ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirrahmaanirrahim,

In the name of Allah, the most compassionate and the merciful.

Thank to God is Almighty because of we can finish our project with successful.

We would like to express my sincere gratitude to my project supervisor, Mr. Azmi Bin

Hashim, lecturer, for his useful information, help, guidance and constructive comments

towards the completion of this project. With his supported we can do this project and

finish it.

And we would like to say thank you to our family because of their support like,

money, time and spiritual. Without their support, its very hard to us to run and finished

this final project.

Lastly we thanks to all our friends because of with their help like teaching us, give

borrow their transport to us for buy the component and equipment, and their morale

supported.

APPROVAL PAGE

I certify that I have supervised and read this report and that in my opinion; it conforms to

acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality,

as a final project report for the diploma of Electrical Engineering.

………………………………………

(MR. AZMI BIN HASHIM)

Supervisor

I certify that I have read this report and that in my opinion; it conforms to acceptable

standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a final

project report for the diploma of Electrical Engineering.

……………………………………… ………………………………………

( ) ( )

1st EXAMINER 2nd EXAMINER

This report was submitted to the Medical Electronic Engineering section and is accepted

as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the final project report of the diploma in

Electrical Engineering Technology.

………………………………………

(NORHAFIZAH MOHAMAD)

Head of Technology Section Electrical

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own investigations, except where

otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references

and bibliography is appended.

Name: Hasif Afandi Bin Abu Samah

Signature: …………………………. Date: ……………………….

Name: Mohammad ‘Uzair Bin Abdullah Zen

Signature: ………………………… Date: ………………………

ABSTRACT

This final report is established to fulfill the diploma project requirement for

engineering project module WPD 39804 for final semester student, a standard guideline

is prepared to standardize various documentations and this report is done mainly to list

down all the important aspect of the project or the electrical and electronic device that

designed.

This final report focuses on the most important circuit and device and their

application. With a complementary laboratory, it provides an integrated treatment of

principles, practical application, problem solving through the time duration of the

complete of the project and the design techniques had applied. This report will

demonstrate the overall ideal of the project in terms of technical and non-technical

explanation and will be provided necessary information about the project in order to

enhance fully understand.

There is also a recommendation made which may be useful for further enhance

and functionality. Thus is conclusion, it could be the presentation of the project itself in

the form of text and diagram. Many components have been use and all the instruction on

how to create the system has inside the report.

Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding

renewable energy resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields

understand the technologies associated with this area. My project will include the design

and construction of a microcontroller-based solar panel tracking system. Solar tracking

allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is able to remain aligned to

the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A working system will

ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements

will also be presented.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Solar source energy is very important energy to generate the life. It is the

important energy to humanity, and all the living things. All energy in the world gets the

source from the sun. The sun as the main supplier energy supplies the energy to whole

world. Even though the sun as the main source of world energy, but not many country in

the world use fully the solar energy including Malaysia.

Malaysia as the country in equator (Khatulistiwa) area, received the solar light

along the year also not make beneficial of solar energy. The Malaysia still use the

petroleum and gas as the main source energy to generate the electricity for utility.

Because of that, the Malaysian Government have to spent more that one billion ringgit to

generate the electricity from petroleum and gas source and its is wasting.

Malaysia really can use the solar energy to replace the old source energy. This is

because the solar energy is very cheaper energy and it is very friendly to nature. So

because of the cause of it, we take the initiative to choose the innovative related to the

solar energy.

1.1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1.1(A) LIGHT SENSOR THEORY

Light sensors are among the most common sensor type. The simplest optical

sensor is a photoresistor which may be a cadmium sulfide (CdS) type or a gallium

arsenide (GaAs) type. The next step up in complexity is the photodiode followed by the

phototransistor.

The sun tracker uses a cadmium sulfide (CdS) photocell for light sensing. This is

the least expensive and least complex type of light sensor. The CdS photocell is a passive

component whose resistance in inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity

directed toward it. To utilize the photocell, it is placed in series with a resistor. A voltage

divider is thus formed and the output at the junction is determined by the two resistances.

This is illustrates the photocell circuit. In this project, it was desired for the output

voltage to increase as the light intensity increases, so the photocell was placed in the top

position.

CdS Photocell Circuit

1.1.1(B) STEPPER MOTOR AND DRIVER THEORY

Stepper motors are commonly used for precision positioning control applications.

All stepper motors possess five common characteristics which make them ideal for this

application. Namely, they are brushless, load independent; have open loop positioning

capability, good holding torque, and excellent response characteristics. There are three

types of stepper motors: permanent magnet, variable reluctance, and hybrid. The

arrangement of windings on the stator is the main distinguishing factor between the three

types. Permanent magnet motors may be wound either with unipolar or bipolar windings.

The sun tracker uses a unipolar step motor. As such, discussion will be limited to

this type of stepper motor. Unipolar motors have two windings with each having a center

tap as shown in picture below.

Unipolar Stepper Motor Coil

The center taps are connected to a positive voltage while the coil ends are

alternately grounded to cause a reversal of the field direction in that winding. Picture

above shows a 4-phase motor. The number of phases is equal to two times the number of

coils. The motor is rotated by applying power to the windings in a sequence as shown in

table below.

Standard Drive Sequence

Lastly, a control circuit is needed to drive the stepper motor. The basic control

circuit for a unipolar stepper motor is shown in below:

Unipolar Motor Control Circuit

1.1.3 WHY WE CHOOSE THIS PROJECT

We choose the project related the solar energy because the usage of solar energy

in Malaysia not really much. Our project is Solar System Control and the function of this

project is to try get full lightening from the sun. We also choose this project because we

hopes our project can be encourage to other people in Malaysia to develop the one system

for solar energy.

Private Usage.

Commercial Use.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

Our objective for this project is design and development of an 8051

microcontroller based solar tracker with a single degree of freedom, to be achieved using

a light sensor tracking method, program control and manual adjustment system. The main

objective for our project is to get 240V output from 12V input at solar panel. We try to

get 240V output because all home electrical equipment in Malaysia use 240V power

supply. Although the solar panel that we can get the renewable energy is only 12V. In

12V input we convert it to the 240V using power inverter to step up the voltage from low

voltage to the higher voltage and so that all home electrical equipments can use in daily

life.

The main objective for our project:

Convert from 24V input to 240V output

Make the solar panel move follow the heat from the sun.

Produce high current value for power supply

Apply all our knowledge we get from studying at UniKL-BMI

From the solar panel, the voltage produce is 24V if the light of sun is bright

enough. We cannot control the sun bright, so we support the system with the battery 12V.

The voltage from solar panel can charge the battery when the solar panel gets the light.

From solar panel we connect to Solar Charge Controller and from the Solar Charge

Controller we connect to battery to charge. The output from Solar Charge Controller also

connected to UPS Power System. We use the UPS Power System as the Power Inverter to

invert the lower voltage to higher voltage. Output from power inverter is high voltage and

its also can produce maximum 240V. So we connect the output from power inverter to

socket plug and we can use that’s plug such as the usual plug at the home.

1.3 PROJECT SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The scope for our project is the real electrical application. We apply all our

knowledge we learn about power electrical to this project. And our project scope is on the

power electrical scope. Our project is simple, practical and useful. This project is very

simple process, its use the voltage from solar panel and battery, and after that convert to

high voltage use the power inverter. The voltage output from power inverter can be use at

all electrical and electronics equipment at home like television, radio, and computer.

Even though this project can make the output 240V and can use to electrical

equipment, but its only can support one electrical equipment at one time. The limitation

of this project is its only function with perfectly when the solar panel can absorb full

heating from the sun. This project cannot perform with bad weather. So this project limits

to use at good weather and also at brighter sun.

1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW

1.4.1 MAIN COMPONENTS

1. Solar Panel:

The solar panel is important component for this project because we use the

solar energy to produce the electricity.

2. Solar Charge Controller:

The voltage produce from solar panel connect to Solar Charge Controller

to charge the battery.

3. Rechargeable Battery 12V:

The backup voltage supplier when at night or when bad weather. When

the daytime the battery on charge condition.

4. Power Inverter:

To step up the voltage from low voltage to high voltage

5. Circuit Controller

We programmed the circuit to control the movement of solar panel. The

circuit we connect to motor and controller the movement of motor.

6. Unipolar Stepper Motor

To moving the solar panel and its move follow the what we program at

programmable circuit.

1.4.2 PREVIOUS WORKS

Before that, so many countries try to develop the renewable energy to produce the

electricity to replace the fossil energy like petroleum and nature gas. The renewable

energy that countries try to develop is like wind energy, wave energy, and also solar

energy. For example some countries at Middle East try to develop the system for change

the solar energy to electricity energy. Some countries closed to beach and sea, their try to

develop the system to change the wave energy to electricity energy too. All country tries

to make some system to change the renewable energy to electricity energy.

And because of that, our project also wants to change the renewable energy like

solar energy to electricity. Why the electricity energy? That’s because the electricity

energy is very important energy and it is also necessary to people at now era. For the

solar energy, the previous work, they make the solar system to only get the energy from

the solar and change to voltage. The solar panel their make cannot moving follow the

angle of the sun. Because of that, the solar panel cannot get full energy from the sun for

whole of day.

But from our research, the county that first develops the solar system and the solar

panel can move follow the angle of sun is Israel. The Israel country develop the solar

panel because of this country not have enough source of energy to generate and supply

the electricity. This country uses the full source of energy from the solar energy. Our

project tries to follow this country technology and so that we can use this technology to

replace the existing source energy. Even though cannot follow exactly like the Israel’s

technology, but our project have own originality. The originality for our project is we use

the cheaper material to build the body and the circuit we build is so simple and no need to

use high voltage to run the circuit.

1.5 OVERALL PROJECT OPERATION

1.5.1 PROJECT’S OVERVIEW

Our project has a few main components to make sure this project can be

performing. The main components are solar panel, solar charge controller, circuit

controller, rechargeable battery, unipolar stepper motor and power inverter. To run the

circuit controller during starting, we not use the voltage from solar panel but the voltage

from rechargeable battery. It is because; the voltage from the solar panel during starting

is not enough to run the circuit controller.

After the circuit get the supply from battery, the photo sensor (LDR) try to detect

the light as the input. We use two LDR for east and west and that’s mean we have two

input signal. If once of the both of sensor detect the light, the motor was moving follow

which LDR detected the light. If the LDR for the east side detect more lighting then LDR

for the west side, motor was move the solar panel to facing at the east side.

After solar panel receives the light from the sun, the solar panel produces the

maximum 24V and it’s connect to solar charge controller. The solar charge controller

function is send the voltage gets from solar panel to rechargeable battery to charge. The

output from battery connects to solar charge controller to get the output from solar charge

controller. Output from solar charge controller supply to circuit and connect to power

inverter. The function of power inverter is to step up and convert the voltage from low

voltage to high voltage.

So, the output from inverter is maximum 240V and it can use as the socket plug.

Even though the output cannot achieve the 240V and it’s about 185V to 220V, but its still

can support the simple electrical equipment.

1.5.2 PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTIONS

Methodology for this project we have two sensors it is light dependent resistor

(LDR) try to get the highest heat from the sun. Every single of sensor must receive same

temperature heat or only one sensor received the high temperature heat from the sun, the

highest temperature heat form the two LDR will be sent the all data to the 8051

Microcontroller (AT89C2051). The AT89C2051 compare with all two data and the

highest data will be selected and the AT89C2051 will processing the data and sent the

data to unipolar stepper motor. The unipolar stepper motor moving to the highest heat

from the sun with some angles with the data received from the AT89C2051.

The solar photovoltaic cells will moved to the west or east depend on the sensor

detect. The unipolar stepper motor will moved the photovoltaic cells until the

photovoltaic cells touch the limit switch in the west or east. After the limit switch is touch

the unipolar stepper motor is automatically stop. The unipolar stepper motor will operate

again after he detect the another sensor (LDR) and will moved to another angle. After the

unipolar stepper motor is stop the photovoltaic cells will absorb all heat energy and will

be produce the Direct Current Voltage (DCV). The photovoltaic will produce a maximum

voltage is 24V depend on the temperature heat. Output from the photovoltaic cells will go

to the solar charge controller it is to control the voltage and current.

The charge controller will automatically charge the rechargeable battery if not

have an output load. The rechargeable battery is to store the energy and will be use if no

solar input. The DCV will be converts to the Alternating Current (AC) using power

inverter. The power inverter is to convert the DC voltage to AC voltage. The output is

mostly used in Malaysia it is 240VAC in electrical equipments.

2.2 CIRCUIT OPERATION / FLOW CHART

EXPLANATION FLOWCHART

Our project using two sensors it is LDR to detect light from the sun. We used

8051 Microcontroller that will be program. The unipolar stepper motor will moved to

high temperature heat depend on the LDR detection until touch a limit switch and will

full absorb temperature heat from sun after the unipolar stepper motor stop. The

photovoltaic cells produce a Direct Current Voltage (DCV) and transfer the voltage to

solar charge controller. The solar charge controller will control the output it is to

rechargeable battery or Power Inverter depends on the output load or no solar input. The

power inverter converts the DCV to Alternating Currents (AC). The AC power supply

can use for any electrical equipment or device in the house.

2.3 PROJECT COSTING

2.3.1 COMPONENT LISTING

No Component Units1 Resistor (470ohm) 42 Resistor (120Kohm) 23 Resistor (56Kohm) 14 Resistor (2.2Kohm) 15 Resistor (10Kohm) 86 Resistor (10ohm) 17 Resistor (100ohm) 48 Variable Resistor (10Kohm) 39 Capacitor (0.01uF) 410 Capacitor (33pF) 211 Capacitor (1uF/50V) 112 Light Depent Resistor(LDR) 213 Crystal (12Mhz) 114 555 215 7805 116 AT89C2051 117 Relay (12V) 218 Transistor (BC547) 119 Transistor (2N2222) 120 Toggle Switch 221 Limit Switch 222 Diode (1N4007) 123 Diode (1N4001) 424 TIP122 425 MCT2E (Optocoupler) 426 Circuit Stand 427 Unipolar Stepper Motor (12V) - 4 Coil 128 Heat Sink 529 IC base 730 Single Core Wire (one role) 131 PCB Boards (8inch x 6inch) 132 Glossy Paper 233 Ferric Chloride (800ml) 134 Sand Paper 135 Wood 236 Nail (500g) 137 Solar Panel (10W) 1

38 Solar Charge Controller 139 Inverter (100W) 1

2.3.2 EQUIPMENTS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE LIST

List of Equipment and Tools FunctionPliers To hold component when soldering the componentCutter To cut the wire and component port

Test pen To pull out screw and component Long noose To straight the component portMultimeter To check the component ,voltage and troubleshoot

Soldering iron To solder component into the PCB boardIron To attach circuit on PCB boardDrill To drill or bolt the component port

Glossary paper Use as the printed paperGrit paper To polish the PCB board

Ferric chloride liquid To etching the attachment circuit on PCB board12V Rechargeable Battery Used as a supply to the circuit

Socket battery As the battery connection to the circuitTin sucker To suck the unused tin

Tin Use to adhesion the component Adapter As the supply for the circuit

Laser printer To print the circuitLaptop To design the PCB layout and to write the program

Pail To Etching the CircuitSaw To Cut the Wood

Hammer To hit the Nail

List of Software Function

Proteus To Simulate the circuit Abitech To edit and assemble the program

Google SketchUp To Design The project in 3D visual

2.3.3 OVERALL COSTING

No Component UnitsPrice/units

(RM) Price (RM)1 Resistor (470ohm) 4 0.10 0.402 Resistor (120Kohm) 2 0.10 0.203 Resistor (56Kohm) 1 0.10 0.104 Resistor (2.2Kohm) 1 0.10 0.105 Resistor (10Kohm) 8 0.10 0.806 Resistor (10ohm) 1 0.10 0.107 Resistor (100ohm) 4 0.10 0.408 Variable Resistor (10Kohm) 3 0.50 1.509 Capacitor (0.01uF) 4 0.30 1.2010 Capacitor (33pF) 2 0.30 0.6011 Capacitor (1uF/50V) 1 0.30 0.3012 Light Dependent Resistor(LDR) 2 0.20 0.4013 Crystal (12Mhz) 1 1.00 1.0014 555 2 1.50 3.0015 7805 1 2.00 2.0016 AT89C2051 1 10.00 10.0017 Relay (12V) 2 1.40 2.8018 Transistor (BC547) 1 0.80 0.8019 Transistor (2N2222) 1 0.70 0.7020 Toggle Switch 2 0.50 1.0021 Limit Switch 2 0.50 1.0022 Diode (1N4007) 1 0.70 0.7023 Diode (1N4001) 4 0.70 2.8024 TIP122 4 5.00 20.0025 MCT2E (Optocoupler) 4 3.50 14.0026 Circuit Stand 4 1.00 4.0027 Unipolar Stepper Motor (12V) - 4 Coil 1 20.50 20.5028 Heat Sink 5 1.10 5.5029 IC base 7 0.20 1.4030 Single Core Wire (one role) 1 16.00 16.0031 PCB Boards (8inch x 6inch) 1 8.00 8.0032 Glossy Paper 2 1.00 2.0033 Ferric Chloride (800ml) 1 7.50 7.5034 Sand Paper 1 1.20 1.2035 Wood 2 7.00 14.0036 Nail (500g) 1 2.50 2.5037 Solar Panel (10W) 1 230.00 230.0038 Solar Charge Controller 1 450.00 450.0039 Inverter (100W) 1 160.00 160.00  Total Price (RM) 988.50

2.4 PROJECT PLANNING

2.4.1 PROJECT GANTT CHART

2.4.2 TASK ALLOCATION

TASK PERSON INCHARGEStudy about the project Hasif and 'Uzair

Study about block diagram Hasif and 'UzairStudy about flow chart Hasif and 'Uzair

8051 Microcontroller Pin HasifLearn and Design the 8051 program Hasif

Design the Schematic and PCB layout HasifSimulation the circuit using software Hasif

Burn the program to AT89C2051 HasifTest the circuit at the Breadboard Hasif and 'Uzair

Iron the PCB layout at board UzairSoldering the component Uzair

Survey the solar panel UzairBuy the component Uzair

Make a Solar Tracker System Hasif and 'UzairDrill the hole at PCB board Uzair

Test The circuit Hasif and 'UzairTroubleshoot the Project Hasif and 'Uzair

Finishing Hasif and 'Uzair

CHAPTER 3

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 DESCRIBE RESULT OBTAIN FOR EACH BLOCK DIAGRAM OR

CIRCUIT

From the starting of this project we had done a lot of researches from the internet

and study about the circuit, component and the cost of this project. After all of that works

done, then we start to survey the component, hardware and the solar panel for beginning

of our project. We start our project by write the program for our 8051 microcontroller

(AT89C2051) in the first thing at the software and assemble the program. After that, we

design the solar circuit using software. Ones the schematic design was finished we test

the circuit using visual simulation. After the successful simulation, we try the circuit

using the breadboard. The circuit is function that we want it. Then we go on into the

design the circuit layout of the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) using software. After that, we

print the layout using laser printer at glossy paper. Next we polish the PCB board and

attach the printed circuit on the PCB board. After that, the PCB board will be ironed in

order to attach it on the PCB board. Ones the circuit is had already be attached to the

PCB board, then it need to be check for the broken line. If there is broken line, then it

needs to be reconnected using permanent maker.

After all the broken line has been connected, then the circuit will be etching using

the ferric chloride liquid in order to eliminate the cuprum layer on the PCB board. Ones

only the circuit exist then it mean that the work has already finished. Next the circuit

need to be polish with the grossly paper under the water flow in order to eliminate the

circuit line until it only show the cuprum layer of the circuit. After that, the circuit will be

tested by using a multimeter in order to check the circuit if the circuit has any broken line

or not. If the circuit has a broken line then it will be reconnect by using a tin. The next

step is drill the component port in order to attach the component to the circuit.

Ones the circuit is complete, and then it will be tested. If there are any problem

exists when test the circuit or in other works the circuit is not function then we need to

troubleshoot the circuit. When the problem is had already identify, then it need to do the

correction. Ones all the circuit is finish, then all the circuit must be interface to complete

the actual circuit that need to function according to the plan. This is the step that we need

to use in order to complete our project.

3.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERATED DURING PROJECT

DEVELOPMENT

THE PROGRAM CODE THAT WE CREAT HAS MANY ERROR.

The first problem we find it during we program the code. So many errors

and the program we create not follow what we want.

HARD TO FIND THE ASSEMBLER FOR THE 8051 PROGRAM.

For this project we use the 8051 program to reduce the budged. But the

problem is the assembler for this program is to difficult to find.

CIRCUIT NOT FUNCTIONS.

After find the suitable circuit from doing the research, we tested the circuit

at the breadboard but the circuit cannot function.

POWER OF MOTOR IS TOO SMALL TO DRIVE THE SOLAR

PANEL.

The power of unipolar stepper motor we used is to small and its cannot

drive the heavy solar panel.

NOT ENOUGH KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MECHANICAL

MOVEMENT.

We not have enough knowledge about the theory of mechanical movement

and its give the problem to us to design the body for our project.

DO NOT KNOW THE BEST MATERIAL FOR PROJECT’S BODY.

After design the body of the project, we confuse to choose the best

material for build the body of our project.

THE OUTPUT FROM THE INVERTER IS NOT WHAT WE WANT.

The main objective for our project is to get the 240V AC output from the

power inverter but we cannot get the voltage what we want. The voltage

we get from the output of our project is below the 240V and the voltage is

around 185V to 215V.

HIGH CURRENT FROM THE RECHARGEABLE BATTERY.

We try find the battery have high current at output for when the current

come to input of inverter, the inverter can change the supply to high

voltage and current. But the problem it’s the supply from the battery

cannot connect directly to the circuit because of the currents to high even

though the voltage is suitable to supply the circuit.

3.3 THE SOLUTION

SEARCH TO INTERNET, REFER TO BOOKS AND ASK TO

FRIENDS.

The solution for the error of the program, we try doing the research. First

we try to refer at the webs about the programmable. The programmable

webs cannot help much. After that we try search the books related about

programmable. The book is very help to we doing again the new program

code but some mistake still happen. So we ask to degree student about our

program and with help from him, we can do the program.

SEARCH FROM INTERNET AND BY IT.

The suitable software for assembler the program we find from doing

searching from internet and buy it from the electronics shop.

TROUBLESHOOT THE CIRCUIT.

After we know the circuit cannot be function, we try to find what the

problem is and try to solve it. We just find the problem is the component

not connects correctly and some connection is not connected. So we

reconnect the component with the right path and make sure all connection

is connected.

FIND THE ANOTHER STEPPER MOTOR AND DOING SOME

MODIFICATION TO MECHANICAL MOVEMENT.

The stepper motor we buy is not having power enough but we cannot

replace it with another motor. So we do some modification to mechanical

movement and so that the movement of solar panel is not too hard and the

stepper motor can drive it.

FIND THE LIGHT MATERIAL

The body of our project we design is too big. So we try to get the very

light material to give easy for carrying this project. The material what we

choose is wood. This is because that material is light than iron material

and more tough than plastics material even though the plastic material is

durables goods.

BUILD THE FILTER CIRCUIT.

The battery supply the high current but is not suitable for the small circuit.

So, we build one circuit to reduce the current before come in to the circuit.

3.4 MODIFICATION FROM ORIGINAL PLAN

DESIGN OF THE PROJECT

Our design for this project is not same like our original design. Our first

design is more complicated and must have enough knowledge about

movement and mechanical part. So we just change from original design to

more simple and no need use more mechanical design.

Original Design

Current Design

Four LDR sensor to two LDR sensor

We plan to use four LDR at beginning to can drive the solar panel at more

than two axes. But to do this application is too more use control circuit

and but we not have enough that’s skill. So we simplest that’s application

and change the movement to only two axes and we use only two LDR.

CANCEL TO BUILD THE POWER INVERTER CIRCUIT.

At first plan, we want to build the inverter circuit our self. But with the

advice from some electrical engineer, our level is not enough skill and

knowledge to build the inverter circuit our self. So we follow the advice

from him and not build it our self but we use the UPS System to act like

the inverter circuit function.

3.5 EXPLANATION ON PROJECT’S FUNCTIONALITY OR MALFUNCTION

PART

Overall our project is malfunction. The objective what we wants cannot achieve.

So many problem we cannot get the solution to solve it. 240V AC at output like what we

want is not 240V AC. The output produces only 185V to 220V and cannot support to

supply the mostly home electrical equipments. That is because the voltage input from

battery and solar panel is not enough to the power inverter convert to 240V AC.

Other cause of our project is malfunction is the circuit cannot works properly. The

circuit what we construct is not give the right voltage and current to each component. So

the circuit cannot work and the result from the circuit output is not like what we want.

The output what we want is the movement of stepper motor follow the input of LDR. But

even though the LDR receive the input, the motor cannot move. Because of it, our

objective cannot achieve, and our objective is tried to get full absorb of light from with

the panel solar follow the light.

3.6 COMPARISON OF OVERALL PROJECT’S RESULT WITH PROJECT’S

OVERVIEW

OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS 180V - 220V, NOT 240V

Our objective for the output voltage produce at inverter is 240V but the

result we get is only 180V to 220V. It is not enough to achieve our

objective to want this project can give enough supply to all home’s

electrical equipment. Maybe some electrical equipment can work with

220V supply but in Malaysia equipment generally using 240V voltage as

the supply.

3.7 PROJECT’S RECOMMENDATION

CAN USE AT EVERY BUILDING AND HOUSE

We recommend this project use at every house and building because this

project can supply 240V AC. The owner of the house or building no need

to pay more for gets the electricity supply. This project can give a supply

for 24 hour per day and its can work everyday because even though the

weather is bad and not have a light of sun, its still can work with battery

supply.

CHANGE THE SOLAR PANEL TO MORE WIDE SOLAR PANEL

The solar panel can be to change to wider solar panel for get more power

input. When we change the solar panel to wider solar panel, the power

produce is higher. So with this the inverter can convert to more voltage

supply.

ADD THE WHEEL AND DC MOTOR

This project we can add the wheel for easy to move and handle it. We plan

to improve this project with add the motor at the wheel and the motor can

be controlled by circuit. The circuit application is to drive the wheel move

to some place have the light of the sun. So, when this project hidden by

the shadow, this project can find the place have sun light.

CONCLUSION

We can conclude for this project is simple, practical and useful. The concept of

this project is simple; it is to convert from solar energy to electrical energy. The solar cell

works to convert from solar energy to electrical energy. After solar cell converts a solar

energy to electrical energy, the electrical energy has 24V voltage and it connect to solar

charge controller. It is to control the value of supply to charge the battery. The battery

supplies the circuit and goes to inverter for convert to high voltage.

This project is very practical because the movement of solar panel drive from

motor. This project can be practice at house and building.

REFERENCES

1. from……

APPENDICES

Design The PCB

Simulate The Circuit

Step To Build the PCB Board

From the Design, we print at glossy paper

Polish the new PCB board before etching

Stick together both of printed glossy paper and PCB board

Iron the glossy paper for transfer ink to PCB board

Re ink the printed circuit for be a clear

Etching the PCB board

After etching the circuit, clean it with water and grit paper

Result after etching

Drill the PCB to attach the component on it

Solder the component

Result after attach the component on the board

Equipment we use to do a project

All electronics component we use

Solar Charge Controller

Battery Clip

Solar Panel

Do the testing for know the output from solar panel

Voltage output from the solar panel

The early project overview

Place of limit switch, motor and the circuit

Place of LDR

The circuit and the wire connection

The Unipolar Stepper Motor

The Limit Switch

Our Project, “Solar System Control”