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Firm ProFileCarollo Engineers is an environmental engineering firm specializing in the management, planning, design, and construction services for storm water, drinking water, and wastewater facilities. Carollo’s reputation is based upon client service and a continual commitment to quality. We currently maintain 30 offices in 11 states.

During our 79-year history, Carollo has successfully completed more than 20,000 projects for public sector clients. Carollo is currently ranked within Engineering News Record’s (ENR) top 500 design firms. More importantly, ENR’s annual Source Book ranks Carollo among the top firms for wastewater and water treatment plant design.

Unlike our competitors, Carollo only provides storm water, drinking water, and wastewater engineering services. We recruit nationwide and hire technical staff with the background and training specific to this field. For that reason, the quality and professional standing of our core group of water resources professionals equals or exceeds that provided by some of the largest engineering firms in the country.

Carollo Office Locations

DallasFort Worth

AustinSan Antonio

Houston

PhoenixYuma

SarasotaBroward CountyPalm Beach

Orlando

Miami

Broomfield

Littleton

Salt Lake City

Las Vegas

Reno

Boise

Seattle

Portland

Carollo Office Locations

San Francisco

Sacramento

Fresno

San DiegoOrange County

PasadenaVentura County

Inland Empire

Walnut CreekKansas City

All of our work is performed in the

areas of storm water, drinking water,

and wastewater, resulting in a level of

understanding of key project issues that

few can match.

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resourcesCarollo’s staff numbers nearly 600 employees and includes nearly 325 registered engineers. We are a full-service company with the experience and qualified professionals to successfully manage projects of any size. Our staff includes civil, sanitary, environmental, electrical, mechanical, chemical, structural, control system, and corrosion control engineers, as well as architects, planners, and specialists in other areas. Consultants are retained as needed in specialized fields depending on the specific needs of the project. Carollo also has total computer resources to complete any engineering effort including an expanded local area network (LAN) within each office, as well as a wide area network (WAN) between our offices to better facilitate communication, document transmittal, and workload sharing.

management PhilosophyCarollo’s management philosophy and the success of our company are founded on simple precepts:

>Seek out, hire, and hold onto the best people in the business. We recognize that the most critical element for a successful project is the project team. Carollo aggressively recruits the top candidates from leading engineering schools across the country. We train and mentor these engineers to become the next generation of leaders for Carollo and the industry. This long-term commitment to developing excellent engineers has resulted in a depth of talent unmatched by other consulting firms.

>Specialize in the planning, design, and construction management of storm water, drinking water, and wastewater projects. This is our business. Our success hinges solely upon our ability to provide responsive service to our municipal clients.

>Commit our partners to an active role in every project. This provides our clients with

top management interest, clear accountability, responsiveness, and talent. It also helps to ensure that the necessary staff and resources are committed to each assignment.

>Focus on client service. Carollo knows the value of listening to our clients and recognizes that successful projects result from the combined expertise of our staff and the client’s staff. This commitment to listening and valuing client input is one of the cornerstones of Carollo’s success.

Our firm takes pride in the large number of clients with whom we have maintained continuing working relationships. We have worked with some clients for more than 70 years—a clear indication of the quality of our work, our control of costs, and our ability to meet schedules. This whole-hearted dedication to quality results in tangible client benefits, and is demonstrated by our high percentage of repeat business with our clients.

integrated Water resourcesCarollo’s Integrated Water Resource (IWR) Group provides our clients with the combined expertise of a talented group of civil, environmental, and chemical engineers and scientists; decision analysts; and public involvement experts. Our services include watershed and water resources planning, storm water and urban wet weather planning, permitting and regulatory assistance, computer modeling, strategic master planning, asset management, and financial assistance. We offer the most up-to-date information to support our clients in making decisions by tracking emerging science, policy, and regulatory issues. These issues include the latest in regulatory and management trends such as total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), water quality trading, and exotic and emerging pollutants of concern, including endocrine disrupter compounds (EDCs).

We have provided engineering services to

some clients for more than 70 years.

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In order to address the many public and private stakeholder interests involved with an integrated watershed approach, our IWR Group incorporates applied decision analysis and specific tools/techniques for consensus building. Our decision support services and public involvement techniques begin with the development of overall project goals and objectives, and continue throughout the project.

By integrating our knowledge of science-based watershed and water quality research with our business-based decision and stakeholder consensus building techniques, we provide our clients with comprehensive watershed solutions. This translates into direct benefits such as improving water quality, reducing wastewater and water treatment costs, mitigating future regulatory uncertainty, and maximizing grant funding opportunities for innovative approaches to water quality management.

A ToP-NoTCH TeAmAs this qualifications statement will illustrate, the Carollo team brings a wealth of experience to our clients in the following areas:

integrated Water resources>Our team has expertise in master planning,

modeling, water quality and watershed management, financial services, asset management, and water reuse.

>We utilize a “toolbox” of watershed and water quality modeling tools to ensure that the selected models are customized to our client and project needs.

>Our experience includes numerous water quality studies for municipalities to support permitting activities, TMDL development, and water quality planning activities.

>We have developed and implemented individual and multi-agency-supported monitoring programs.

Storm Water management and Treatment>We are experienced in implementing storm

water best management practices (BMPs) and low-impact development (LID) practices to assist clients in meeting EPA Phase I and II requirements.

>Our team includes nationally-recognized experts in storm water management that will identify and develop proven, cost-effective, and implementable programs without “reinventing the wheel.”

>We have provided storm water engineering services to clients throughout the West and Midwest, including master planning, flood studies, storm water utility development, and water quality assessments.

>Projects range from storm water assistance for small cities to watershed-level programs that span states.

>Utilizing a comprehensive master planning approach to manage flooding while improving water quality, we have successfully applied a variety of geographic information system (GIS) tools and storm water models to help utilities plan for increased growth.

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Storm Water/Watershed Planning experienceClient/ProjectCalleguas Creek Water District and Member Agencies, California - Calleguas Creek Watershed TMDL • • • • • • • • •Contra Costa Water District, California - CALFED Rock Slough Water Quality Study • • • • • • • • • •City of Kansas City, Water Services Department - Rush Creek Watershed Master Plan Study • • • • • • • • • •City of Kansas City, Water Services Department - Brush Creek (North) Watershed Master Plan Study • • • • • • • • • •City of Kansas City, Water Services Department - Todd Creek Watershed Master Plan Study • • • • • • • • • •Livermore-Amador Valley Water Management Agency, California - Export Pipeline Facilities Project • • • • • • • • •City of Morgan Hill, California - Storm Drainage System Master Plan • • • • • • • •City of Orem, Utah - Storm Water Utility • • • • •Cities of Reno, Sparks, and Washoe County, Nevada - Truckee River Watershed Study for Regional Wastewater Reclamation Facilities Master Plan

• • • • • • • • • • • • •City of Roseville, California - Flood Study • • • • • • •Salt Lake City Public Utilities, Utah - Salt Lake City Storm Water Utility • • • • •Salt Lake City Public Utilities, Utah - Storm Water Master Plan • • • • • • • •U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Utah - Mill Creek Flood Control Project • • • •Vallejo Sanitation and Flood Control District, California -Napa River Watershed Study for SSO Elimination Program • • • • • • • • • •

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Carollo is experienced in all aspects of storm water engineering. Our expertise spans storm water master planning and the final design and construction of storm water facilities. Specific experience includes program management; resolving watershed issues; hydrologic, hydraulic, and water quality modeling; storm water monitoring; development of BMPs; managing financial and institutional issues; and permitting. We typically employ an integrated stakeholder process for most storm water programs that involves key individuals in every aspect of the planning and design process.

Carollo is currently providing storm water engineering services ranging from watershed-level programs to individual parcel-level improvements for clients throughout the United States.

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We have provided a summary of our team’s storm water and watershed planning experience in the matrix on the previous page. Detailed descriptions for relevant projects follow. You are invited to contact the references we have provided. They will verify the quality and responsiveness of our services on similar projects.

Calleguas Creek Watershed Publicly-owned Treatment Works, California - Evaluation of Water Quality/TMDL for Calleguas Creek Watershed

Reference:

Ms. Sandy Dunn, Project Manager

Somach, Simmons & Dunn

916-446-7579

Six publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs) retained Carollo in late 2000 to evaluate the chlorides water quality objective and the TMDL for the Callegues Creek Watershed located in Southern California. These POTWs include Camarillo Sanitation District Water Reclamation Plant, Moorpark Water Reclamation Plant, Hill Canyon Wastewater Treatment Plant, Simi Valley Water Quality Control Plant, and Olsen Road Wastewater Treatment Facility.

Each of these facilities, which discharge into the waterways of the Calleguas Creek watershed, may face strict chloride regulations for the protection

of both agricultural and groundwater recharge beneficial uses. A TMDL for chloride based on a 110 mg/L in-stream water quality objective is planned to be completed by mid-2002.

Carollo is providing lead technical support and managing the development of information that will support the technical, scientific, and legal arguments that the dischargers will pursue. Major project elements include development of a solute transport model linking surface and groundwater chloride concentrations under various scenarios (FEMFLOW3D/FEMTRAND3D), thorough research into the area’s agricultural practices, and a detailed cost analysis to assess each potential scenario.

Contra Costa Water District, Concord, California - CALFED Rock Slough Water Quality Study

Reference:

Dr. Greg Gartrell

Assistant General Manager

925-688-8100

Carollo is completing this watershed assessment and water resources study for the Contra Costa Water District (CCWD) as part of the CALFED Bay-Delta Program in the San Francisco Bay Delta. The goal of this project is to reduce, to the extent practicable, significant sources of water quality degradation in Rock Slough, which is where CCWD’s raw water intake is located. The major constituent of concern is salinity, but total organic carbon (TOC) and other trace contaminants are also an issue. Possible sources of degradation are primarily non-point sources of pollution (i.e. agricultural drainage, wet weather runoff, and groundwater seepage).

The project’s goal is to develop an approach and program that can be implemented elsewhere in the Delta to address similar concerns. The project

Carollo is assisting

six POTWs in

Southern California

with development of

a TMDL and water

quality objectives for

the Calleguas Creek

Watershed.

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involves the implementation of an integrated modeling approach and a comprehensive water quality sampling program in order to develop an effective water quality improvement program. The integrated modeling approach includes the use of a surface water model and potentially groundwater and receiving water models to characterize the complex hydrologic/hydraulic interaction among these water sources. Carollo will link these to test various alternatives for water quality improvement. Because one of the measures of the project’s success will be the local stakeholders agreement with the proposed solution, the project includes development of a participatory stakeholder involvement program.

City of Kansas City, missouri - Rush Creek Watershed Master Plan Study

Reference:

Mr. M. Ali Almai, P.E.

Manager, Storm Water Management Division

816-513-2268

The Rush Creek Watershed is a primarily urban watershed located in Kansas City, Missouri.

Approximately five square miles of the 11-square-mile watershed are within the Kansas City corporate limits. Existing development in the southern portion of the watershed consists of medium-density residential and light commercial use. The upper reach of the watershed is facing intense development pressure, which will impact the drainage and water quality of downstream areas in the basin.

The City of Kansas City has selected Carollo to develop a watershed master plan for Rush Creek to control flooding in problem areas, and to reduce sources of water quality degradation through the implementation of BMPs and LID techniques. The project involves an integrated modeling approach utilizing GIS software, hydrologic/hydualic

modeling using XP SWMM and HEC-RAS, and use of a pollutant-loading model to identify and prioritize potential storm water improvements.

Carollo is helping Kansas City address its

current and future storm water and water quality

concerns in the Rush Creek Watershed utilizing

an integrated modeling approach and GIS

software.

EXAMPLE ROCK SLOUGH DATA

300

Chloride(mg/l),Flow

(cfs) 0.00

1.00

Average Rainfall

PP#1 Chlorides

Delta Road BridgeChloridesOld River Chlorides

PP#1 Pumped Flow

Rain(inches)

0

50

100

150

200

250

1/98 10/98 10/99 10/00

The first step of the Rock Slough Water Quality Study involved

developing correlations between salinity trends and wet weather

conditions and an initial salt balance for the study area.

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Carollo is also helping Kansas City implement a public education and stakeholder involvement program in the Rush Creek Watershed. Public outreach is a vital component of any master plan, and provides a method of consensus building among residents, developers, and regulators responsible for the overall health of the watershed.

City of Kansas City, missouri - Brush Creek (North) Watershed Master Plan Study

Reference:

Mr. M. Ali Almai, P.E.

Manager, Storm Water Management Division

816-513-2268

The City of Kansas City requested that Carollo develop a watershed master plan for the Brush Creek (North) Watershed. The objectives of the master plan include identifying and ranking potential storm water improvement projects,

developing an effective public involvement program, updating Kansas City’s GIS inventory of storm water infrastructure, and revising flood plain mapping.

Nearly all of the Brush Creek’s 10-square-mile drainage basin lies within Kansas City’s corporate limits. The watershed is sparsely populated and contains small farming operations and open areas, but also contains a residential development area in the upstream portion of the basin. City planners have identified the majority of the land use as commercial and light industrial.

Carollo is using an integrated modeling approach to assess both current and future conditions with respect to hydrology, hydraulics, and water quality. The modeling effort, in combination with land use projections using GIS software, enables the prediction of changes in stream flows and water quality that arise from land use changes, as well as the implementation of structural improvements and nonstructural BMPs. The end result is a capital improvement plan that outlines high-priority improvements and associated costs.

City of Kansas City, missouri - Todd Creek Watershed Master Plan Study

Reference:

Mr. M. Ali Almai, P.E.

Manager, Storm Water Management Division

816-513-2268

The largest of the three watersheds addressed by Carollo’s watershed master planning effort for Kansas City is the Todd Creek Watershed. The 15-square-mile watershed surrounds the Kansas City International Airport and encompasses the City of Ferrelview. Most residents live on small family farms/acreages or in Ferrelview. A large quarry operation is located in the lowest reach of the watershed within city limits. The primary land uses are commercial and light industrial.

Carollo’s work on the Kansas City’s Brush Creek

Watershed includes identifying and prioritizing

storm water improvement projects for flood

mitigation and water quality protection.

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Key tasks associated with the master plan include coordinating field investigation and data collection efforts, public involvement, watershed modeling (hydrologic, hydraulic, and water quality), identifying improvements, updating Kansas City’s GIS, and revising FEMA floodplain mapping. Carollo is ranking potential storm water improvements according to criteria developed in collaboration with Kansas City. Work also includes developing a capital improvements plan, including cost estimates, that outlines high-priority projects for flood mitigation and water quality improvement.

Integrated modeling tools used for watershed analysis include GIS, XP SWMM (for hydrology and closed-conduit hydraulics), HEC-RAS (for open channel hydraulics), and the Watershed Management Model (WMM) for pollutant loading. Because there is no gauging station in the watershed, Carollo is verifying hydrologic model output from XP SWMM using HEC-HMS (Geo-HMS will facilitate development of the HEC-HMS model). Carollo will compare the HEC-RAS output to historical information obtained from watershed residents or local agencies and high water marks from recent storms. The planning

effort will also estimate pollutant load for standard pollutants, including BOD5, COD, TSS, TDS, TN, TP, and others.

livermore-Amador Valley Water management Agency and member Agencies, California - Export Pipeline Facilities Project

Reference:

Ms. Vivian Housen

General Manager

925-551-7230, extension 102

The Livermore-Amador Valley Water Management Agency (LAVWMA) engaged Carollo to develop a model of its wet weather operations and develop an integrated flow management program. LAVWMA is a joint powers agency responsible for export and disposal of treated wastewater from the cities of Livermore and Pleasanton, and the Dublin San Ramon Services District. These member agencies are located in the Livermore-Amador Valley about 25 miles east of Oakland, California.

Part of the integrated flow management program was to model their separate sewer systems and export pipeline system (including 50 million gallons of storage basins) to optimize the system for wet weather flows. As part of the modeling

The largest of Carollo’s three watershed master

planning projects for Kansas City, the Todd Creek

Watershed master plan addresses flood mitigation

and water quality issues adjacent to the Kansas

City International Airport.

Carollo developed a

model of wet weather

operations and an

integrated flow

management program

for the Livermore-

Amador Valley Water

Management Agency.

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effort, the team used a GIS to manage the large amount of geographic data related to the agencies’ sewer service areas and the two watersheds in which secondary treated wastewater would be discharged. The project culminated in a negotiated wet weather discharge permit for LAVWMA with no need for additional storage facilities. This approach saved LAVWMA hundreds of millions of dollars compared to conventional approaches. Work included:

> Using EPA’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) in combination with a custom-built spreadsheet model to predict rainfall dependent infiltration and inflow (RDI/I) and potential future overflows.

> Using ArcView, by ERSI, to manage the large amounts of geographical information necessary for the modeling effort.

> Conducting extensive negotiations with the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) and the Alameda County Water District (ACWD), a downstream potable water agency.

Carollo evaluated the effect of the proposed project on beneficial uses using the results of site-specific aquatic life surveys. This approach culminated in an NPDES permit for LAVWMA’s wet weather discharges and a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with ACWD. This approach helped protect beneficial uses of the receiving waters while providing an integrated flow management program between multiple agencies, thus saving LAVWMA from investing in substantial capital improvements.

The studies resulted in facility plans, modeling studies, and cost-benefit analyses. These studies consisted of:

> Expansion alternatives and feasibility studies (added capacity versus storage versus controlled discharges).

> Watershed, storm water, water quality, and aquatic modeling efforts.

> Cost estimates for each feasible alternative.

City of morgan Hill, California - Water, Sewer, and Storm Drainage Master Plans

Reference:

Mr. Jim Ashcraft

Public Works Director/City Engineer

408-776-7337

Due to progressive growth, the City of Morgan Hill hired Carollo to prepare water, sewer, and storm drain master plan documents. Morgan Hill will use the new documents as a principal guidance tool for expansion of municipal facilities and to enhance operation of existing systems. In addition to recommending infrastructure improvements to mitigate existing deficiencies, these master plans will include improvements for servicing anticipated short-term and long-term growth within the urban service area, and maintaining consistency with Morgan Hill’s General Plan.

Carollo developed state-of-the-art hydraulic models for use as the central tool to evaluate existing water, sewer, and storm drain systems.

Carollo’s work for

the City of Morgan

Hill included

evaluating the

existing storm

drainage system and

establishing planning

and design criteria.

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The HEC-1 and SWMM Extran models are currently assisting in the development of storm water recommendations for enhancing system operations, and for identifying improvements to serve anticipated growth.

City of orem, Utah - Storm Water Utility

Reference:

Mr. Richard Manning

Public Works Director

801-229-7506

Development of a storm water utility for the City of Orem provided a funding mechanism to address storm water drainage, conveyance, and storage issues.

Carollo assisted in the implementation of the storm sewer utility for the City of Orem. The project included coordinating the work efforts of the Citizen’s Advisory Committee and the City Council in formulation of the utility. This project also included developing the single-family residential equivalent service unit and providing the impervious surface area measurement for non-residential properties.

Cities of reno and Sparks and Washoe County, Nevada - Truckee River TMDL

Reference:

Mr. Greg Dennis

Senior Sanitary Engineer

775-334-2165

The Truckee River watershed, from Lake Tahoe in California to Pyramid Lake in Nevada, is an internationally recognized treasure. It is unique in that it is one of the few lake-to-lake rivers in the nation, which passes from high alpine country through the arid desert region of northern Nevada. Carollo is completing a comprehensive watershed study to revise a TMDL and wastewater treatment plant waste load allocation (WLA) for the region. Issues such as extensive growth within the cities of Reno and Sparks, Nevada, along with endangered fish populations are driving this TMDL for nitrogen, phosphorus, and total dissolved solids (TDS).

The Carollo team developed three models to provide the technical basis to support a TMDL revision and pollutant load reductions. These include the Dynamic Stream Simulation Analysis

Development of a storm water

utility for the City of Orem

provided a funding mechanism

to address storm water drainage,

conveyance, and storage issues.

Carollo provided

watershed

modeling for the

entire length of

the Truckee River

for the cities of

Reno, Sparks, and

Washoe County,

Nevada.

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Model - temperature (DSSAMt), the Hydrologic Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF), and the Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework (WARMF). The project will involve linking these models to evaluate watershed and subwatershed activities and the resulting nonpoint flows and loads to the Truckee River. The project team will also use the water quality models to evaluate impacts to river water quality for various loading scenarios.

Using these tools, the project has evaluated various non-structural alternatives for the region. These include river restoration, septic tank conversion, water rights purchases and land acquisition, storm water BMPs, reuse, livestock and land management, flushing flows, conservation, and point sources reductions. The region is also evaluating implementation of a seasonal discharge program for the Truckee Meadows Water Reclamation Facility in order to discharge higher nutrient loads during times of higher assimilative capacity.

City of roseville, California - Flood Study

Reference:

Mr. Art O’Brien

Environmental Engineer

916-774-5754

As part of Carollo’s work for the City of Roseville’s Pleasant Grove Wastewater Treatment Plant, Carollo examined the potential for downstream flooding due to storm water contributions and wastewater discharges. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the potential impacts to oak tree habitats. The flood plain’s wide area required examining critical cross-sections. To determine water surface elevations and profiles, the study team entered channel cross-sections, Manning friction factors, system flows, and other data into the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydraulic

Engineering Center’s HEC-RAS River Analysis System Version 2.0 (HEC-RAS) computer program. Additionally, the team used HEC-1 model outputs as inputs to the HEC-RAS model. Study results provided a basis for the design of storage facilities at the plant to protect downstream resources.

Salt lake City Public Utilities, Utah - Salt Lake City Storm Water Utility

Reference:

Mr. LeRoy W. Hooton

Director of Public Works

801-483-6768

Carollo assisted in the implementation of the storm water utility for Salt Lake City. This project consisted of coordinating the work efforts of the Citizen’s Advisory Committee and the City Council in formulation of the utility, developing the single-family residential equivalent service unit, and providing the impervious surface area measurement for non-residential commercial sites from aerial photography and sidwell maps. Carollo also orchestrated the implementation of the utility with the billing cycle and responded to site visit verifications and complaints on behalf of Salt Lake City.

Carollo’s flood

study for the City of

Roseville provided a

basis for the design

of storage facilities at

the Pleasant Grove

Wastewater Treatment

Plant to protect

downstream resources.

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Salt lake City Public Utilities, Utah - Storm Water Master Plan

Reference:

Mr. LeRoy W. Hooton

Director of Public Works

801-483-6768

Carollo refined and updated a storm drainage master planning document for Salt Lake City. The project involved the use of the HEC-1 hydrologic model to project runoff hydrographs at key points within these highly-urbanized systems. Carollo also evaluated alternative system improvements to verify their effectiveness and prepared cost estimates for proposed improvements. The project included the analysis of BMPs and storm water discharge monitoring. Carollo also performed hundreds of site visits on behalf of the Salt Lake City to evaluate structural controls and facilities that would improve water quality, as well as detect or eliminate illegal discharge points in the system.

Vallejo Sanitation and Flood Control District, California - Napa River Watershed Study

Reference:

Mr. Ron Matheson

Engineer/Manager

707-644-8949

Carollo is currently serving as the prime consultant in a joint venture to develop an SSO elimination program for the Vallejo Sanitation and Flood Control District (VSFCD). This program includes a Napa River watershed study. Using a watershed approach, the project team estimated the total quantity and quality of flow from urban storm water, the Napa River watershed, and SSOs. By coupling flow estimates with water quality data from a sampling program, the team was able to project concentrations and loads for the three wet weather components: storm water, the upstream watershed, and SSO discharges. Results of the

Carollo developed a storm water and watershed

model for the Vallejo Sanitation and Flood

Control District to project flows and loads

to the Napa River.

Carollo’s master planning efforts for Salt Lake

City eliminated storm water trouble spots

throughout the city.

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study provide a basis for setting permit limits for a design wet weather event.

The watershed approach used a combination of water quality monitoring and EPA SWMM modeling to estimate the water quality improvements for a variety of SSO elimination programs. Work included extensive use of GIS (ArcView by ESRI) to manage the spatial data for modeling and monitoring. Monitoring data included the use of radar and ground-level rain gages, flow monitoring data, and water quality samples. Carollo applied a modified version of SWMM and MOUSE (Danish Hydraulic Institute) models to project both the quantity and quality of flow for the Napa River watershed and VSFCD’s urban storm water and sanitary sewer collection systems. The modeling included 51 years of continuous flow simulation. The team calibrated these models using available monitoring data to project flows for a variety of design events (i.e. 1-year, 5-year, and 20-year events).

The University of Colorado, Boulder, assisted Carollo in applying optimization and risk analysis to develop alternatives for the CIP. These techniques include the application of “automated calibration” with genetic algorithm (GA) optimization to calibrate to four years of measured hourly flow data. The team also used GA to optimize the design of conveyance improvements, upstream flow reduction, storage, and treatment in order to provide a minimal-cost CIP.

Carollo applied this watershed approach to minimize the impacts to both the public and the receiving waters to a cost-effective level. This program also set pollutant discharge limits that comply with local permitting regulations. Carollo provided the complete picture to VSFCD and the local regulatory agency, which facilitated setting permit limits for specific facilities. This program may eventually be used to set TMDLs and potentially allow trading between pollutant sources.

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The team of individuals selected to perform the work and the knowledge and understanding of the project issues that they possess are crucial to the success of your storm water and watershed management projects. We will commit some of our top talent to support your projects. Our team members are intimately familiar with the storm water management activities and issues facing communities affected by EPA storm water regulations. Our combined qualifications and strong local experience will help to ensure that you receive the depth of management, technical expertise, project understanding, and resources necessary to achieve cost-effective programs.

Carollo’s team is experienced in all facets of storm water program management, watershed issues and modeling. Our knowledge of watershed, water quality, and stakeholder issues provides our team with a distinct advantage—allowing us to integrate all of the efforts into a comprehensive watershed approach. This approach will provide our clients with benefits such as reduced costs, optimization of resources, and potential funding.

We have presented a summary of our team members and their qualifications on the following pages. The specific roles and duties of these team members may vary depending on the needs of individual projects.

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summary of responsibilities and qualifications of team membersname/role/education/years of experience relevant experience Watershed/storm Water project contributionsLarry Elliott, P.E.Principal/Technical AdvisorBS Civil, MS Civil29 Years of Experience

>Client officer for multiple storm water, water resources, and solid waste studies and designs.>Project manager/client officer for a water/wastewater master plan and geographical information system (GIS) project for the City of Hays,

Kansas.>Project manager and officer-in-charge for storm water utility feasibility studies for the cities of Newton and Overland Park, Kansas.>Officer-in-charge for implementation of a storm water utility for Topeka, Kansas.>Technical director/project manager for projects including planning, preliminary design, detailed design, and construction services for water and

wastewater treatment and conveyance facilities ranging in capacity from 1.0 mgd to more than 300 mgd.

>More than 20 years of experience in environmental engineering specializing in storm water, drinking water, and wastewater treatment.

>As principal and manager of Carollo’s Kansas City, Missouri, office, will allocated necessary resources for successful project completion.

Steve McDonald, P.E.Principal/Technical AdvisorBS Biology, BS Chemical Engineering, MBA Finance35 Years of Experience

>Project manager for the CALFED Rock Slough Water Quality Study for the Contra Costa Water District, Concord, California.>Project manager for the Cities of Reno and Sparks and Washoe County, Nevada, Regional Wastewater Reclamation Facilities design. The

project involves a comprehensive watershed study to revise a TMDL and involves watershed/water quality modeling and permitting.>Principal-in-charge for a TMDL/water quality evaluation for six Southern California publicly-owned treatment works that discharge to the

waterways of the Calleguas Creek watershed.>Project manager for the $3.8 million Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant 2020 Master Plan for the Sacramento Regional County

Sanitation District, California.>Project manager for the $1.7 million master plan for the Fresno-Clovis Regional Wastewater Reclamation Facility, California. This master plan

included storm water management options.>Project manager for the $1.1 million facilities master plan for the Cities of Reno and Sparks and Washoe County, Nevada.>Project manager for the development of a wastewater facilities implementation plan for the City of Benicia, California. The project included a

storm water assessment.

>Has master planned over $6.4 billion in new wastewater facilities in the last five years, many including wet weather and storm water issues.

>Extensive regulatory knowledge and negotiating experience.

>Participates in numerous regulatory peer review forums.

Pat McCole, P.E.Principal/Project ManagerBS Civil, MS Environmental32 Years of Experience

>Project director for the City of Kansas City, Missouri, Rush Creek, Bush Creek, and Todd Creek Watershed Master Plan.>Project manager for a storm sewer improvement study for Kansas City Public Works, Missouri. The study area of 10 square miles included

hydrologic and hydraulic modeling, alternative analysis, and cost estimating.>Project manager for storm sewer improvements at 88th Street and Kentucky Avenue for Kansas City Public Works, Missouri. Improvements

included approximately 2,500 lineal feet of 36-inch through 54-inch reinforced concrete pipe and multiple curb and area inlets.>Project manager for storm sewer improvements at 87th Street and Lane Avenue for Kansas City Public Works, Missouri. >Project manager for storm sewer improvements at 107th and Ewing Avenue for Kansas City Public Works, Missouri.>Project manager for upgrades and expansion of the Todd Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant for Kansas City, Missouri. The project’s purpose

was to accommodate increased loading from aircraft deicing fluid and rapid commercial and residential growth.>Project manager for planning, design, and construction administration of all major projects during a seven-year period for the Duckett Creek

Sanitary District, St. Charles, Missouri.>Project manager for a wastewater treatment and collection system expansion for the City of Fredericktown, Missouri.

>Extensive experience with many municipalities in the Midwest.

>Has managed over $15 million in public works projects in the last 15 years.

>First-hand knowledge of local watersheds and development.

Sam Darkwah, Ph.D. Project Manager/Modeling ExpertBS/MS/Ph.D. Civil21 Years of Experience

>Project manager for the City of Kansas City, Missouri, Rush Creek, Brush Creek, and Todd Creek Watershed Master Plan.>Performed automated watershed delineation using GIS techniques and digital elevation models for a number of water bodies.>Performed field reconnaissance, data collection, and hydrologic modeling using various regional and generalized models for the Horseleg Creek

Instream Wastewater Concentration Studies in Rome, Georgia.>Developed a complete HEC-HMS watershed model of all drainage basins and a HEC-RAS hydraulic model of all channel systems in the

Kalamazoo River basin in western Michigan. >Performed hydrologic and hydraulic analyses for the engineering design of the realignment of the Twelve-mile Creek in New York.>Completed a drainage design and impact analysis for a 30-mile section of a new highway for the Ministry of Roads and Highways in Ghana.

>Comprehensive experience in water resources analysis and design

>Well versed in the use of a wide variety of hydrologic, hydraulic, and water quality modeling software.

>Experience in linking the following models to GIS or geospatial datasets for analysis of various hydrologic and land-use issues: HEC-1, HEC-HMS, HEC-2, HEC-RAS, HEC-6, USLE, SWMM, and AGNPS.

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summary of responsibilities and qualifications of team membersname/role/education/years of experience relevant experience Watershed/storm Water project contributionsTracy Clinton, P.E.Public Involvement/ Water Reuse and RecyclingBS Civil25 Years of Experience

>Project manager for the public involvement/decision analysis program for the CALFED Rock Slough Water Quality Improvement Project for the Contra Costa Water District, Concord, California.

>Project engineer of a water reuse evaluation and a two-phase public involvement program for a facilities master plan for the cities of Reno and Sparks and Washoe County, Nevada.

>Project engineer for the public involvement program for the Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant 2020 Master Plan for the Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District, California.

>Project engineer for the public involvement program and effluent reuse/disposal evaluation task for the master plan for the City of Fresno, Fresno/Clovis Regional Wastewater Reclamation Facilities, California.

>Project engineer of the public involvement program for the City of Benicia, California, $30 million wastewater treatment plant improvement project. Work included development of fact sheets and informational mailers and coordination of subconsultants for the public involvement, financial, environmental, legal, and surveying portions of the project.

>Carollo’s public involvement specialist, will provide knowledge in developing/implementing public involvement and education projects for complex engineering projects.

>Knowledge on relevant stakeholder issues through previous work on similar projects.

Elisa Garvey, Ph.D.Project Engineer/ Water Quality Expert BS Mechanical, MS/ Ph.D. Environmental10 Years of Experience

>Engineer for the Cities of Reno and Sparks and Washoe County, Nevada, Phase I, II, and III permitting/non-structural program. Identified non-structural alternatives aimed at water quality benefits that will form a basis for a watershed trading program for the Truckee Meadows Water Reclamation Facility.

>Engineer for a variety of water resources engineering projects that involved investigating the hydrologic and water quality impacts of proposed actions such as changes in land use (e.g., increased development), restoration activities (e.g., dredging), and watershed management activities in Massachusetts.

>Research assistant at the University of Massachusetts. Conducted research for the Metropolitan District Commission on the fate and transport of fecal coliform bacteria in Quabbin Reservoir, a drinking water supply reservoir that serves metropolitan Boston.

>Instructor of water resources engineering at the University of Massachusetts. Taught a senior-level undergraduate course offered in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. The course included topics in descriptive hydrology, quantitative hydrology, and stochastic hydrology.

>Expertise in watershed management, water quality modeling, chemical and biological sample collection, and laboratory analysis.

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An Integrated Approach to Water Resources PlanningCarollo’s Integrated Water Resources (IWR) Group provides our clients with the combined expertise of a talented group of civil, environmental and chemical engineers and scientists, economists, decision analysts, and public involvement experts.

Our services include watershed and water resources planning, storm water and urban wet weather plan-ning, permitting and regulatory assistance, computer modeling, strategic master planning, reuse studies, decision support analysis, asset management and financial assistance.

We offer the most up-to-date information to support our clients in making decisions by tracking emerging science, policy and regulatory issues. These issues include the latest in regulatory and management trends such as total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), cMOM, water quality trading and exotic and emerg-ing pollutants of concern.

In order to address the many public and private stakeholder interests involved with an integrated wa-tershed approach, our IWR Group incorporates ap-plied decision analysis and specific tools/techniques for consensus building. Our decision support services and public involvement techniques begin with devel-oping the overall project vision, goals and objectives and continues throughout the project.

By integrating our knowledge of science-based wa-tershed and water quality research with our business-based decision and stakeholder consensus building techniques, we provide our clients with comprehen-sive watershed solutions. This translates into direct benefits such as improving water quality, reducing wastewater and water treatment costs, mitigating future regulatory uncertainty, and maximizing grant-funding opportunities for innovative approaches to water quality management.

Services provided by our IWR Group include:

Watershed and Water Resources PlanningWe provide clients with an integrated approach to watershed and water resources planning in order to develop comprehensive and cost effective solutions that meet the demands of our communities. Our ex-pertise includes watershed assessments, development of monitoring programs, source identification, water quality studies, Use Attainability Analyses (UAAs) and water quality and watershed modeling.

Storm Water/Urban Wet Weather PlanningWe provide storm water engineering services related to master planning, flood studies, water quality storm water utility development, and CSOs and SSOs. We have successfully applied a variety of GIS tools and storm water models to help public utilities address planned growth. We are experienced in imple-menting storm water BMPs and low impact develop-ment (LID) practices to meet EPA Phase I and II requirements.

Water Reuse Planning and ImplementationCarollo's services include preparation of recycled water facility plans, conducting water market assess-ments, water recycling facility design, irrigation stud-ies, economic analyses, and regulatory assistance. Our experience with water reuse planning includes a variety of uses, including landscape, golf course, and agricultural irrigation, industrial reuse, and ground-water recharge.

Strategic Master Planning/Asset ManagementCarollo’s strategic master planning involves fully integrating technical, organizational, financial, regulatory, and institutional issues to develop cost-effective, long-term alternatives and solutions by identifying key linkages and synergistic opportunities. Our Master Plan Manager (MPM) helps evaluate potential treatment and discharge scenarios in order to identify the optimum mix of structural and non-structural management options.

An integrated approach to water quality solutions involves addressing both point and non-point sources of pollution.

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Our stakeholder facilitation and decision support services bring stakeholders and issues to the table during the project development resulting in publicly accepted projects.

Our asset management process involves the integrated optimiz-ation of management and business practices which are reflected in acquisition, planning, operations, maintenance, refurbishment and replacement decisions. Our Water/Wastewater Asset Manager (WAM) software addresses GASB 34 requirements. Our approach links asset management with stra-tegic master planning to develop comprehensive capital improve-ment programs.

Financial and Economic ServicesWe provide financial planning services which include revenue program analyses, analyses of cash flow and reserve levels for capital improvement programs (CIP), rates and fees studies, bond issuance support including bond engineering reports, and identi-fication and procurement of funding sources. Our Financial Planning Tool (FPT) allows agencies to examine in detail their 20-year financial picture and to explore “what if” scenarios.

Total Maximum Daily Loads Development and Water Quality TradingCarollo is an industry leader in navigating the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) and water quality trading process. Our expertise includes supporting the development or revision of TMDLs, water qual-ity monitoring, identification of potential impacts, permitting assistance, and regulatory negotiations. We work with our clients to meet their waste load al-locations through both structural and nonstructural alternatives and implementation of water quality trading programs.

Emerging Science, Policy and Regulatory Tracking ServicesAt the forefront of environmental science, policy, and regulations, Carollo is able to meet our client’s planning and regulatory needs and foresee future water quality and quantity demands. Our experience includes addressing issues such as en-docrine disruptor compounds (EDCs), effluent dominated waters (EDW), heavy metals, and trace organics.

Permitting and Compliance AssistanceCarollo’s “hands-on” permitting strategy involves working closely with regulators and stakeholders to negotiate favorable NPDES permit conditions and to resolve complex permitting issues. We have established working relationships with key decision makers at local, state and federal levels including the US EPA, USFWS, NMFS, and other regulatory and resource agencies.

Computer Modeling ApplicationsWe utilize a “tool box” of modeling tools to

ensure that the selected computer modeling applica-tions are customized to our client and project needs. We have extensive capabilities using GIS modeling, as well as water quality and quantity, watershed, storm water collection system, water conveyance, and master plan modeling.

Public/Stakeholder Involvement and FacilitationOur public outreach approach helps our clients find a better solution and achieve the level of public acceptance necessary to successfully complete a project. Our public involvement methods include mailings, flyers, workshops, small group meetings, and project websites.

Decision Support ServicesUtilizing progressive applied decision support analy-sis techniques, Carollo helps clients evaluate alterna-tives and develop recommendations using a proven decision making process. With our approach, clients are provided with techniques to identify project pri-orities, develop independent ranking methodologies, and assess the cost/benefits of selected scenarios.

Our modeling tools and GIS are customized to your project needs.

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Integrated Programs Protect Against Flooding While Improving Water QualityStorm water management is no longer just improv-ing flood control. Integrating storm water manage-ment with water quality improvements is now on the minds of many municipalities and regulators. Mu-nicipalities and flood control agencies are realizing that applying best management practices (BMPs) not only attenuates flows to control flooding, but also can have the dual benefit of improving water quality. Low-impact development (LID) procedures also provide solutions for managing flooding and water quality in newly developing areas. Carollo Engineers helps clients utilize an integrated storm water man-agement approach to address flooding through total maximum daily load (TMDL) development.

Regulatory RequirementsA storm water management program typically results from the need to meet regulations based on existing practices or because of increased development that creates additional runoff. Flood control agencies typ-ically need to meet FEMA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers requirements. Municipalities are also faced with meeting water quality requirements through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Phase I or Phase II storm water permit program, and may even be involved with meeting TMDL requirements if they discharge into listed water bodies. Carollo helps clients navigate through the regulatory process to provide results that meet or exceed client expectations.

Monitoring and ModelingCarollo has successfully completed both monitoring and modeling programs to quantify wet weather flows. Depending on the type of project, our engi-neers measure flows/stages, as well as conventional

and exotic pollutants. We use geographical informa-tion systems (GIS) to manage collected data as well as to interface with modeling software. This data provides the basis for hydrologic, hydraulic, and water quality models to quantify watershed flows and loads. We work with clients to identify which model will be most appropriate for each individual project. Carollo has used models such as SWMM, HEC-RAS, and HSPF for a variety of clients throughout many different regions of the country. We also apply receiving water models on an as-needed basis. We have applied these and other models to watersheds that range from mountainous snow-covered basins to meandering deltas that are tidally influenced.

Structural vs. Non-structural SolutionsMany storm water projects still require conventional flood control facilities (i.e., culverts, pipes, channels, basins, etc.) to manage existing flows. However, the current trend is to manage storm water upstream be-fore it becomes a problem downstream. This is where BMPs and LID come into play. By attenuating wet weather flows as they develop within a basin, down-stream flooding is minimized while infiltration and residence time is increased. Increased infiltration and residence time provide water quality improvements. BMPs are an effective tool for existing developments, wereas LID provides a means of managing storm water in a newly developed area at the source—be-fore it becomes a problem downstream. BMPs and LID can greatly reduce erosion and sediment within stream corridors. Carollo's experience includes assisting the U.S. EPA in the development of new modeling tools to better assess the impacts of BMPs and LID on water quantity and quality.

Modeling and GIS software are necessary components of storm water master plans.

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FinancingFinancing is typically necessary to implement storm water improvements. If a municipality has not established a financing source, one alternative is to create a municipal storm water utility. Developing a storm water utility typically involves addressing legal issues (i.e., ordinances) and setting rates. However, it is also necessary to include public involvement, management, and assessment of current and future resources. Carollo helps clients create storm water utilities for their specific needs.

Carollo successfully applies an integrated storm water management approach to assist our clients through the life cycle of starting a municipal storm water utility, as well as implementing flood pro-tection and water quality improvements. Whatever your stage in the process of protecting municipal storm water resources, we can help.

Recent ExperienceCity of Morgan Hill, California - Storm Drainage Master Plan

Due to progressive growth, the City of Morgan Hill retained Carollo to prepare a storm drainage master plan, as well as concurrent master plans for water and sewer systems. Utilizing GIS, Carollo developed HEC-1 and SWMM Extran models to evaluate existing/future storm water impacts due to changes in landuse. These central tools helped to identify improvements to serve anticipated growth and provided a basis for recommendations for enhancing system operations. Morgan Hill will use the master plan to guide their expansion of municipal facilities and enhance existing system operations. This project allows Morgan Hill to maintain consistency with their General Plan while providing superior service to existing rate payers.

Distributed small-scale BMPs are the key to low impact development.

Salt Lake City Public Utilities, Utah - Storm Wa-ter Utility and Master Plan

For the City of Salt Lake, Carollo coordinated the work efforts of the Citizen’s Advisory Committee and the City Council to formulate a storm water utility. Work included developing the single-family residen-tial equivalent service unit, providing the impervious surface area measurement for nonresidential com-mercial sites from aerial photographs, orchestrating the implementation of the utility with the billing cycle, and responding to site visit verifications and complaints on behalf of the city.

Carollo also refined and updated Salt Lake City's storm drainage master plan. The project involved the use of the HEC models to project runoff hydro-graphs and route flows within highly-urbanized parts of the system. Carollo also evaluated alternative system improvements to verify effectiveness and prepared cost estimates for proposed improvements. The project included the analysis of BMPs and storm water discharge monitoring. Work involved conducting hundreds of site inspections to evaluate structural controls and facilities that would improve water quality, and to detect and eliminate illegal connections into the storm sewer system.

Carollo’s master planning efforts for Salt Lake City eliminated storm water trouble spots throughout the city.

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Mapping and Database SolutionsG

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Geographic information systems (GIS) have emerged as an essential tool in the daily life of most agencies. A GIS is an integrated information management tool that combines layers of information to assist users in making complex decisions. Today’s GIS solutions allow agencies to develop and maintain usable and up-to-date maps, improve data integration between departments, simplify complex decision-making processes, and provide tools to the general public to improve customer service.

Several common applications for GIS include:

Creating detailed maps of utility infrastructure systems like sanitary sewer, water, and storm water systems.

Querying data and creating detailed maps to answer management, engineering, operations and maintenance (O&M), and public inquiries.

Maintaining and sharing database information with different departments in an agency.

Organizing, evaluating, and managing studies and capital improvement programs (CIPs).

Creating Web-based applications that allow the general public to access information and create maps over the Internet.

Carollo Engineers is an industry leader in develop-ing advanced GIS applications for agencies. We can assist in developing a new or expanding an exist-ing GIS to improve organizational efficiency and promote data integration throughout your organiza-tion. This allows you to focus your efforts on solving problems and serving your constituency.

Building a GIS from the Ground UpGIS development begins by building a digital base map, which forms the foundation on which ad-ditional layers of information are digitized. Typical GIS base layers include street rights-of-way within a specified area such as a city’s incorporated boundary. Georeferencing the base layer in the proper coordi-nate system is a critical part of this effort.

After the GIS base layer has been developed, addi-tional layers of information are digitized to accurate-ly represent spatial information. Some typical GIS layers include incorporated limits, land use and zon-ing, street rights-of-way, sanitary and storm sewers, water systems, watersheds, water bodies, wetlands, soil classifications, and elevation data.

Carollo is experienced with many GIS software products that enhance existing systems, as well as developing maps and databases from the ground up. We can help you simplify the development process and ensure that your layer-building efforts allow for future enhancements.

Expanding an Existing GISGIS is not an end in itself—it is a powerful tool for decision making that requires frequent updates. Many organizations have GIS departments that are overloaded with daily requests and cannot keep pace with growing demands. Carollo can help. By provid-ing value-added services such as data collection, quality control, integration, and display enhance-ments, Carollo can assist you in improving organiza-tion efficiency and customer service.

Data Collection. Carollo routinely assists agencies in collecting data to start or supplement their GIS. Common data collection efforts include using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to locate the coordinates of facilities, collect elevation data, as-sociate digital photographs, and quickly document current facility condition.

Data Quality. The usefulness of a GIS is defined by the quality of the data. Carollo provides rigorous quality control procedures to check existing data and populate new databases. We apply industry-standard data models to assure the highest quality possible when importing outside data sources.

Building GIS is a complex process requiring experience, attention to detail and understanding the specific needs of each client.

Three-dimensional projections allow for the display of GIS data in a way that stakeholders can understand.

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Data Integration. Sharing data is essential for an effective GIS. Carollo can help agencies integrate data between engineering, planning, management, and O&M departments. Sharing database informa-tion in this way helps eliminate repeated or conflict-ing information. For example, if an agency maintains separate databases for customer information and billing records, a new address posted to the customer information database will automatically be updated in the billing records database.

Integration also includes exchanging informa-tion between software packages such as computer maintenance management systems (CMMS) and modeling software. Our experience with CMMS and modeling software, coupled with our knowledge of the complexities of GIS data integration, allows us to work with clients to achieve a “no surprises” result.

Data Display. At the forefront of GIS is the use of 3-D projections and distribution of GIS data over the Internet. Three-dimensional projections, en-hanced by animation techniques, allow GIS manag-ers to display data in a way that stakeholders can understand. Providing GIS maps and data over the Internet (WebGIS) leverages both existing resources and provides easy-to-understand maps on demand. WebGIS allows everyone with Web access in an organization to create his/her own maps without the need to purchase or learn GIS software. Carollo uses the same Web-based technology for our clients' GIS maps and data that the U.S. Geological Survey uses for their nationwide databases.

Experience CountsCarollo has developed GIS systems and customized applications for many clients. First, we work with our clients to identify the level of GIS that will best suit their current needs. We then provide assistance in planning and implementing the GIS.

We have provided a few examples of Carollo's recent projects involving GIS below.

City of Kansas City, Missouri - Storm Water Mas-ter Plan. The Water Services Department contract-ed with Carollo to complete a storm water master plan for three Kansas City watersheds. GIS services include collecting information/digital photographs on pipelines and catch basins, river cross-sections, bridges, and sites with excess erosion. Work includes coupling this information with existing and future land use/land cover, digital elevation data, river center lines, and watershed boundaries, and check-ing information against historic FEMA flood data. Integration of these data into a GIS format allows for efficient transfer of information into hydrologic, hydraulic, and water quality modeling software. Modeling output imported back into the GIS provides Kansas City with a comprehensive product that is easily updated and can be used for regulatory approval.

City of Carnation and King County, Washington - Wastewater Treatment Plant Predesign. Carollo assisted the City of Carnation in siting a future wastewater treatment facility using GIS techniques. Work involved gathering and overlaying multiple GIS data sources in ArcView GIS. GIS data sources included digital elevation models, land use, soil type, watershed delineations, and FEMA floodplains. Carollo developed a preliminary list of wastewater treatment plant sites by intersecting the GIS data and applying selection criteria chosen by Carnation.

Vallejo Sanitation and Flood Control District, California - Sanitary Sewer Overflow Elimination Program. Carollo has used several GIS software packages throughout this seven-year sanitary sewer overflow elimination program. The Vallejo Sanita-tion and Flood Control District (VSFCD) maintains a MapGuide GIS by AutoDesk to manage their extensive database and a WebGIS portal. Carollo converted the MapGuide GIS databases into shape files and imported these into ESRI ArcView GIS. The conversion provided the transfer mechanism for importing database information into the MOUSE hydraulic model by DHI. Carollo populated VS-FCD's sewer system GIS layer with newly construct-ed pipelines and added several new GIS layers used for the analysis of sanitary sewer overflows. VSFCD now uses ArcView GIS to keep the hydraulic model up to date and document capital improvements.

WebGIS leverages both existing resources and provides easy-to-understand maps on demand.

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A Watershed Approach to Improving Water Quality on the Truckee River

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The Truckee River watershed model must assess the impacts of natural and man-made activities on water quality.

As water quality planning takes on a holistic per-spective, looking at all activities within a watershed, TMDLs have become a valuable tool in translating water quality standards to a combination of point and nonpoint source controls needed to achieve in-stream goals.

The goal of the TMDL program is to identify im-paired water bodies and allocate pollution control responsibilities amongst pollution sources in a watershed. The TMDL program encourages the use of a watershed approach to systematically identify, evaluate, and prioritize point and nonpoint sources of pollution for additional controls.

As part of the TMDL program, the EPA is in the process of finalizing its water quality trading pro-gram. This includes the trading of nonpoint and point source pollutant loads. This approach realizes that it may be more cost-effective to control non-point sources than to impose additional point-source controls. Therefore, there is the opportunity for point-source dischargers to save money through funding nonpoint source reduction activities while improving water quality at the same time.

Carollo Engineers is currently developing a water-shed program for the Truckee River Basin, including the cities of Reno, Sparks, and Washoe County, Nevada. This work includes developing models to provide the technical basis for recommendations for water quality trading for nutrients and total dissolved solids (TDS) on the Truckee River.

The State of Nevada’s Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP) initially established TMDLs for nitrogen, phosphorus, and TDS for the Nevada side of the Truckee River in 1994. The major point-source discharger to the Truckee River, the Truckee Meadows Water Reclamation Facil-ity (TMWRF), as a result has waste load allocations (WLAs) for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and TDS in their NPDES discharge permit. Therefore, the Agencies have implemented a multi-year program to develop the tools (i.e., models) needed to provide the technical basis to revise the TMDL. The program involves the implementation of structural and non-structural alternatives, incorporation of a seasonal discharge and development of a phased permitting approach for water quality trading.

The most challenging aspect of the project is to develop revised TMDLs, a water quality trading framework and agreement and associated permit lan-guage. This will require the successful development of a system of watershed and water quality models to provide the scientific and engineering basis for increased nutrient assimilative capacity in the river.

Water Quality/ Watershed Modeling ToolsMany natural and man-made pollutant sources must be assessed through the development of a watershed model, verifying and improving an existing water quality model, and implementing a Regional Coor-dinated Monitoring Program to obtain the required data. The Carollo team (including subconsultants Systech and Aqua Terra) developed a watershed

model in accordance with the EPA’s Guidance for Water Qual-ity-Based Decisions: The TMDL

Process (April 1991).

Carollo is assisting with NPDES permitting planning and design for the expansion of the Truckee Meadows Water Reclamation Facility.

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The Carollo team verified and calibrated the DS-SAMt water quality model, as well as led a peer review of the model by an independent modeling consultant. In addition, the Carollo team (including Limnotech and RCR) integrated the DSSAMt algal algorithms into HSPF. The water quality models are being used to evaluate various management alter-natives, including non-structural programs and a seasonal discharge, and the associated water quality impacts to the Truckee River.

The Watershed Analysis Risk Management Frame-work (WARMF) model provides an estimate of the nonpoint source loading contributions from the wa-tershed. The WARMF model is based on the EPA’s watershed approach and provides a decision support system for the region’s stakeholders with which to make management decisions regarding pollutant re-duction measures. The WARMF model, using a daily time step, is driven by meteorology and land-use data, and integrates land, rivers, and reservoirs. It utilizes a "user-friendly" graphical user interface, and integrates four separate but related models.

Carollo identified a number of potential nonstruc-tural alternatives for implementation on the Truckee River with the potential to improve water quality. Alternatives include river and riparian restoration, storm water management practices, water augmen-tation, septic tank conversion, water reuse and oth-ers. Based on a review of the potential alternatives, a list of potential project scenarios including structural and nonstructural alternatives, was developed for modeling evaluation.

Based on the modeling results, stakeholders will identify potential nonpoint source trades, which will be integral to the success of the TMDL and water

quality trading program. The watershed model serves as a screening/management tool to manage existing and future point and nonpoint sources of loading, and to better understand the consequences/impacts of various water quality control activities.

In order to implement a water quality trading pro-gram, a phased permitting approach has been devel-oped. This three step process includes: inclusion of a permit reopener clause for trades as a minor permit modification; development of proposed trades and a associated provisions and monitoring requirements; and development of the final trade ratio and phase in schedule for credits.

The Trade-OffsThrough the use of WARMF, DSSAMt and HSPF modeling tools, the Carollo team is assessing various point and nonpoint sources of pollution from Lake Tahoe to Pyramid Lake. By identifying the sources, planners are able to target nonpoint source pollution control measures, prioritize areas by levels of impact, develop land-use policies consistent with the assimi-lative capacity of the river, and provide a basis for local governments to support developmental policy changes. Through the reduction of nonpoint sources, the region plans to apply the pollutant credits to help TMWRF comply with water quality-based effluent limits established for the Truckee River.

MonitoringThe Carollo team is also managing a Coordinated Monitoring Program (CMP) to support the watershed/water quality modeling work, assist in developing a revised TMDL, assess compliance with the water quality objectives, and improve data qual-ity. Developing the CMP involves identifying the past and current monitoring activities in the region and evaluating the water quality model, watershed model, NPDES permit, and other agency needs.

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EnforcementProvisions

A phased permit approach is being implemented to incorporate water quality trading on the Truckee River watershed.

SCENARIO 1:Existing Conditions

SCENARIO 2:River Restoration (+20 yrs)

SCENARIO 3:River Restoration +Increased WLA (+20 yrs)

D.O. = 5.0 mg/L 2

Biological(1-5)Water Quality

METRICS

D.O. = 10 mg/L 4

METRICS

(1:1) D.O. = 4.0 mg/L 2(3:1) D.O. = 7.2 mg/L 3(10:1) D.O. = 10 mg/L 4

METRICS

Lake

Lake

Lake

Biological(1-5)Water Quality

Water QualityBiological(1-5)

Our modeling will support the analysis of the trade-offs between non-structural alternatives.

TMDL&WQT902fs.indd 9/22/03 carollo.com

In the 1972 Clean Water Act (CWA), Congress included a provision in Section 303, which called upon states to develop and implement water quality standards for surface waters. Section 303(d) of the CWA requires states to implement their standards through the development of total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). Although this requirement has been in existence for 27 years, most of the effort to date in implementing TMDLs has focused on point-source discharge requirements.

In July 2000, EPA promulgated the “2000 Watershed Rule” with the vision to provide a framework to advance state and local efforts to achieve the highest attainable uses of waters by promoting flexible, effec-tive watershed approaches. The objec-tives of the new rule include improving monitoring and assessment programs; strengthening the watershed planning process through a Continuing Planning Process, increasing TMDL program flexibility to enhance stakeholder involvement, and enhancing opportuni-ties for innovation including trading. A draft of the proposed “Watershed Rule” is anticipated in November 2002, with the final rule in spring of 2004.

As water quality planning takes on a holistic perspective, looking at all activities within a watershed, TMDLs have become a valuable tool in translat-ing water quality standards to a combi-nation of point and non-point source control needed to achieve in-stream water quality goals.

The goal of the TMDL program is to identify im-paired water bodies and allocate pollution control responsibilities amongst pollution sources in a watershed. The TMDL program encourages the use of a watershed approach to systematically identify, evaluate, and prioritize point and non-point sources of pollution for additional controls. Implementation of a watershed management program that addresses TMDL development offers the greatest opportunity for local watershed programs.

With the establishment of TMDLs, there may be se-rious implications for counties, cities, municipalities, agriculture, and industries. With increasing popula-tions comes the necessity for more expanded waste-water treatment plant and storm water management

controls that combined with landuse changes, may severely impact receiving water quality. Because of the potential ramifications of revising existing TM-DLs and establishing new TMDLs on existing and new sources of pollutant loading, local stakeholders must provide input to EPA and local state agencies at every stage in the TMDL setting process.

Communities must take a proactive interest in the TMDL development and implementation processes to ensure that their interests are represented. Com-munities who hesitate to become involved until their permits are up for renewal may find it too late to have any influence on the outcome of the TMDL and load allocation process.

Water Quality TradingAs part of the TMDL program, EPA has developed and is supporting a water quality-trading program, which encourages the trading of non-point and point source pollutant loads. EPA recently released its Proposed Water Quality Trading Policy, with the goal of addressing issues and limitations encountered while implementing projects and programs under the 1996 Draft Framework for Watershed-Based Trad-ing. Through this market-based approach, trading provides greater flexibility and has the potential to achieve water quality and environmental benefits greater than can be achieved under current prac-tices. This approach accounts for the fact that it may be more cost effective and efficient to improve water quality by investing in non-point source reductions rather than in point source reductions.

CONCEPT OF TRADE RATIO

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4

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1

2

01:1 2:1 3:1 4:1 5:1 NoExisting

CreditConditionTrade Ratio

(pounds reduced : pounds credit)

Range of AcceptableTrade Ratios

MaximumRiver Benefit

Riv

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D.O

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Water Quality Trading

"Dedicated

to creative,

responsive,

quality

solutions

for those

we serve."

TMDL&WQT902fs.indd 9/22/03 carollo.com

For water quality trading to occur, a minimum of two entities responsible for controlling pollution must be involved. One entity must achieve a reduction of a given pollutant within the watershed, creating a “credit.” This credit can then be purchased by the other entity, permitting it to discharge a higher pol-lutant load. EPA has identified five trade categories including: point and point sources (e.g. WWTP); non-point and non-point sources (e.g. agricultural runoff, storm water); point and non-point sources; pretreatment and intra-plant trades.

There are several essential issues that need to be addressed to successfully develop a water quality trading program, to ensure that the program is accepted, and that the desired water quality improvements are achieved.

Technical Basis –Typically the technical basis includes watershed and water quality modeling tools to evaluate the effective-ness of watershed alternatives and the costs and benefits of proposed trades. Through the development of modeling tools, key concerns in the watershed can be identified and anticipated pollutant load reductions estimated.

Equivalence - Trades must meet three minimum criteria: 1) exceeds baseline requirements; 2) are equivalent; and 3) are quantifiable. Credits are only granted for those BMP measures imple-mented beyond those “baseline” measures that are normally implemented. Of these, the most critical technical issue is the question of equiva-lence. To address this a trade ratio is developed which accounts for factors including chemical speciation; temporal issues; spatial issues and credit life. The trade ratio addresses the un-certainties associated with these factors and to provide a margin of safety.

A TMDL helps to define the water quality controls required to achieve water quality standards in impaired water bodies.

Carollo Engineers can provide municipalities and industries with professional assistance with TMDLs and Water Quality Trading programs. Carollo can help municipalities with permit negotiations; permit language development; watershed and water quality assessments; modeling (including watershed, water quality and storm water); structural and non-struc-tural alternatives identification and evaluation; cost-benefit analysis, Use Attainability Analyses, TMDL development, and water quality trading feasibility and implementation.