

Everybody at work should comply

with their responsibilities under

HASAWA.

Employees are responsible for

ensuring their own health, safety and

welfare.

Employees are responsible for

ensuring the health, safety andwelfare of their colleagues.

Rewritten in four

shorter sentences

Read the information: what does it

say that Appointed Persons haveto do?

Responsibilities in the Workplace

Employers, First Aiders, Appointed Persons, and employeesshould be familiar with the health and safety legislation asfollows:

The Social Security Act 1975

The reporting system within an organisation usuallyincludes an accident book recording all accidents causinginjury on the organisation’s premises. The AppointedPerson is often involved in completing the record, but allemployees need to be aware of their responsibility tosupply information or enter details if they are involved inan accident.

The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HASAWA)Everybody at work should understand and comply withtheir responsibilities under HASAWA – this includes aresponsibility to ensure their own health, safety andwelfare, as well as that of their colleagues; responsibilitiesof employers include making sure that adequate training is

given to all employees about health, safety and welfare.

Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981Employers and their First Aiders, or Appointed Persons,together should organise and provide First Aid, accordingto the needs of the organisation. The current ApprovedCode of Practice is published by the Health and SafetyExecutive.

The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and DangerousOccurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR)Employers are responsible for reporting to the appropriateauthority any serious accidents in connection with the

workplace (which includes any resulting in more than threedays’ absence from work), dangerous occurrences, andspecified occupational disease.

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations2005 (COSHH)Employers are responsible for assessing risks fromhazardous substances, and deciding on action to reducethem. All employees should follow safety guidelines andtake precautions identified by their employers. First Aidersand Appointed Persons should also be familiar withappropriate First Aid action according to the type ofsubstance and level of risk in their workplace.

Tips for reading long sentences:

● Read the information several

times.

● Make notes – try to sum up the

overall message.

● Break long sentences down into

shorter sentences – use thepunctuation or connecting

words (conjunctions) to help you.

Health and Safety information may

include unfamiliar words. Try to work

out what they mean from the rest of

the sentence or look them up.

Module 2 Using the course bookFa Fa 2:4

119



Following procedures

The primary survey

There are a lot of procedures in First Aid that must be carried

out correctly. The primary survey is a first assessment of an

emergency situation and of the casualty’s condition.

Procedures often give information as well as instructions.

Instructions are usually written in short full sentences and begin with

imperatives or command words. For example, ‘place’, ‘remove’ and lift’.

The first sentence in this procedure gives information about the aim of

a primary survey.

There might be

several instructions

in each point.

Look out for:

● imperatives

(e.g. place, tilt)

● new sentences● the word ‘and’

Can you underline

all of the

instructions in the

primary survey

procedure?

Primary survey

The aim of a primary survey is to identify life-threatening conditions, to make sure that they aretreated first.

The sequence of checks in a primary survey is:

1 DANGER Are you, or the casualty, in anydanger?

2 RESPONSE Is the casualty conscious?IF THE CASUALTY IS NOTCONSCIOUS, SHOUT FOR HELP,AND THEN DO THE NEXT CHECK.

3 AIRWAY Is the casualty’s airway open andclear?

4 BREATHING Is the casualty breathing?5 CIRCULATION Can you see, hear or feel

breathing, coughing, movement,or any other signs of life?Is there any severe bleeding?

To open the airway:• Place one hand on the forehead and tilt the

head back.• Remove any obstructions from the casualty’s

mouth.• Lift the casualty’s chin with your fingertips.

To check for breathing:• LOOK for chest movement.• LISTEN for sounds of breathing.• FEEL for breath on your cheek.• LIFT the chin throughout the breathing check, to

keep the airway open (the breathing checkshould last for 10 seconds).

You are checking for breathing, coughing,movement, or any other signs of life when youlook, listen and feel for circulation.

This part informs

you of the

sequence or order

of checks in the

primary survey.

Questions are used

to help you think

about what checksto make.

Bullet points make

each instruction

stand out clearly.

Some instructions

are conditional.

This means you

only have to follow

them in certain

circumstances Look

out for the word

‘if ’.

Key words are

written in bold to

make them stand

out.

Module 3 Doing the courseFa 3:1Fa

120



Module 3 Doing the courseFa Fa 3:2

121

Using abbreviations

There are many abbreviations used in First Aid and related topics,

such as health and safety. Abbreviations are a quick way of writingto save time and space. They can also be very useful to help us

remember important information. Here are some examples.

All the abbreviations on

this page are acronyms.

An acronym is a word made up

from the first letters of other words.

There are different kinds of acronym.

Some acronyms use the

first letter of each word to

make another real word.

This new word helps you

to remember important

information.

These common First Aid

acronyms don’t make a

new real word but the first

letters do have an

important meaning.

Sometimes the first letter

of each word is used to

make a word that sounds

like a real word.

COSHH

Control (of)

Substances

Hazardous (to)

Health (Regulations)

RICE

Rest

Ice pack

Compression

Elevate

PEEP

Position

Expose/ExamineElevate

Pressure

DR ABC

Danger

Response

Airways

BreathingCirculation

ABC

Airways

Breathing

Circulation

RIDDOR

Reporting (of)

Injuries

Diseases (and)

Dangerous

OccurrencesRegulations

HASAWA

Health

And

Safety

At

WorkAct




122

Although CPR is important to keep the

body oxygenated, a defibrillator is

needed to resolve the electricalproblem in the heart.

The chances of a person surviving after

suffering a cardiac arrest are much

improved if the emergency is dealt

with quickly.

Using a dictionary or glossary

One way of finding the meaning of words that you do not

know is to look them up in a dictionary or glossary.

A dictionary is an

alphabetical list of all

the different meanings

of words.

If you look a word up in

a dictionary, you might

find several meanings.

arrest

1. catch, take hold of

(person) by force

2. stoppage (of the

heart)

resolve

1. decide on something

2. deal with (or sort

out)

A glossary is an

alphabetical list of

specialist words and

their meanings.

arrest stoppage, e.g. of

the heart (cardiac arrest)

defibrillator machine

that gives a controlled

electric shock (in order

to re-start the heart)

oxygenated supplied

with oxygen

oxygen – an element in

air that we need to

breathe

You might find that the

glossary definition gives

you another word that

you don’t know. Keep

going until you are sure.

To find a word in the dictionary or

glossary, look for:

● the first letter r d

● the second letter e e

● the third letter s f

and so on.

A word may have more than one

meaning. It may also have both an

everyday and a technical meaning.

The dictionary will give both. The

glossary may give only the

technical meaning. (Look at theword ‘arrest’.)

That’s a new word! I’d better look it up in the glossary at the back.I’ve never seen that

word before! Where’smy dictionary?



Working out the meaningof words

One way of finding the meaning of words is to look them up in a

dictionary or glossary (see page 3:3). But it is often possible to work

out the meaning in other ways. Here are some examples.

The heart muscle, which isalso known as the

myocardium, is the part affected in a heart attack …

The heart has valves, whichare like pumps, to stop blood flowing back into the heart …

Deoxygenated blood is thenpumped from the heart to the

lungs …

Listen for an

explanation of the

technical word. The

trainer explains that

myocardium is theheart muscle.

Tip

Once you understand the

meaning of a technicalword try to use it.

Listen for an

example which

explains the

meaning of the

word. The trainer

says that valves are

like pumps .

Ask the trainer, or a

friend, if you are

not sure what aword means.

Look for diagrams

that will help you tounderstand the

meaning of unfamiliar

technical vocabulary.

Excuse me, can you explainwhat deoxygenated

means please?

Rightventricle Leftventricle

Rightatrium

Leftatrium

Right chambers Left chambers

I can look at this diagram.It explains the

meaning of atriaand ventricles.


123




124

Using diagrams

Diagrams can help you understand more exactly how to

carry out a complex procedure. This is the procedure for correctly carrying out chest compressions.

1) Find the right place on the casualty’s chest.

2) Position the hands.

3) Compress the chest and release pressure.

1) To find the correct place

● Slide your index and middle fingers

up the lowest rib.

● Middle finger is on the mid-point

where the ribs meet.

● Index finger is on the breastbone.

● Slide heel of your other hand down

the breastbone.● Heel of hand meets index finger

on breastbone.

2) To position the hands● Heel of first hand in position on

breastbone.

● Heel of second hand on top, fingers

interlocked and pulled up from the

chest.

3) To compress the chest and release pressure

● Aim for a rate of about

100 compressions per minute.

● Lean well over casualty to

apply pressure.

● Arms straight, press vertically

down through heels of hand.

● Fingers raised to avoid

pressure on ribs.

● Release pressure withoutmoving hands off the chest.

Managing an unconscious casualty with NO

breathing and NO circulationThe title and headings

summarise what the

instructions are for.

Pictures or diagrams

give you further

information.

Here they illustrate the

points by showing the

position of the hands.

Instructions might

include technical

words, or unfamiliarwords.

Pictures can help you to

understand the

meaning of difficultwords.




125

Understanding flow charts

First Aid procedures are sometimes written as flow charts

like the one below. A flow chart helps you to make quickdecisions about casualty care.

You don’t have to read

the whole chart – only

the part that applies to

your casualty.

Any dangers?(for you or casualty)?

Yes

No

Any response?

(conscious?)

Treat casualty

Call ambulance Yes

No

Airway open?

Casualty breathing?

Recovery position

Call ambulance Yes

No

Open airway;

Give 2 effective

rescue breaths

Check Signs of life

There is always a clear

starting point.

The steps in the procedure are linked together by arrows. The

route you follow depends on the casualty you are treating.

Along the route you

might have questions

to answer. For example,

‘Any response?’

You might also get

instructions telling you

what action to take. For

example ‘Treat casualty’

or ‘Call ambulance’.

Remove danger

if safe to do so




126

Writing short answers

On your First Aid course you will need to write short

answers to different types of question. This page gives you some tips to help you record your answers correctly.

Write your answer here.

______________________

______________________

There is not much space

provided – so your answer

should be short – key words

only, not a complete sentence.

Write notes

Make a brief note of

what shock is.

What you should not do ● ____________________

● ____________________

● ____________________

● ____________________

● ____________________

There are 5 bullet points – so you know that there are 5

things you should not do.

Make a listMake a list of the

things you should not

do when treating a

person with shock.

Fill in gaps

Fill in the spaces to show different ways

that blood can be lost. Write one word

only in each space.

Blood may be lost through:● _______ bleeding (e.g. cuts)

● _______ bleeding (e.g. damaged organ)

Now use the information on the source page

to answer all the different questions.

Multiple choice questions

Questions may have a sentence that is not

finished. If so, choose the phrase that completes

it correctly.

Read the whole question carefully. Pay attentionto words in CAPITALS or underlined.

In multiple choice there is only one right

answer. If you think there are more, choose the

best answer.

1 Reduction in the fluid circulating in the

body is most often caused by:

a overheating

b diarrhoea

c loss of blood

d vomiting

2 A person suffering from shock will be:

a breathing fast

b breathing slow

c not breathing



Module 4 After the courseFa Fa 4:1

127

Try this

Find the picture of this accident in

the source pages and discuss how you would deal with the situation.

A = airway

B = breathing

C = circulation

Dealing with the situation

When you come across an emergency situation, you need to

react quickly but safely. You will deal with the situation moreeffectively if you remain calm and follow appropriate steps.

Deal with the

aftermath

Assess the situation

Identify what help isrequired – carry it

out quickly

Remember!

You are in charge until the

arrival of the emergency

services or a more qualified

person. Give commands clearly

and calmly.

5

What’shappened?

How many casualties are

there?

What actionshould I take first?

Is there anythingelse I should do?

Are there any dangersfor the casualty, the bystanders or me?

I need someone to stay with her while

I call the ambulance.

Right, check A, B, C … okay.Check for bleeding … okay.

… keep her warm.

Okay, what do I need to tell the paramedics

when they arrive?



Module 4 After the courseFa 4:2Fa

128

Communicating with a casualty

Being a good First Aider depends not only on what you know,

but also on communicating this in a positive way to others.

STAY CALM!

Use your First

Aid knowledge

to decide how

best to respond.

Explain to the casualty

what you are going to do.

Explain clearly to the casualty

what is going to happen.

Give clear information toothers (such as paramedics).

Body language means

the signals you give to

others by the look on

your face, the position

of your body, thegestures you make,

your use of eye contact,

and so on.Listen carefully

to get clear

information from

the casualty.

Reassure an

anxious casualty.

Use body language to

show you understand what

the casualty is feeling.




129

Reporting accidents

Remember!

The clearer your description, themore accurately it will be recorded.

Tips

● Plan what you are going to say.● Describe events in the order they happened.

● Facts rather than opinions

Facts are important for accurate reporting because:

a fact is something that is true and can be proved,

but

an opinion is only what someone thinks; it may not be true.

He banged hishead against the side of a lathe.

I don’t think he wasproperly awake.

● A clear description

A clear description helps others to understand more about:● how the accident happened

● what injury was caused

● what action has been taken.

Raj slipped on somethingon the floor.

He banged his head as he fell backwards. The bangcaused some bleeding to the head which caused

him to faint.I was called to the scene. I put Raj into the recovery position and called an ambulance.

● Relevant details

Some details are important because they give

information that is necessary or relevant.

Other details are totally unnecessary and do

not add anything useful.

The witness was just having a breather whenhe saw the accident.

The casualty fainted when he saw the blood.

✓

✗

✗

✓

Giving a spoken description

As a First Aider you may need to explain what happened in

an accident so that an accident report form can be filled in,

or the casualty can receive the correct follow-up treatment.

If you are asked to describe an accident, you need to give:

● facts rather than opinions● a clear description● relevant details.

6




130

Filling in accident report forms

You have to fill in an accident report form whenever someone has an

accident at work. It has to be a clear and accurate record.

ACCIDENT REPORT

1. About the person who had the accident

Name

Address

Postcode

Occupation

2. About the person filling in this report

Fill this in only if you are not the person who had the accident.

Name

Address

Postcode

Occupation

3. About the accident

Say when it happened.

Date Time

Say where it happened.

Describe how it happened and any injury caused.

Sign and date the record

Signature

Date

4. For the employer only

Complete this box if the accident is reportable under RIDDOR.

How was it reported?

Date reported

Signature

First read the whole form

through to check what

information is required.

Use the section headings to

help you fill in the information

in the correct places.

If you as a First Aider report

the accident, fill in:

Section 1 about the casualty

and Section 2 about yourself .

Section 3 asks you to

describe the accident.

This is divided into:

● when it happened

● where it happened

● how it happened

● what the injury was

(bleeding hand, intense

pain to left leg, bruising).

‘Occupation’ means job. The

title of your job goes here.

Write dates with the day,month and year, for example:

10th June 2005 = 10/06/05

Use am or pm to show exactly

what time of day the accident

happened, for example:

9 o’clock in the morning =

9.00 am.

9 o’clock in the evening =

9.00 pm.

When you have finished, check :

● that all the relevant facts are in a logical order.● for any errors in grammar or spelling.




131

Ordering First Aid supplies

After completing the Appointed Person’s First Aid course, you may be

expected to order First Aid supplies. You will need to make sure you copydetails from the catalogue accurately and into the right boxes on the form.

1 Read the top of the order

form. Some things will

stand out or look different.

These might be the use of:

colour

words in bold

CAPITAL LETTERS

This tells you what

information you have to

write.

2 Scan the section

headings in the

catalogue.

You know what items you

are looking for and so you

can search or scan the

text quickly for relatedwords and phrases.

Scanning is like looking

for your name on a list.

3 Quickly scan the

items listed in that

section.

Look out for key words

or phrases to find what

you are looking for.

Then read thedescription carefully to

make sure it is really the

item that you want.

Suppliers often give a

couple of examples

to show how to fill in

the order form. Thesemay be marked e.g.

and in italics .

short for Quantity

(how many)

excluding

(without) VAT

n/a means not

applicable

Number in supplier’s

catalogue

Value Added Tax:

(17.5% tax paid on

most items)

Total without VAT

@ means at

First Aid supplies order form

Item no Description QtyPriceex VAT Total £ VAT

e.g. 0061 First Aid Travel Kit 2 6.99 13.98 2.46

e.g. 5012 Practical First Aid manual 1 7.99 7.99 n/a

Postage and packing: If required, please add

£3.50 + VAT (61p) if total order value is less

than £25.00 excl. VAT.

Sub-Total

VAT @ 17.5%

Total




Finding information on the Internet

To find information on the Internet you need to read in different ways.Scanning is looking quickly over a text for key words and nothing else.

Skimming is reading quickly to find out if the text is of interest to you.

When you skim, you do not need to read or understand every word. You

do detailed reading when you know the information is relevant for you.

Task

You have been a First Aider at work

for a number of years now.

You want a course to bring your

skills up to date for your workplace.

Find the right course for you!

First scan the search

page for key words.

Look for First Aid,

training and workplace.

BBC Health: First Aid Action A fully interactive online first aid course from the BBC that informs, educatesand entertains whilst leading … Find your nearest training centre here. …www.bbc.co.uk/health/first_aid _action/ - 23k - 13 Jun 2005 - Cached - Similar pages

St John Ambulance - First Aid Training and Health and Safety CoursesFirst Aid Training Courses… First Aid for the Workplace. First Aid for the

General Public. First Aid in Schools …for the Workplace …for the General …www.sja.org.uk/training/ - 23k - 13 Jun 2005 - Cached - Similar pages

St John Ambulance - The UK’s leading First Aid, Care and …If London wins the bid, St John Ambulance will provide First Aid support at thegames … Its mission is to provide First Aid and medical support services, …www.sja.org.uk/ - 26k - 13 Jun 2005 - Cached - Similar pages

First Aid instructionFirst Aid Training ADR Training & Fire Awareness. Firstaid Training. CDG (HAZMAT) ADR. FIRE. Welcome To 1st Aid Training. [Appointed Persons] …firstaidtraining.2cuk.co.uk/ - 17k - 13 Jun 2005 - Cached - Similar pages

British Red Cross First Aid Training - First Aid Courses News and …British Red Cross First Aid Training , News and Updates, Welcome to the news andupdate section of the British Red Cross CommercialTraining division.www.redcrossfirstaidtraining.co.uk - Similar pages

First Aid for your workplace

Become a First Aider and you’llmake a real difference to thewell-being of your colleagues.

As a qualified First Aider you’llhave the essential skills tohandle any First Aid situation,from minor slips and trips tothe most serious of incidents.

First Aid provision in theworkplace saves lives. Itcan prevent minor problems or injuries frombecoming major ones. Itcan help employersreduce costs from injury. And it is aa legal obligation onevery single employer to make sure that their employees

receive the right First Aid care in the workplace

Train with St. John

◗ First Aid in the

Workplace● First Aid at Work

● FAW Requali fication

● Skills update

● Appointed Persons

◗ First Aid for theGeneral Public

◗ First Aid in Schools

◗ Defibrillators

◗ Moving andHandling

◗ Health and Safety

◗ Defibrillators

◗ Fire MarshalTraining

◗ Request a TrainingBrochure

◗ National Training

Home > Train with St. John > First Aid in the Workplace

Now scan

this page

for key

words.

Next skim the

page to see if it isinteresting or

relevant to you.

Scan thislist for key

word(s).

When you have found

the words you want,

click on them to get

more information. You

will then skim and scan

again page by page until

First Aid Training Courses…

Other Training Courses…

…for the Workplace …for the General Public

…in Schools Manual Handling Training

first aid- black and white masters.pdf

Documents