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DAM SAFETY AND WATER RESOURCES PLANNING PROJECT

DSWRPP-AF/CS/QCBS/03-09

Final Report

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR REHABILITATION OF

MUTHUKANDIYA DAM

October 2016

Uni-Consultancy Services

Environmental Assessment for Rehabilitation of Muthukandiya Dam

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Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ i

1.1 Project Description and Justification ................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Background of the Project ................................................................................... 1

1.1.2 Project Location ................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Scope of the Project and Environmental Assessment ........................................ 3

1.2.1 Scope of the Project ............................................................................................. 3

1.2.2 Environmental Assessment Requirements .......................................................... 3

1.3 Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................... 5

1.4 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 5

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ......................................... 16

2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 17

2.2 Physical Environment ........................................................................................ 17

2.3 Biological Environment with Flora and Fauna................................................... 28

2.3.1 Existing Habitats and ecological significance ..................................................... 28

2.4 Socioeconomic Environment ............................................................................. 36

2.4.1 Social justification of the rehabilitation of Muthukandiya dam ........................ 36

2.4.2 Existing Socio-economic Environment ............................................................... 37

2.4.3 Land Use ............................................................................................................. 39

2.4.4 Demographic Data Relevant to the Project Area ............................................. 40

2.4.5 Economic Activities of Project Related Population ........................................... 41

2.4.6 Other Water Uses .............................................................................................. 41

2.4.7 Sensitive places located in the vicinity of the irrigation scheme ....................... 42

2.4.8 Access to the project area .................................................................................. 42

2.4.9 Infrastructure available in the project area ......................................................... 42

2.5 Current Environmental Issues of the Project Area ............................................ 43

2.5.1 Physical Issues .................................................................................................... 43

2.5.2 Ecological Issues ................................................................................................. 43

2.5.3 Socioeconomic Issues ........................................................................................ 43


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3. Proposed Interventions ............................................................................. 45

3.1 Proposed Engineering Interventions ................................................................. 46

3.2 Proposed Borrowing Activities and Identified Borrow Sites ............................. 61

3.2.1 Turfing Materials ................................................................................................ 61

3.2.2 Earth ................................................................................................................... 61

3.2.3 Rubble/Boulders, aggregates and metal ........................................................... 61

3.2.4 Sand ................................................................................................................... 61

3.2.5 Gravel ................................................................................................................. 61

3.3 Proposed Interventions that could Affect Neighboring Communities ............. 62

3.4 Proposed Interventions that could affect the Natural Habitats ....................... 63

4. PROJECT INDUCED IMPACTS ...................................................................... 64

4.1 Identification of project induced impacts ......................................................... 65

4.2 Quantification of their significance ................................................................... 80

5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................... 82

5.1 General overview .............................................................................................. 83

5.2 Identification of impacts and their mitigations ................................................. 83

5.3 Procurement of material needed for implementing the proposed Interventions

110

5.4 Safety Issues .................................................................................................... 112

5.6 Implementation procedures of proposed mitigation ..................................... 114

5.8 Formal clearances and approval needed ........................................................ 116

6. MONITORING PLAN ................................................................................. 118

6.1 Environmental compliance and monitoring .................................................... 119

7. Cost Estimation for Environmental Management Plan .............................. 122

8. Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................................... 126

8.1 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 127

8.2 Recommendations........................................................................................... 128

9. Annexures ............................................................................................... 131

ABREVIATIONS

AMSL - Average Mean Sea Level

BPL - Below Poverty Level

CEA - Central Environment Authority

D/S - Downstream

DBH - Diameter at Breast Height

DS Division - Divisional Secretariat Division

DSWRPP - Dam Safety & Water Resources Planning Project

EA - Environmental Assessment

EMP - Environmental Management Plan

EN - Species - Endangered Species

EPL - Environmental Protection License

FD - Forest Department

FFPO - Fauna and Flora Protection Act

GND - Grama Niladari Division

GoSL - Government of Sri Lanka

GSMB - Geological Survey and Mines Bureau

ICTAD - Institute for Construction Training and Development

ID - Irrigation Department

IEE - Initial Environmental Examination

IML - Industrial Mining License

IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature

KPI - Key Performance Indicators

MSL - Mean Sea Level

NEA - National Environmental Act

PM - Project Manager

PO - Project Office

PS - Pradeshiya Sabha

RB - Right Bank

TEC - Technical Evaluation Committee

ToR - Terms of Reference

U/S - Upstream

VU Species - Vulnerable Species

WB – The World Bank

Team of Consultants for EA study

Name Position

Eng. (Dr.) Mahesh Jayaweera Environmental Engineer/Civil Engineer (Team Leader)

Ms Samangi Hewage Ecologist (Flora, Fauna and Ecosystems)

Mr. K. Jinapala Sociologist/Socio-economist

Eng. (Dr.) Lalith Rajapakse Natural Resources Management Specialist

Uni-Consultancy Services Project Management

1. INTRODUCTION


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1.1 Project Description and Justification

1.1.1 Background of the Project

Recent studies have revealed that major dams of the country are aging and suffering from various

structural deficiencies and short comings in operation and monitoring facilities. This situation

threatens the safety and operational efficiency of the dams and their appurtenant structures and as

a result increases the vulnerability of downstream populations and socio-economic infrastructure if

breached. The Dam Safety & Water Resources Planning Project (DSWRPP) intends to address these

issues through its dam safety and operational improvement component with financing from the

World Bank. One of the development objectives of the proposed project is to improve the

development management of water resources within the country, reduce water induced hazards to

public, and enhance the effectiveness of water related investments. The proposed project intends to

address this issue in a certain number of dams through its dam safety and operational improvement

component.

Over 350 Large/Medium Dams, Headwork and Trans-Basin canals of Sri Lanka are aging and

suffering from various structural deficiencies and shortcomings in operation and monitoring

facilities. Thirty-two dams have been identified as high risk with respect to their appurtenant

structures and operational efficiency. Those dams are required to have immediate interventions so

as to decrease the vulnerability of downstream populations and socio-economic infrastructure if

breached. This situation threatens the safety and operational efficiency of the dams and their

appurtenant structures and as a result increases the vulnerability of downstream populations and

socio-economic infrastructure if breached. The Dam Safety & Water Resources Planning Project

(DSWRPP) intends to address these issues through its dam safety and operational improvement

component with financing from the World Bank. One of the development objectives of the

proposed project is to improve the development management of water resources within the

country, reduce water induced hazards to public, and enhance the effectiveness of water related

investments. The proposed project intends to address this issue in 29 dams through its dam safety

and operational improvement component.

The Dam Safety and Water Resources Planning Project (DSWRPP), funded by the World Bank is

implemented by the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment. The DSWRPP is of the

view that reservoir dams and related appurtenant structures need both regulatory and operational

safety measures and timely remedial repairs to ensure the sustainability of the social and economic

environment that has been developed. The important objective of dam owners and regulators

should be to ensure public safety and welfare and protect property, the environment, and cultural

resources.

The DSWRPP undertakes remedial works of critical dams, provision of basic safety facilities, in

addition to upgrading hydro-meteorological data collection, storage, management and

dissemination system, enhancing capacity of institutions involved in the water sector to acquire

knowledge and skills in using modern analytical tools and management practices to undertake

sustainable multi-sector planning, development and management of the water resources in the

country. In addition, project assists reviewing and exploring the development potential and

feasibility of existing water resources plans, including revised Mahaweli Water Resources

Development Plan.


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After successful completion, the DSWRPP received additional US $ 83 Million. This Term of

Reference sets out the problems associated with five dams which are operated by the Irrigation

Department proposes remedial works. The dams have been selected based on comprehensive risk

assessment studies carried out as part of project preparation from a list of vulnerable dams in order

to ensure their structural and functional safety. Under this TOR it is expected to carry out

Environmental Assessments for the proposed interventions under the DSWRPP Badulu Oya and

Muthukandiya dams under the DSWRPP-AF.

1.1.2 Project Location

Muthukandiya Dam is situated at the end of Monaragala District between Siyambalanduwa and

Madulla DS of Uva Province. This dam is situated around 6 km away from the Siyambalanduwa

Junction. There are around 800 farming families who rely on this scheme for irrigation of paddy

fields.

The location map of Muthukandiya Dam is given in Figure 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3.

General Specifications of Muthukandiya Dam

Name of Dam: Muthukandiya (Coordinate: M13.5, 2.15) - 06 58’31”N 81 30’32”E

River Basin: Hada Oya

Irrigable Area: 827 Ha

Capacity: 30.4 MCM

Catchment Area:25.4 sq miles

Reservoir capacity at FSL: 24,304 Acre-ft

Muthukandiya Dam top level:+320.00 m MSL

Spill way sill level at FSL:+312.0 m MSL

Bund top width: 40 m

Dead storage:1,800 Acre-ft

Spillway capacity:800 ft


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Figure 1.1. Location map of the Muthukandiya Dam (Source: Survey Dept.)

Muthukandiya Dam


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Figure 1.2. Location map of Muthukandiya Tank (marked as Meegaha Arawa Wewa) (Source: 1:50,000 map – Dept. of Surveys)

Muthukandiya Dam


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Figure 1.3. Location Map of Muthukandiya Reservoir (Moneragala District Boundary is

shown in Red line) (Source: maps.google.lk)

Muthukandiya Reservoir


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1.2 Scope of the Project and Environmental Assessment

1.2.1 Scope of the Project

The technical scope of the study is to carry out environmental assessment based on the identified

interventions and their associated issues for the Muthukandiya dam. The interventions to be carried

out during the rehabilitation work will be defined at the inception stage of the project based on the

conceptual designs done by respective engineers and the environmental assessment related to

physical, ecological and socioeconomic environment will then be carried out.

1.2.2 Environmental Assessment Requirements

The strategies on which the environmental assessment be done are based on the World Bank

Safeguard Policies and the National Environmental Regulations.

The World Bank Requirements

This environmental assessment is prepared pursuant to the World Bank’s Environmental Safeguard

Policies OP/BP 4.01 and that of Safety of Dams OP/BP 4.37.

The overall objective of the proposed environmental assessment is to carry out the following

conforming to the World Bank’s Environmental Safeguard Policies and Procedures. For each dam, an

Environmental Management Plan is prepared to address the objectives specified as given below.

The World Bank Policies and Guidelines, pertaining to environmental safeguards that require

consideration under this project, as these will most likely be triggered, are as follows:

OP/BP/GP 4.01 Environmental Assessment

OP/BP/GP 4.37 Safety of Dams

OP/BP/GP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources

OP/BP/GP 4.04 Natural Habitats

In addition, GP 4.11 is particularly applicable which details out the procedures to be followed for

chance find of physical cultural property. OP/BP 4.37 requires that the dam upgrading be designed

and its civil works be supervised by experienced and competent professionals.

As of August 2016, The World Bank has drafted a new Environmental and Social Framework and

authorized for public disclosure. If approved by the Board, This Framework will replace the following

Operational Policy (OP) and Bank Procedures (BP): OP/BP4.00, Piloting the Use of Borrower Systems

to Address Environmental and Social safeguard Issues in Bank-Supported Projects, OP/BP4.01,

Environmental Assessment, OP/BP4.04, Natural Habitats, OP4.09, Pest Management, OP/BP4.10,

Indigenous Peoples, OP/BP4.11, Physical Cultural Resources, OP/BP4.12, Involuntary Resettlement,

OP/BP4.36, Forests, and OP/BP4.37, Safety of Dams. This Framework does not replace OP/BP4.03,

Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities, OP/BP7.50, Projects on International

Waterways, and OP/BP7.60, Projects in Disputed Territories.

Under the new World Bank Environmental and Social Framework, projects supported by the Bank

through Investment Project Financing are required to meet the following Environmental and Social

Standards (ESS):


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Environmental and Social Standard 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and

Social Risks and Impacts;

Environmental and Social Standard 2: Labor and Working Conditions;

Environmental and Social Standard 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and

Management;

Environmental and Social Standard 4: Community Health and Safety;

Environmental and Social Standard 5: Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and

Involuntary Resettlement;

Environmental and Social Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable

Management of Living Natural Resources;

Environmental and Social Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically

Underserved Traditional Local Communities;

Environmental and Social Standard 8: Cultural Heritage;

Environmental and Social Standard 9: Financial Intermediaries; and

Environmental and Social Standard 10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information

Disclosure.

Requirements under Environmental Regulations in Sri Lanka

The National Environmental Act (NEA) has made Environmental Assessments (EA) a legal

requirement for a range of development projects. A list of projects requiring an EA is prescribed in

Gazette (Extra Ordinary) No. 772/22 dated June 24, 1993. Accordingly, all river basin development

and irrigation projects excluding minor irrigation works requires an EIA, the guidelines are

ambiguous about the EIA requirement for upgrading and rehabilitation of existing dams. However,

agreement has been reached with the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) and Ministry of

Agriculture, Irrigation and Mahaweli Development that all dam upgrading and rehabilitation and

related activities financed under this project as well as any other activities that may lead to potential

adverse environmental impacts will be required to undertake an environmental impact assessment,

commensurate with the potential for environmental impacts and prepare detailed EMPs (including a

dam safety plan, where applicable) that will be included for implementation as part of the civil

works Contractor’s contract documents.

The Fauna & Flora Protection Ordinance Act No. 49 of 1993 & its amendments: This Act provides the

protection, conservation and preservation of the fauna and flora of Sri Lanka. Under the Fauna and

Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO), five categories of protected areas are established viz. Strict

Nature Reserves, National Parks, Nature Reserves, Jungle Corridors and Intermediate Zones

including sanctuaries. According to this Act, any development activity of any description what so

ever proposed to be established within a national reserve or within one mile from the boundary of

any national reserve, is required to be subjected to EIA/IEE, and written approval should be

obtained from the Director General, Department of Wildlife Conservation prior to implementation

of such projects. The FFPO follows a similar process as the NEA in conducting scoping, setting the

TOR, preparation of EA, review of EA and public consultation and disclosure. The decision of project

approval or disapproval is finally granted by the Director General of the Department of Wildlife

Conservation.

Forest Ordinance No. 17 of 1907 and subsequent amendments: The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka is


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the law for conservation, protection and management of forest and forest resources for the control

of felling and transport of timber and forest related matters. The Forest Ordinance of No. 17 of 1907

amended by several Acts up to 1995 – Act 34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954, No. 13 of 1966, No. 56 of

1979, No. 13 of 1982, No. 84 of 1988, and the new Act No. 23 of 1995.Under Section 4 of Act No. 23

of 1995, the Minister is in charge of forests, has special powers to order and declare any specified

area of State land or the whole or any specified part of any reserve forest which has unique

ecosystems, genetic resources or a habitat or rare and endemic species of flora , fauna, micro-

organisms and of threatened species which need to be preserved in order to achieve an ecological

balance in the area by preventing landslides and fire hazards to human life, as a Conservation forest.

Under Section 5 of the Act, a Forest Officer of a specified area has special power to stop any public

or private way or watercourse in a reserved forest. It shall be lawful for the District Secretary to

determine the amount of compensation to be paid, in case that the water course injuriously affects

the interests or one or more individuals to whom on that account compensation should be paid.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this assignment are:

i. Identify and evaluate the potential environmental impacts that would arise as a result of the

proposed interventions

ii. Recommend appropriate mitigation measures to avoid, minimize, remedy or compensate for

the predicted negative impacts; and

iii. Provide a site-specific Environmental Management Plan that would give adequate project

options in terms of mitigation measures, project alternatives and a monitoring program to

achieve overall environmental sustainability of the project.

1.4 Methodology

Mobilization

The team of experts from Uni-Consultancy Ltd. commenced work on 22 July, 2016 with a meeting of

team members where the Team Leader briefed the team members on the methodology for

executing the consulting services. Documents required for the study were also identified and team

members requested to collect those pertaining to their areas of expertise. The team leader

thereafter prepared the Scope of Work for all team members to ensure that the quantum of work to

be carried out will be done in a uniform manner. Documents pertaining to the ecological resources

of the project area, topography, climate, and geology with soil demography were collected and

reviewed as an initial activity. The reconnaissance survey was carried out from the 30th and 31st of

July 2016. The team visited the dam site and its project areas.

The requirement outlined in the TOR and the methodology was studied in depth and responsibilities

of each team member were identified. Topographic sheet were studied to observe the current land

use and the geographical features of the area.

Subsequent to the meeting, the Team Leader consulted the DSWRPP officials and obtained the


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contact details of technical personnel who are in charge of respective dams. These technical

personnel were contacted appointment were made to meet them at respective offices and

requested them to facilitate the field visits and the reconnaissance field visit. The team visited all the

dams and their project areas. The team visited on individual capacity several times to gather and

collate necessary data from time to time.

Scoping Meetings and Reconnaissance Visits

The reconnaissance survey to Muthukandiya Dam was carried out 30th and 31st of July, 2016. The

team visited the dam and its project areas, accompanied by

The main issues and the proposed interventions were identified during the reconnaissance survey

by having several meetings with key stakeholders in order to reach consensus on the issues and

mitigation measures required. Meetings were held with DSWRPP and Divisional Irrigation

Department officials, farmer / residents / in the project vicinity and fishermen engaged in inland

fishery activities. Findings gathered during these meetings helped to refine our approach to the

study and to focus on the following:

a. Proposed physical intervention – scale and nature of the intervention: Identification of physical

interventions including field inspections with the officers to assess the issues and magnitude of the

interventions.

b. Review of the work plan and Implementation schedule, including the time frame; Discussion

with relevant officers/engineers at the Irrigation Department and other relevant stakeholders at the

site to familiarize with the critical issues that are affecting the safety of the dams.

The details of the potential impacts due to proposed development interventions will be collected in

the follow up field studies to the reservoir area. The client’s confirmed list of development

interventions will be used for the impact identification with their magnitude in the next field studies

after Inception report is accepted by the client.

Data and Information Collection

A detailed literature review of available data was done by the team of consultants at the project

initiation. Relevant data to identify impacts were collected during a reconnaissance visit as and

when available, and also desk studies. The data gaps were identified and the detailed field plan was

prepared to carry out baseline surveys.

Baseline Surveys

The physical, biological and social environments will be described using the data collected by

following baseline surveys which are on-going:

Ecological surveys (covering aquatic & terrestrial flora and fauna, rare and endangered

species, wilderness):

The methodology used for the study was line transect method. Line was laid through identified

habitats/vegetation in the study site as well as burrow pits and quarry sites. Recently published and


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unpublished materials/data also used to gather information. Further, relevant secondary

information were gathered from people living in nearby communities and relevant officials in order

to prepare species inventories.

A floristic survey of higher plants was carried out. During the survey, flora species found along

transect was recorded. In order to determine the floristic diversity of the area, direct recording

method was used. Observed plant species were identified using descriptions and keys published in

“Hand book to the Flora of Ceylon” volumes. The national conservation status of the species was

recorded according to the 2012 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka (ME&NR, 2012).

Nomenclature of flowering plant was based on Senaratna (2001).

Sampling of fauna was done in parallel to the floral transects. Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method

was used to record faunal species. Both direct and indirect observations (Calls, foot prints, pellets,

and tracks) were made. Faunal survey was carried out within the project site and 500 m away from

the project boundary. Secondary information on biodiversity and environmental issues were also

collected by personal communication with relevant officers and villagers. Reviewing of published

documents was also carried out. In addition photographic records were used to identify the visual

aspects of habitats of proposed project area.

The observed animal species were identified by using the most recent published descriptions and

taxonomic keys provided by D’Abrera (1998), Jayasinghe et al. (2013), Bedjanic et al. (2007),

Bedjanic et al. (2014), Harrison (2011), Warakagoda et al. (2012), Phillips (1935), Kotagama &

Goonatilake (2013), Yapa & Ratnavira (2013), Goonatilake (2007), De Silva et al. (2015), Fernando

(1990), Naggs & Raheem (2000), Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda (2006), De Silva (2009),

Das and De Silva (2011), Somaweera (2007), Somaweera and Someweera (2009). The national

conservation status of the species was recorded according to the national red list 2012 of Sri Lanka

(MOE 2012).

Social Surveys and social impact studies

The reconnaissance field visit of the sociologist with the other disciplinary team members provided

opportunity to understand the rationale of the proposed development interventions under the

project. The officials of Irrigation Department (IE office in Monaragala) were consulted to obtain

data and their concerns related to the proposed development interventions.

The in-depth interviews held with Irrigation Officers were useful to understand the purpose of the

interventions, the types livelihoods of the people, socio-economic related issues that may arise

during construction period of the project. The sociologist will collect field data from Muthukandiya

irrigation scheme as follow up activity of the reconnaissance visit. The data will be collected to

identify the potential impacts on following aspects:

Livelihoods of the farming community

Other indirect livelihoods drinking water, Fisheries , domestic use

Disturbances to other routine activities of the communities in the project area

Following methods will be applied to collect data to measure the likelihood impacts on the

socio-economic environment due to the proposed project interventions.


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In-depth interviews with stakeholders relevant, leaders of Farmer Organizations, other

community leaders in the residential areas of the irrigation scheme , IE and TAs of ID, GN/s,

Samurdhi Niyamaka, Drinking water users of the wells, Leaders of fisheries Associations.

Focus Group discussions - With general farmers and fishermen and other community

members

Walk through survey in the project area and preparation of a community Map including the

salient features relevant to social environment.

Social surveys and related studies will be carried out covering all the stakeholders, especially the

farmer and fishing communities in addition to other water users (e.g., villagers who use the water

for day-to-day activities, and/or other purposes). Grama Niladharis, Economic Development

Officers, Samurdhi Niyamakas, officials of the farmer organizations, and any other governmental

officers who are directly or indirectly involved with the functioning of the dam and its water

resources (such as the Divisional Secretariat, Divisional Irrigation Engineer). The data on number of

different water users such as farmers, fishermen, families depending on tank water for domestic

purposes (drinking, bathing and washing etc.) will be collected. Data and information gathered from

such social surveys will be based to identify and assess social impacts. Mitigation measures will also

be proposed with clear justifications based on the expectations of the stakeholders.

Identification and assessment of impacts, nature and magnitude

The EA will identify environmental issues that may arise as a result of project activities especially

considering impacts that can arise affecting natural habitats, natural resources and also on the social

environment (especially, water users in the tank). Impacts can be classified into several categories

depending on the nature of impacts.

(a) Interventions that will cause moderate to significant impacts (if not mitigated)

(b) Interventions that will cause impacts that are direct, while some other may have indirect impacts.

(c) Interventions that will cause impacts in the longer term rather than immediately following the intervention:

(d) Activities of certain interventions will yield only minor impacts that are short term and easily mitigated;

All the interventions and their implementation (Table 3.1) will be closely studied and will be

compared with environmental elements in order to find out the impact caused by every activity on

the every environmental element. Physical, biological and social including socio-economic

parameters will be considered for environmental elements. . Some of the socio-economic

parameters that will be used for monitoring the impacts are included below (Table 1.1) and there

can be changes on these depending on the findings of the detail field studies.


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Table 1.1. Data that need to be collected during the detailed study

Criteria Indicators Data need

Livelihoods of the

farming community

No of farmers/ families to be affected

The land area affected

(encroached land in the downstream

and upstream of the reservoir)

Details of cultivators under

the tank, yield and income,

details on encroachments of

the reservations.

Other indirect

livelihoods

No of drinking water users affected

No of fishing families affected

No of families used tank water for

bathing and washing

Data on the other water uses

in the tank

Disturbances to

other routine

activities of the

communities in the

project area

No of families in villages used the tank

bund top as access

Data on users of the tank

bund top as access road

Institutional Arrangements

The Acts, regulations, licenses, permits and other approvals that may be necessary for the

implementation of the proposed interventions were identified. These may include;

(a) Irrigation Ordinance No. 32 of 1946 Irrigation (Amendment) No. 1 of 1951 Irrigation

(Amendment) No. 48 of 1968 Irrigation (Amendment) No. 37 of 1973 Agrarian

Development Act, No. 40 of 2002

(b) The National Environmental Act (NEA) No. 47 enacted in 1980 and NEA Amendment Act

No. 56 of 1988

(c) National Environmental Protection and Quality Regulations under extraordinary gazette

notification No. 1534/18 and No. 1533/16 of 2008 under NEA section 32 & 23A, 23B

(d) Fauna and Flora Protection Act (FFPO) No.2 of 1937 amended in 1993 and 2009

(e) Felling of Trees Control Act No. 9 of 1951 as amended through Act No. 30 of 1953

(f) Water Resources Board Act, No. 29 of 1964 and (Amendment) Act, No. 42 of 1999

(g) Soil Conservation Act, No. 25 of 1951 and Amended No. 24 of 1996

(h) Agrarian Development Act No. 46 of 2000 (Section 32)

(i) Antiquities Ordinance No. 9 of 1940 and amendments

(j) Mines And Minerals Act (No. 33 of 1992)

(k) The World Bank Recommendations pertaining to Dam Safety & Social and Environment

Assessment (OP/BP4.37), Safety of Dams; and Proposed ESS4 – Annex 1. Safety of Dams

(Section B: Existing Dams)

http://www.google.lk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CEEQFjAH&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonlii.org%2Flk%2Flegis%2Fnum_act%2Fmama33o1992221%2F&ei=YmuCVNHlD5eMuATbs4HYBg&usg=AFQjCNEhIH82JksvJcDE_Qr5pQlavkMTPA&bvm=bv.80642063,d.c2E


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It is also imperative that the proper institutional arrangement be made available for smooth

operations of the EMP. It is the Project Office that is in charge of the entire project and the client,

Irrigation Department would be solely responsible in getting the project implemented with a

selected contractor.

The contractor will be selected through a bidding process and the contractor is responsible in

implementing the EMP delineated herein this report. During the project implementation period, the

World Bank and the Project Office will evaluate the implementation of the EMP. Once the EMP is

implemented as per the World Bank Safeguard Policy Documents, review of implementation of EMP

would be done in order to ensure that all negative impacts are addressed successfully.

Environmental Impact Analysis, Proposed Mitigatory Strategies and preparation

of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

The objective of preparing the EMP is:

(i) To propose appropriate mitigation measures to reduce or minimize any adverse impacts

that have been identified, taking into account any associated constraints or consequential

environmental or social implications of such measures;

(ii) To identify, predict and evaluate the acceptability of the residual impact of the project

after the implementation of selected mitigation measures and to estimate and evaluate

any cumulative environmental impacts to which the project may contribute;

(iii) To identify, develop and specify methods, measures and standards to be included in the

operational phases of the project to reduce environmental impacts to acceptable levels;

Appropriate mitigation will be proposed to ensure the identification of potential environmental

issues and social concerns early in the implementation of a proposed project to incorporate

necessary safeguards in project design in order to prevent potential adverse impacts by determining

appropriate mitigation.

A site-specific EMP that will provide mitigation strategies, project alternatives and a plan for

monitoring programme will be prepared. Proper management of the catchment and the watershed

is essential for ensuring continued economic benefits envisioned from the dam are met. These will

also be considered in the EMP.

Preparation of the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EoMP)

The Project Proponent needs to implement a comprehensive environmental monitoring programme

soon after implementation of proposed interventions. This is very crucial in order to assess the

performance or success of the implemented mitigatory measures. There are 3 basic environmental

monitoring tasks to assess the success of mitigation and identifying residual impacts. They are;

Pre-construction monitoring to determine the baseline conditions in detail to identify impacts and

mitigation measures and costs

Construction compliance monitoring, and

Post construction monitoring of maintenance and operational project activities.


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It should be noted that during the construction phase both the contractor and the Project Proponent

should accept a major responsibility in undertaking the monitoring aspects with assistance from

competent authorities. With reference to undertaking environmental management issues, monitoring

aspects and implementation of mitigatory measures to prevent environmental impacts an

Environmental Monitoring Unit (EMU) should be established. This study will identify the composition of

this unit, its role and responsibilities etc.

In addition, for each significant impact, the environmental monitoring plan (EoMP) will propose:

- Mitigation measure

- Indicators/parameters to be monitored

- Frequency of monitoring – Time bounded monitoring

- Responsible entity for monitoring – institutional arrangements

- Responsible entity for supervising – institutional arrangements

Preparation of the cost estimate for implementation of the EMP and EMoP

Cost estimates for implementing the EMP and the EoMP will be prepared.

Recommendations and Conclusions

Findings and suggestions of the EA Report will assist the Project Proponent in formulating an

environmentally friendly and a socially acceptable project and to achieve the broader objectives of

the proposed project.

Documentation Procedure

Draft final reports EMP for each Dam will be submitted summarizing the findings of the study and

will be finalized after incorporating the comments.

1. Inception Reports for each Dam

Including the Physical Interventions finally proposed to be carried out at the site (project activities),

Construction Methodology, Equipment to be used, Pre construction activities, etc., outline of the

Potential Environmental Impact on Physical and Social Environmental and outline of the proposed

Mitigation Measures. The inception report will also highlight the areas where impacts may be

possible due to proposed Dam safety project in Muthukandiya Dam. The areas of impact will be

studied in detail in the follow-up field studies after Inception report is accepted by the client.

2. Draft Final Reports for each Dam

The Final Report will include the following:

A comprehensive Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to manage the onsite as well as offsite

environmental impact comprising the following.

(i) Mitigation strategies for each impact identified

(ii) Appropriate institutional arrangement to implement the proposed measures

(iii) Implementing schedule


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(iv) Reporting procedures

(v) Cost estimates for implementing mitigation measures

- Environmental monitoring plan that will specify monitoring indicators to measure

the performance of the each mitigatory measure, monitoring mechanism and

frequency.

- Clearance approvals needed by the project prior to its implementation

- Recommendations on the adequacy of the assessment

- Final Conclusions and recommendations regarding environmental viability, of the

project based on the findings

- Annexures and Appendices

3. Submission of Final Reports

The Final Report will be submitted within two weeks after receiving comments from the client once

the TEC evaluates and reviews the Draft Final Report. The final report will be reviewed by the World

Bank as well.

The main activities to be followed to complete above deliverables are summarized in Work Plan

given below (Table 1.2).


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Figure 1.4: Proposed Approach and Methodology for the Study

1.5 Work Plan

The steps described above can be summarized as a work plan as follows (Table 1.2)


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Table 1.2. Work Schedule

Activity

DURATION

Month July. ‘16 August 2016 September 2016 Oct. ‘16

Week 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2

1 Primary Data Collection

2 Reconnaissance Survey

3 Meetings to discuss about intervention/designs

4 Develop the detailed methodology

5 Scoping of environmental impacts

6 Submission of the Inception Report

7 Detailed field visits (Chapter 2 & 3)

8 Assessment of Anticipated Environmental Impacts (Chapter 4)

9 Formulation of the Environmental Management Plan (Chapter 5)

10 Identification of needs/approvals to implement EMP (Chapter 5)

11 Drafting of Environmental Monitoring Plan (Chapter 6)

12 Cost Estimates (Chapter 7)

13 Compilation of Conclusions and Recommendations (Chapter 8)

14 Compilation & Submission of the Draft Final Report

15 Compilation & Submission of the Final Report


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Table 1.3 provides the details of the tasks assigned for each team member including the team

leader. All the key experts in the Consultancy Team have the qualifications and the experiences as

stipulated in the TOR.

Table 1.3. Tasks assigned to each team member and the responsibility

Main Discipline/Task Key Expert Responsible

Coordination of the entire assignment Team Leader and Support staff

Preparation of overall methodology Team Leader

Detailing the interventions and Scoping of environmental

issues to identify impacts

Activities related to environmental (physical) aspects

Environmental Engineer/ Natural

Resources Management

Specialist/Chartered Civil Engineer

Meeting with stakeholders, including officials from DSWRPP

and Irrigation Department

The entire team led by the Team

Leader

Description of the baseline:

- Physical environmental aspects

- Ecological/Biological impacts including migratory

mechanisms

- Sociological aspects

Environmental Engineer

Ecologist and Zoologist/ Faunal

Specialist

Sociologist

Drafting EMP and EoMP:

- Physical environmental aspects

- Ecological/Biological impacts

- Sociological/Economic aspects

Environmental Engineer

Ecologist and Zoologist/Faunal

Specialist

Sociologist

(input from Natural Resources

Management Specialist as needed)

Calculation of costs; Drafting Conclusions and

Recommendations

Team Leader with inputs from other

key experts

Drafting of the reports Team Leader with contribution from

other team members


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2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT


Page | 17

2.1 Overview

It is imperative that the existing environment in the project area and the borrow areas are

identified in terms of different environmental elements. In order to perceive the likely

alterations of the existing environment due to the proposed interventions present status of the

existing environment needs to be recorded and then the impacts on such elements need to be

discussed.

In general, the entire existing environment is described in three main components, namely,

physical, ecological and socioeconomic environments respectively. Data were collected

focusing on these three components and are presented below.

2.2 Physical Environment

The project area lies close to the Gal Oya basin which is separated by a valley by an east-west

ridge. There are isolated hillocks which are predominantly Precambrian in origin, in common

with the underlying formations throughout the project area. The geology of the basin area falls

under the Highland Complex and Eastern Vijayan Complex (Madduma Bandara, 2000).

a. Climate

The Muthukandiya Reservoir which is located near the Gal Oya basin, which falls within the dry

zone of Sri Lanka, where notable dry season occurs with an annual rainfall under 1,900 mm.

The dry climatic conditions are said to be prevailing most of the time where cooler climate is

expected only in the northeast monsoon period.

Monaragala's climate is classified as tropical. The summers are much rainier than the winters in

Monaragala. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Aw. In Monaragala,

the average annual temperature is 26.3 °C. About 1603 mm of precipitation falls annually.

b. Temperature

At an average temperature of 28.7 °C, May is the hottest month of the year. In January, the

average temperature is 24.6 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year.

Relatively minor temperature fluctuations are normally experienced compared with wider

fluctuations in precipitation and streamflow. The variation in annual temperature is around 2.8

°C.


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Figure 2.1: Monthly average, high and low temperature in Monaragala near Muthukandiya tank area

(Source: http://en.climate-data.org/location/511297/)

Table 2.1: Monthly average, high and low temperature and rainfall in Monaragala near Muthukandiya tank area


Between the driest and wettest months, the difference in precipitation is 279 mm. The

variation in temperatures throughout the year is 2.8 °C. Useful hints about reading the climate

table: For every month, you will find data about precipitation (mm), average, maximum and


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minimum temperature (degrees Celcius and Fahrenheit). Meaning of the first line: (1) January,

(2) February, (3) March, (4) April, (5) May, (6) June, (7) July, (8) August, (9) September, (10)

October, (11) November, (12) December.

c. Rainfall

Precipitation is the lowest in June, with an average of 10 mm. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in November, with an average of 289 mm.

The Gal Oya basin experiences a tropical climate, falling under the influence of the northeast

[December to February] and southwest [May to September] monsoons. The northeast

monsoon (Maha) brings most of the annual rainfall, and therefore runoff, in the catchment

area. The southwest monsoon (Yala) is typically dry due to the orographic effect of the Central

Highlands of Sri Lanka. Rainfall in the inter-monsoon periods can be caused by either

convective or cyclonic storms. Relatively minor temperature fluctuations are normally

experienced compared with wider fluctuations in precipitation and streamflow. The latter

fluctuations have important implications for the development of rain fed and irrigated

agriculture.

It is envisaged from the Figure 2.2 that the substantial rainfall in the project area occurs in the

first and second inter-monsoon periods falling in between March to April and October to

November, respectively. The highest average monthly rainfall recorded during last 5 years

ranged between 280 - 350 mm. Precipitation is the lowest in June, with an average of 8 mm.

Most precipitation falls in December, with an average of 356 mm. Annual average rainfall is

around 1,850 mm. Between the driest and wettest months, the difference in precipitation is

around 350 mm.


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Figure 2.2: Monthly average rainfall in Monaragala near Muthukandiya tank area


d. Wind

Wind data has not been recorded continuously in the vicinity. The Monaragala Meteorological Station gauges only rainfall at the moment and has no data collected for Wind.

From wind charts is can be deduced that the average wind patterns on a typical day would be between 4 – 15 km/h. However, this can rise to about 30 – 35 km/h during the north east monsoon periods. Occasional high winds can be expected any time during September – November and during mild troughs or cyclonic circulations.

e. Topography

The general topography of Sri Lanka comprises of three distinctive peneplains or erosion plains

made up of a central highland mass rising above 2,500 meters in altitude and a low gently

undulating plain surrounding it and extending to the sea. The lowest peneplain extends from

the coastline to approximately 20-30 kilometres inland in a steep step of about 300 meters

above mean sea (MSL). Gal Oya basin is located in the Moneragala and Ampara Districts, Uva

and Eastern Provinces, lies within this lowermost peneplain. The landscape in the vicinity of the


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site is characterized by flatlands with occasional attitude changes. The area adjacent to the

Muthukandiya is relatively flat terrain and the land has already been cleared and prepared for

the cultivation, secondary development with people in-migrating to these areas recently (See

Figure 2.3 for land use map). There are stepped lands of 2~3 meters in height and exposure of

reddish soil in some parts of the area. It is evident from the location and contour maps that

Muthukandiya is aligned in the northeastern direction, in parallel to the pre-existed (natural)

flow direction of Gal Oya.

According to the present topographical variation, the downstream of the tank is characterized

by undulating slopes with 1.5% – 2.5% surface gradient in north-east direction. There are

isolated hillocks which have altitudes up to of 100 - 700 m MSL. According to the pre-existed

topography, the elevation in the area is approximately 100 -120 m MSL with a gently sloping

landscape in the north-west direction and also towards the southeastern direction.

Figure 2.3: Topography of the Area (Note: Muthukandiya is located within the 100 - 700 m contour line) (Source: Withanage et al., 2014)


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f. Soil and Geology

The geology of the area is characterized by Precambrian rocks. They have given rise to a

mature, mantled and undulating peneplain which mere imperceptibly to the north and

northeast into the pleistocene and Miocene sediments of the coastal plain. Large, prominent

and isolated erosion remnants and prominent rides rise to heights of over 400 m above the

general level of the surrounding plain. The elevation of the latter varies from about 900 m

above sea level in the west to under 500 m in the south. The mantle covering the peneplain

rock is generally thin and sometimes nonexistent, as in areas of rock knob plain and

outcropping flat rock.

Two very different soils have developed on the Precambrian rocks. On those rice in

ferromagnesian minerals, moderately deep to shallow (100 cm), reddish to brown, sandy clay

loam soils have developed, on slopes which often exceed 2 percent and sometimes 4 percent.

These soils normally occur in association with prominent rock outcrops. On the rocks relatively

poor in ferromagnesian minerals but rich in quartz, moderately deep to shallow, grey brown,

loamy sand and sandy loam soils occur. These overlie impermeable rocks and usually occur on

slopes not exceeding 4 percent. The soils of the upper slopes tend to be ‘moderately well’ to

‘well drained’ while those of the lower slopes tend to be ‘imperfectly drained’.

Associated with these soils are ‘imperfectly’ to ‘poorly drained’ bottomland and old alluvial

soils of variable but usually sandy texture. These old alluvial soils are not necessarily associated

with the present – day drainage. A relatively wide band of ‘imperfectly’ to very poorly drained’

recent alluvium [with the exception of a low, narrow, moderately freely draining levee soil

occurs along the Gal Oya and Maduru Oya Basins.


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Figure 2.4: Distribution of Soil Groups (Source: Dept. of Town & Country Planning, University of Moratuwa, 2007)

The soil that is found in the Muthukandiya Reservoir command area is predominantly Reddish

Brown Earth and Low Humic Glay Soils. In addition, Reddish Brown Earth and Immature Brown

Loam Soils are also present at several locations (Figure 2.5(b)).



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Figures 2.5. (a) Agro-ecological zones, and (b) Soil Groups of the Monaragala District (Source: CEA, 1992).




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g. Hydrology

The Muthukandiya sub-catchment and the stream network contributing to the flows are

located within the Agro-ecological Region IL2, in the Hydrological Region 2 (Figure 2.5(a).

Muthukandiya Tank is located in the Eastern part of the main catchment Gal Oya Basin

(Figures 2.6). The main basin consists of a catchment of 1,873 km2, and characterized by a

large reservoir located along the main channel.

Heda Oya originates from the Moneragala district and flows to the sea at the eastern coast

near Panama. It has 604.0 sq.kms of drainage area and the Oya is mostly untapped. The

Muthukandiya reservoir is the only existing reservoir in the Heda Oya basin and it is located

in the Monaragala district, but not across the main Heda Oya.

The main hydrologic data required for the hydrological and hydraulic assessments apart

from the topographic information are;

Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves (IDF Curves) for catchment areas

Information on runoff coefficients and time of concentration

The site is situated in the belt of monsoon climates and governed by its tropical location as

well by the monsoonal regime, thus rainfall exhibits a strong seasonal variation. More than

50% of the total rainfall is received during the Second Inter Monsoon and North-Eastern

Monsoon (October to December).

Except for the low-lying downstream catchment sections (30 - 60 m AMSL) in the most

downstream of the Gal Oya Basin, the majority of area is covered with a narrow ridge of

mountain protruding above 100 m rising out of flat terrain leading to invert/reverse flow

conditions at several sections north-west. However, the Heda Oya sub-catchment is located

in the further d/s (80-100 m AMSL) and away from the downstream regional floodplain.

Therefore, the sub-catchment area is presumably not subjected to any flooding under

seasonal monsoonal storm event, except for extreme events where backwater flows from

downstream accumulation due to flow constrictions may cause localized temporary

inundation in some areas. Historical flood data are not available in the area.

A dendritic drainage pattern of stream flow can be identified in the Gal Oya basin (Figure

2.6) and it is probably the most common drainage pattern identified in Sri Lankan river

basins as well as in the world. This is characterized by irregular branching of tributary

streams in many directions and at almost any angle usually less than 900. According to

Cooray (1984) the basin belongs to the Vijayan Complex and it also has meta-sedimentary

and meta-igneous rocks. Therefore, Dendritic patterns develop on rocks of uniform

resistance and indicate a complete lack of structural control.


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Figure 2.6: Rivers and streams within the Monaragala District. Muthukandiya is located in the Heda Oya River Basin (Source: Dept. of Town & Country Planning, University of Moratuwa, 2007).

h. Floods and Droughts

No flood damages have been recorded in the recent past, at least for last 30 years.

However, drought conditions are a common phenomenon in the Muthukandiya Reservoir

area. The area falls in the High Drought Hazard region according to the Drought Hazard Map

of Sri Lanka prepared by the Disaster Management Center (2014) – See Figure 2.7.

Muthukandiya Dam


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Figure 2.7. Drought Hazard Map of Sri Lanka (Source: DMC and UNDP,2014)

i. Noise and Vibration

Background noise levels in the area were found to be very low varying in the range of 45 –

50 dB (A) during the site visit, indicating that no any artificial noise levels is generated in the

project area. The existing noise levels are attributed by the noise generated from the

rattling of leaves of trees by the wind and the occasional screech of birds passing and

roosting in the area. Occasional high noise is observed due to vehicles, motor bicycles and

three wheelers.

No significant vibration levels were perceived during the field visit indicating that vibration

induced activities were almost absent.

j. Air Quality

Occasional wind blows were observed during the site visit, which have been a common site

in the bund area. Such sporadic wind blowing has brought about airborne suspended


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particles, but, this scenario was not significant enough to be reckoned as an issue. The

canopy trees that have rooted down in the vicinity of the bund have sheltered the bund

area from escaping the airborne particles hence, no air quality issues were found.

Occasional vehicular movements were recorded along the bund, which sometimes causes

the airborne particles to be locally present. However, during the windy periods, one has to

be aware of airborne particles causing inconvenience to the pedestrians.

k. Water Quality

Water quality of Muthukandiya Reservoir seems to be relatively good with compared to

similar sized tanks. The water quality has not been degraded much as relatively less

anthropogenic activities are found to be operating in the surrounding of the tank. This is

evident from the color of water and clarity of the water column. In addition, there are no

floating macrophytes such as water hyacinth, which indicates that the nutrient levels in

water are relatively low. Chlorophyll concentrations are low to moderate, which shows

slight eutrophic conditions. It has been observed that the average pH is around 8.0, which

shows slight alkalinity in water, probably due to the geological formations. Apart from low

algal growth, slight turbidity issues were seen during the site visit, particularly in the area of

rip rap as the soil underneath was stirred up due to wind induced currents striking the rip

rap. This issue was very much localized and was not considered to be an adverse issue for

aquatic ecosystems.

2.3 Biological Environment with Flora and Fauna

2.3.1 Existing Habitats and ecological significance

As per the Figure 2.4 and 2.5(a), the area where Muthukandiya Reservoir is located is

classified as IL2- low country dry zone agro-ecologically, and this area has topography of

undulating terrain (Figure 2.3) and Reddish Brown Earth and Low Humic Glay as typical soil

types (Figure 2.4 and 2.5(a). Muthukandiya tank is located within the dry zone of the island

in Monaragala district. Natural vegetation types in this area belong to the ‘Dry and Arid

Lowlands’ floristic region. The typical natural climax vegetation types expected to be found

in this zone are tropical dry-mixed evergreen forests (Manilkara and mixed community)

tropical thorn forest, damana and villu grasslands, flood plain wetlands and riverine and

gallery forests. However, these habitats are not found in the area where the project

interventions are planned. The land use includes paddy lands, rain-fed upland crops, mixed

home gardens, scrublands, and natural forests. This tank is located close to Gal Oya

National park which is the nearest protected areas.

Problems identified during the site visit were, damages on the spillway basin in certain

areas, pot holes on the tank bund and damages of the existing riprap. Reconstruction of

the spillway basin may not affect the natural environment of the area as this part of the lake


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is a manmade structure. However, extra care should be taken while disposing the

construction debris. It is recommended to use dumping sites approved by the Pradeshiya

Sabha to dispose construction debris.

Improvements of the spill access road required gravelling and slope correction. This activity

may not affect the natural environment in this area. Filling of potholes and gravelling of

tank bund road also not affect the natural environment in the project site. However, this

activity may require large amount of gravel. Required amount of gravel is purchased from a

licensed gravel mining site. Riprap of the dam needs to repair as there is no riprap currently.

This activity requires a large number of rubble. Rubble is purchased from a licensed quarry

site. There are 9 trees situated along the riprap and the bund that need to remove during

rubble laying. Further there are few ant-holes located along the bund that need to remove

before the repair. Replacement of the sluice gate may adversely affect the stability of the

aquatic environment. This tank is a home for number of fish species and several families

depend on the daily fish catch of the tank. Therefore, extra care should be taken during this

activity

Ecologically sensitive habitats such as natural undisturbed forests or wetlands are not found

where the proposed interventions will be implemented. Both aquatic and terrestrial

habitats are found in the project area. The aquatic habitats are the tank and water

stagnated habitats below the dam. Two main terrestrial habitats based on the floristic

composition are cultivated lands, and tank bund/ reservation. The tank reservations are

properly maintained without any encroachments. Seepage areas of the downstream include

several stagnated water pools with extensively growth green algae. Shallow areas of the

tank have been colonized by aquatic weeds, but the densities are low. Large extents of

paddy fields are located downstream area away from the tank.

Flora

Invasive species

An invasive plant was observed from the tank and surrounding habitats which includes the terrestrial species Lantana (Lantana camara).

Lantana camara has been currently spreading in the tank bund, tank reservation and surrounding habitats. Since periodic removal of weeds from tank bund, distribution of Lantana camara is controlled to some extent. A few bushes of Lantana can be seen in fences around the cultivations and uncultivated lands. In addition, invasive aquatic species such as Japan Jabara (Eichhornia crassipes) can be seen as small patches in shallow areas of the tank.

Shallow reservoir side near the spillway support a low growth of water hyacinth (Eichhornia

crassipes) which supports some water birds such as Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii) and

Little Egret (Egretta garzetta).

List of flora recorded in Muthukandiya Reservoir project area is given in Table 2.2.


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Table 2.2. List of flora observed within the project site.

HA - Habitat; S - Shrub; H - Herb; T - Tree; C - Creeper

TS - Taxonomic status: N - Native; I - Introduced; E – Endemic; CS - Conservation Status

Family Scientific Name Common name HA TS CS

Amaranthaceae Achyranthes asper Gas Karal Heba H N

Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Amba T I

Apocynaceae Ichnocarpus frutescens Garandi Wel C N

Apocynaceae Rauvolfia canescens Wal Ekaweriya H I

Apocynaceae Calotropis gigantea Wara S N

Asteraceae Eupatorium odoratum Podisinno Maran S I

Asteraceae Tridax procumbens Tridax S I

Asteraceae Vernonia cineria Monara Kudumbiya H N

Asteraceae Vernonia zeylanica Pupula C E

Capparaceae Capparis zeylanica Wellangiriya S N

Fabaceae Alysicarpus vaginalis Aswenna H N

Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium Gliricidia T I

Fabaceae Mimosa pudica Nidikumba H I

Fabaceae Tamarindus indica Siyambala T I

Lamiaceae Anisomeles indica Kon T N

Malvaceae Abutilon indicum Anoda S N

Malvaceae Hibiscus micranthus Bebila H N

Malvaceae Hibiscus vitifolius Maha Epala S N

Malvaceae Urenia lobata Patta Epala S N

Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Kohomba T N

Poaceae Panicum repens Etora H N

Polygonaceae Polygonum tomentosum Sudu Kimbuwenna H N

Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mauritiana Masan T N

Rhamnaceae Ziziphus oenopila Heen Eraminiya S N

Verbenaceae Lantana camara Gandapana S I

Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Balu Nakuta H I

Several trees that situated along the tank bund needs to remove in order to facilitate construction activities. Therefore, it is proposed to replant the area with native plant species. A list of plant species that can be used for replanting is given below (Table 5.2).

The list of trees that need to be removed is given in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3. List of tree species that need to be removed during rehabilitation of the rip-rap

Family Scientific Name Common name DBH, cm Number of trees

Fabaceae Albizia sp Wal maara <10 6

Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephala Ipil Ipil <10 1

Lamiaceae Anisomeles indica Kon < 10 2


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Fauna

The project area which belongs to Gal Oya catchment. Together with the National Park

there have been 32 terrestrial mammals have been recorded. The Sri Lankan elephant, Sri

Lankan axis deer, water buffalo, Sri Lankan sambar deer, Sri Lanka leopard, toque monkey

and wild boar are among them. Included amongst the reptile species of the park are the

mugger crocodile and star tortoise. More than 150 species of birds have been recorded in

Gal Oya. The lesser adjutant, spot-billed pelican and red-faced malkoha are some of the

park's resident birds. The Indian cormorant, Oriental darter, grey heron, and lesser whistling

duck are among the common water birds of the Senanayake reservoir. The white-bellied

sea eagle, and grey-headed fish eagle are the notable raptors of the area. Gal Oya National

Park's butterfly species include the endemic lesser albatross.

The research trials have introduced fingerling of rohu (Labeo rohita) and common carp

(Cyprinus carpio) in cages in Muthukandiya reservoir.

List of fauna recorded in Muthukandiya Reservoir project area is given in Table 2.4.

Table 2.4. List of fauna species observed within the project site.

TS - axanomic status: N - Native; BrR - Breeding Resident; I - Introduced

CS - Conservation Status: EN - Endangered; NT - Near Threatned

Family Scientific Name Common name TS CS

Birds

Accipitridae Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus Grey-headed Fish-eagle BrR

Aegithinidae Aegithina tiphia Common Iora BrR

Alcedinidae Halcyon smymensis White-throated Kingfisher

BrR

Anhingidae Anhinga melanogaster Darter BrR

Apodidae Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian Palm Swift BrR

Ardeidae Ardeola grayii Pond Heron BrR

Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret BrR

Ardeidae Casmerodius albus Great Egret BrR

Ardeidae Egretta garzetta Little Egret BrR

Ardeidae Mesophoyx intermedia Intermediate Egret BrR

Charadriidae Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilit BrR

Charadriidae Vanellus indicus Red-wattled Lapwing BrR

Cisticolidae Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola BrR

Cisticolidae Prinia sylvatica Jungle Prinia BrR

Cisticolidae Prinia socialis Ashy Prinia BrR

Cisticolidae Prinia inornata Plain Prinia BrR

Columbidae Ducula aenea Green Imperial Pigeon BrR

Columbidae Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove BrR

Columbidae Treron pompadora Pompadour Green- BrR


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pigeon

Coraciidae Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller BrR

Crovidae Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow BrR

Crovidae Terpsiphone paradise

Asian Paradise-flycatcher

BrR

Cuculidae Dendrocygna javanica Lesser Whistling Duck BrR

Megalaimidae Megalaima rubricapilla Crimson-fronted Barbet BrR

Megalaimidae Megalaima zeylanica Brown-headed Barbet BrR

Meropidae Merops orientalis Green Bee-eater BrR

Muscicapidae Saxicoloides fulicata Indian Robin BrR

Nectariniidae Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Pale-billed Flower Pecker

BrR

Nectariniidae Nectarina zeylonica Purple-rumped Sunbird BrR

Nectariniidae Nectarina asiatica Purple Sunbird BrR

Passeridae Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia BrR

Passeridae Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia BrR

Passeridae Lonchura Malacca Black-headed Munia BrR

Passeridae Passer domesticus House Sparrow BrR

Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Indian Cormorant BrR

Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant BrR

Phasianidae Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl BrR

Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul BrR

Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus luteolus White-browed Bulbul BrR

Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Common Myna BrR

Sylviidae Orthoromus sutorius Common Tailorbird BrR

Sylviidae Turdoides affinis Yellow-billed Babbler BrR

Butterflies

Acraeidae Acraea viole Twany Coaster N

Danidae Danaus chrysippus Plain Tiger N

Danidae Danaus genutia Common Tiger N

Lycaenidae Caleta decidia Angled Pierrot N

Pieridae Belenois aurota Pioneer N

Pieridae Catopsilia pyranthe Mottled Emigrant N

Fresh Water Fish

Channidae Channa striata Murrel N

Channidae Channa sp Kanaya N

Cichilidae Etroplus suratensis Green Chromide N

Cichilidae Oreochromis niloticus Tilapia I

Cichilidae Oreochromis mossambicus Tilapia I

Claridae Clarias brachysoma Magura N NT

Cyprinidae Catla catla Catla I

Cyprinidae Labeo rohita Rohu I

Cyprinidae Puntius sp Petiya N

Penaeidae Penaeus sp Freshwater prawn N


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Mammels

Bovidae Bubalus bubalis Water buffalo N

Bovidae Bos indicus Domestic Cow I

Cercopithecidae Macaca sinica Toque Monkey E EN

Cercopithecidae Semnopithecus priam Grey langer N NT

Herpestidae Herpestes edwardsi Gray mongoose N

Herpestidae Herpestes smithii Ruddy mongoose N

Hystricidae Hystrix indica Large porcupine N

Leporidae Lepus nigricollis Black-nape hare N

Pteropodidae Pteropus giganteus Flying fox N

Sciuridae Funambulus palmarum Striped palm squirrel N

Suidae Sus scrofa Wild boar N

Viverridae Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Asian Palm Civet cat N

Viverridae Viverricula indica Indian civet N

Reptiles

Agamidae Calotes versicolour Garden Lizard N

Colubridae Pytas mucosa Common Rat Snake N

Elapidae Bungarus caeruleus Common Krait N

Elapidae Naja naja Spectacled Cobra N

Varanidae Varanus bengalensis Land Monitor N

Viperidae Daboia russelii Russell’s Viper N

2.3.3 Rare, Threatened and Endemic Flora and Fauna

The habitats in the project area are degraded due to human influence. Therefore, plant and

animal communities found in natural undisturbed habitats are not represented in these

areas. Only a few threatened species, the Rock Pigeon (CR) is considered threatened. Five

endemic animal species were also recorded (one butterfly, two birds and two mammals)

from the habitats in the project area. These habitats are dominated by pioneer/ secondary

and exotic plant species.

2.3.4 Migratory Paths

Established migratory paths of mammals are not found in the project area or in the

surrounding area of the tank. Some wild animals such as wild boar migrate to the proposed

project area occasionally and severely damage agricultural crops. Also there are signs that

elephants rarely visit the area.

2.3.5 Proposed borrow area

Gravel borrow site is situated close to the proposed site towards the forest area. The

location of the gravel extraction site is in very close proximity to the right bank of the


Page | 34

spillway. However, that area proposed for the gravel borrow site is under the jurisdiction of

Forest Department.

Invasive shrub Lantana camera (gandapana) dominates the open area while a good tree

cover exists along the border of the site. There are some native trees planted within that

site.

Figure 2.8. Proposed borrow area 1 for gravel

Figure 2.9. Proposed borrow area 2 for gravel


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Figure 2.9 (a). The access roads leading to the borrow areas (The two potos are for the two sites)

2.3.6 Areas proposed for material storage and stock piling

There are vast areas near the spillway which can be used for storage of material (earth, gravel, boulders and for rip rap construction etc.). These areas have no vegetation and therefore, storage of material will not create any negative impacts on flora, fauna or ecosystems.

Figure 2.9 (b). Proposed areas for material storage

The proposed area for material and spoil storage us located close to the spillway basin. This

area has no trees. Therefore, the area can be used for temporary storage of material,

including spoil. Machinery and vehicular yard will be located away from this area, which will

be selected by the contractor.


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Figure 2.10. Locations of gravel borrow site and material storage site

2.4 Socioeconomic Environment

2.4.1 Social justification of the rehabilitation of Muthukandiya dam

The stakeholders such as farmers, staff of irrigation department and local community

leaders highlighted the need of rehabilitation of certain features of the dam for its

sustainability for delivering the expected services. The views expressed by the stakeholders

justifying the proposed project are summarized below.

The head work of this irrigation scheme has not been comprehensively rehabilitated

since 1978. Therefore, it needs improvement.

The bund road is seriously dilapidated creating access problem for the users. This is

the road that connects Siyabalanduwa and Madulla DS divisions.

The surface of the 1100m long tank bund has large pot holes and these pot holes get

filled with storm water during rainy seasons. This has created deterioration of the

tank bund.

The height of the tank bund is low at the location it is connected to the me-al oya

through which this irrigation dam has been constructed. Therefore, some

stakeholders perceive this as a threat to the tank bund.

The sluice gates are continuously leaking and therefore, it is a loss to the water

resources retained in the tank.

Material storage area

Material storage area 1

Material storage area 2


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Spill basin of the dam is dilapidated and therefore, downstream of the tank bund at

this location and also spill way canal banks are getting eroded.

Downstream slopes of the bund are not properly established and also bund on the

downstream has many locations where soil has subjected for erosion.

This dam has no downstream toe drain and also toe road to provide protection to

the tank bund.

The tank does not receive adequate inflow in most of the months and therefore, the

tank’s bund should be strong enough to retain limited inflow to the tank.

2.4.2 Existing Socio-economic Environment

The dam is located in Siyambalanduwa and Madulla DS divisions of Monaragala District in

Uva province. The specific locations of difference features of head works in Muthukandiya

irrigation scheme are shown in Table 2.5.

The irrigation command area of Muthukandiya irrigation scheme spread within the

jurisdiction of 5 GN divisions such as Muthukandiya, Yakkadurawa, Manabarana,

Siyambalanduwa and Wijithapura. The Muthukandiya command area has a separate

highland cultivate with other field crops and this highland area falls within another 5 GN

divisions including Ruhunadanawwa, Helamulla, Gal amuna, Samanala Badda and Barawaya.

Both irrigated area and highland area located within Siyambalnaduwa DS division.

A small portion of Muthukandiya irrigation area falls within Madulla DS division but the

major area is located in Siyambalanduwa DS division. Muthukandiya is the largest irrigation

scheme located in Monaragala District.

The settlement of farmers in Muthukandiya was established during 1981-1984. There are

800 farmer families and each family has been allocated with 1 ha of irrigation land and 0.75

acres of residential land. In addition to this 800 families another 456 families also have been

given 2 ha of high land for each family for growing other field crops.

Muthukandiya is an ancient irrigation scheme constructed by father of King Manabarana

and this person was also grandfather of queen Sugala. In local term grandfather is called

“Mutta” and therefore, this irrigation scheme is named as Muthukandiya. This irrigation

tank was fully rehabilitated in 1976.


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Table 2.5. Locations of the specific features of Muthukandiya Head works

Feature of head work

DS division GN division Village

Dam and water spread area

Siyambalanduwa and Madulla

Barawaya, Mari arwa and Alugalge

Barawaya, Mari arawa, Alugalla, Madiyagolla

Catchment area Siyambalanduwa and Madulla

Barawaya, Mari arwa and Alugalge

Barawaya, Mari arawa, Alugalla, Madiyagolla

Command area Siyambalanduwa Muthukandiya ,

Yakk adurawa, Manabarana , Siyabalanduwa ,Wijitha pura

Muthukandiya,

Yak adurawa, Manabarana, Siyabalanduwa, Wijitha pura, Hamlets 1, 2, 3 and 4, also fisheries village.

The social assessment covered different geographical area for the study to achieve some specific objectives as mentioned in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6. The geographical units studied and the purpose

Geographical unit Purpose

Tank catchment To verify whether there are encroachers doing agriculture or some other water based livelihood activities.

Upstream of the bund and Water spread area

To document the availability of livelihood activities based on water in the reservoir such as fishery, bathing, washing.

Tank bund To document the uses of tank bund as access, to observe the problem in riprap, and other features of the dam(sluices, spill ways etc.)

Downstream of the bund To verify whether there are encroachers of the reservation of the downstream area.

Command area To document the size of the command area and the socio economic profile of users of the command area

Other water uses of the reservoir

To verify the availability of the uses of water other than farming and fishing.


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2.4.3 Land Use

The social study team collected the information on land use pattern of different features of the irrigation scheme. The information collected is shown in Table 2.7.

Table 2.7. Existing land use pattern

Features of irrigation scheme

Observed land use pattern

Tank catchment About 20-25 farmers cultivate other field crops in maha season and each farmer has about 1-1.5 acres for this purpose. These farmers are residing in Mari arawa and Alugolla GN divisions in Madulla DS division. Another about 6 acres in the catchment area of the tank are about to cultivate with rubber plantation. Another 10-15 farmers from Siyambalnaduwa and Barawaya GN area also cultivate other field crops such as pumpkin and maize in maha season. In yala season also about 6-8 persons from these 2 GN divisions cultivate vegetables in catchment area. The catchment area of Muthukandiya is about 1160 acres including water spread area.

Water spread area The water spread area of Muthukandiya tank is about 960 acres. In this area about 50 persons are involved in fishing activities and this group has 27 fishing boats. The tank has 3 bathing spots and these bathing spots are used by 100 families for bathing and washing. In addition to local community pilgrims visiting the area also use these bathing spots(at least 3-4 groups visit per month to the tank for bathing)

Tank bund The length of the tank bund is about 1100 m. This bund is used as access and this access connects Siyambalnduwa and Madulla DS divisions. About 200-250 families from Alugalge, Polgahagama, Mari arawa, Muthukandiya, Hamlet 2 and Barawaya village use this bund as access to reach their residential areas. At least about 100 different vehicles run along this bund road. In addition to these road users the officers of irrigation department and IMD use this bund road for their official activities.

D/S of the bund Downstream of the bund including its reservation is free from encroachment.

Command area The command area is about 2096 acres. This is cultivated by 867 farmers under 6 farmer organizations (FO), Muthukandiya Ekamuthu FO with 75 farmer s and 268 acres, Muthukandiya Gamunu FO with 136 farmers and 303acres. Yakkadurawa ranamayura FO with 178 farmers and 493 acres, Manabarana Siriparakum FO with 137 farmers and 311 acres, Siyambalnaduwa eksat FO with 144 farmers and 324 acres and Wijithapura Sri Wijithapura FO with 199 farmers and 497 acres.

The command area is cultivated in both seasons (Maha 100 % paddy and Yala 95% paddy and 5% with other field crops)

Other water uses of the reservoir

During August to September is water scarcity period and at least about 5-6 water bourses are taken from the tank by local community (about 10 – 12 families for domestic consumption)


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2.4.4 Demographic Data Relevant to the Project Area

The population in Siyambalnduwa DS division and its 5 GN divisions and also Madulla DS

division and its 2 GN divisions can be considered as indirectly beneficial population from the

Muthukandiya irrigation scheme. The details of population in these administrative units are

shown in Table 2.8.

Table 2.8. Population in DS and 5 GN divisions

Admin unit Families Population total

female male

Siyambalnduwa DS 16,428 30,432 31,047 61,479

Muthukandiya GN 232 399 386 785

Yakkadurawa GN 341 685 682 1,367

Manabarana GN 356 669 719 1,388

Siyambalnduwa GN 225 292 442 734

Wijithapura GN 423 690 729 1,419

Barawaya GN 261 971 690 1,361

Madulla DS 8,220 16,007 15,231 31,238

Mari Arawa GN 268 522 499 1,021

Alugalge GN 149 270 297 567

Total of GN population

2,455 4,198 4,444 8,642

The population depending on different features of the irrigation scheme can be defined as

direct beneficiaries of the proposed project. The details of these direct beneficiaries are

included in Table 2.9.


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Table 2.9. Direct beneficiaries

Features of irrigation scheme

Families Population

Tank catchment (encroaches for agriculture)

40 140

Water spread area

Fishing families

Bathing and washing

50

98

98

380

Tank bund(uses of the bund road)

250 875

Downstream of the bund(there are no encroaches)

No No

Command area

irrigated land(there are no families residing in command area. They are staying in hamlet area

Muthukandiya Ekamuthu FO Muthukandiya Gamunu FO

Yakkadurawa ranamayura FO Manabarana Siriparakum FO Siyambalnaduwa eksat FO Wijithapura Sri Wijithapura FO

75 families(285 population)

134 families(482 Population)





Total (867 families & 3297 population)

Other water uses (families fetching water from tank during dry season)

12 46

2.4.5 Economic Activities of Project Related Population

The economic activities of the direct beneficiary population relevant to each feature of

irrigation scheme are summarized in Table 2.10.

2.4.6 Other Water Uses

There are other water users other than people involved in agriculture and fishery but it is not an economic activity (fetching water from the tank for domestic use through bowses).


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Table 2.10. Economic activities of direct beneficiary population

Features of irrigation scheme Economic activities

Tank catchment 40 families cultivate maize, Pumpkin etc. in tank catchment during Maha seasons. Each family does this livelihood activity in about 1.5 acres and earns about Rs. 75000 from one acre/season.

Another 20 families are involved in other field crop cultivation in Yala seasons (mainly vegetable cultivation) and earn about Rs. 80,000 per acre.

Water spread area 50 fishing families carry out fishing activities in certain days of the month and their income during October to May is about Rs. 50,000/month but, income during June to September is only about Rs 25,000 per month.

Tank bund No economic activities performed

Downstream of the bund No economic activities performed

Command area The gross income possible from one acres of paddy is about Rs 88,000 in Maha season and Rs 82,500 in Yala season.( Annex 2 provides a case study to explain the cost benefit of 1 acre of paddy cultivation and also total yield and income of the entire irrigation scheme)

2.4.7 Sensitive places located in the vicinity of the irrigation scheme

A religious place (Wewe Devalaya known in local term) significant for farmers and a field

office of Irrigation Department including circuit bungalow are located within 250 m radius

from the tank bund.

2.4.8 Access to the project area

Muthukandiya Irrigation scheme can be reached through Ampara road that is connected to

Siyambaladuwa Junction. Muthukandiya Reservoir road in 4 Km length and it is connected

to Ampara road.

2.4.9 Infrastructure available in the project area

The roads up to the Reservoir are in good physical condition (recently improved).

The entire project area has access to electricity. Except few households most of the others

have obtained house connections. The people in the project area are dependents on ground

water for drinking purposes but, water quality is poor according to water users interviewed.


Page | 43

There is a community water supply scheme in the area but, the quality of water even in that

water supply scheme is not good.

2.5 Current Environmental Issues of the Project Area

This subsection discusses the other issues pertaining to the area other than those to be

caused by the project activities. The project activities may trigger some of them, resulting in

adverse impacts. Hence it is of paramount to mention such issues in brief in order to lessen

such impacts, if envisaged.

2.5.1 Physical Issues

Most of the village roads are gravel roads. Dust emission is one of the issues that the

villagers are facing, especially the households who live close to the rods during the dry

season. The runoff from the agricultural fields enters the reservoir. Villagers may use this

nutrient loaded water (including heavy metals) for drinking and bathing purposes. Excessive

nutrients entering the reservoir may lead to eutrophication and appearance of algal blooms.

2.5.2 Ecological Issues

Encroachments and slash and burn agricultural practices lead to loss of green cover and

erosion of land. There are no other significant ecological issues identified in the proposed

project area. Some invasive plant species such as Lantana and guinea grass are found in the

natural habitats, tank and tank bund/ toe areas. The periodic cutting of these controls their

colonization in these in terrestrial habitats. The presence of these species prevents the

establishment of indigenous herbs, shrub and some tree species in these habitats.

2.5.3 Socioeconomic Issues

The issues related to different aspects of livelihood system were highlighted by the stakeholders including community leaders and community members interviewed. The issues they highlighted are mentioned below:

Economy related issues: The unstable prices for agriculture produces, significant unemployment rate among youths and lack of land for second and third generation children.

Health related issues: Unavailability of good quality water for drinking, tendency of increasing kidney related diseases, Respiratory diseases during dry seasons due to dust.

Social harmony related issues: Most of the issues on this aspect are related to addiction to alcohol by majority of men in the area

Environmental related issues: Encroachment of Muthukandiya Tank reservation for


Page | 44

Agriculture, Spread of Mana grass in the area, Encroachment of canal and interior road reservations.

Problems with water sources: Decrease of water levels in drinking water wells in dry seasons, serious contamination of water sources due to excessive application of agro-chemicals.

The proposals of the community: The farmer leaders consulted suggested following as problems to be solved in their irrigation scheme. The problems are mentioned below:

Demarcation and separation of tank related reservations ( with boundary stones

etc.)

Removal of encroachers from the tank catchment area

Construction of another 2 bathing spots for the communities in suitable locations.

Improvements to the spillway road to provide facilities to the communities to use

the access to reach their villages even during rainy days

Desiltation of tank bed

Explore possibility to enhance the inflow to the tank by diverting additional water

from Heda Oya.


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3. Proposed Interventions


Page | 46

3.1 Proposed Engineering Interventions

A list of current structural and operational issues of the dam was given to the consultants

for verification during the reconnaissance field visit. The consultants verified the issues in

the provided list to them and also included other issues not yet included in the original list.

The issues verified by the consultants and also the new issues identified with the assistance

of Irrigation officers of the Dam are summarized in Table 3.1.

Current Issues

The TOR identifies the following as the main issues pertaining to the Dam, and its structures:

Damage of the spillway basin

Appearance of pot-holes in the tank bund

Damages in the existing riprap

Proposed Interventions

The TOR identifies the following as the proposed interventions for the Dam and its structures as a

solution to address the above-mentioned issues:

Demolition and reconstruction of spillway basin

Improvements of the spill access road

Filling potholes and gravelling the tank bund

Improvements in riprap

Improvements to sluice gate and fence

Table 3.1: Current issues at Muthukandiya Tank and Proposed Construction Methodology

Issues identified as per the ToR

Issue Intervention Construction methodology

Damage of the

spillway basin

Demolition and

reconstruction of spillway

basin

Improvements of the spill

access road

Demolishing existing damaged 1:3:6

(40 mm) concrete layer (100 mm thk)

and removing debris outside of the

reservoir as directed

Demolishing existing damaged

Random rubble masonry (225 mm

HA) & Removing, debris outside of

the reservation as directed.

Earth excavation in foundation &

spoil to waste as directed, cut & lift

up to 1.5 m haul 30 m by manually.


Page | 47

Earth Excavation from borrow areas

by machinery and placing,

compacting filling for dam and

including watering by manually (eut

& lift 0-1.5 m, haul 5 km)

supplying & laying Polythene 36/500

(gauge 150 g/sqm)

Mixing, placing, compacting & curing

1:4:8(40 mm) Cement concrete

including form work. & local

transport (machinery )

Supplying, making & fixing 16 mm

thick Plywood form work for each of

06 uses and removing same once

including local transport.


1:3:6 (40 mm) Cement concrete

excluding form work. & including

local transport (machinery )

Furnishing, cutting, bending, binding

and placing for steel reinforcement






Furnishing &placing 225*150 mm

thick rubble packing including local

transport.

Fixing & removing 12 mm thk. 250

mm height Regiform with Tar Blinder

for Expansion joints

Demolition & Reconstruction of the Spill

Access Road in Muthukandiya scheme

Demolishing existing damaged 1:3:6

(40 mm) concrete layer (100 mm thk)

& Removing debris outside of the

reservation as directed.


Random rubble masonry (225 mm

thk) & removing debris outside of the




Page | 48



including watering by manually (cut


Supplying & laying polythene 36/500

(gauge 150 g/sqm)





Mixing, placing. Compacting & curing




Furnishing, cutting, bending, binding

and placing for steel reinforcement


Fixing & removing 12 mm thick 250

mm height 3.2.8 Regiform with Tar

Blinder for Expansion joints

Appearance of

pot-holes in the

tank bund

Filling potholes and

gravelling the tank bund

Filling Pot Holes & Gravelling the Tank

Bund in Muthukandiya scheme (from

0+000 km to 1+100 km)



compacting filling for darn and

including watering by manually for

Potholes.(cut & lift 0-1.5 m, haul 5

km)

Grave] Excavation from borrow areas


compacting filling for darn and

including watering by manually (cut


Stripping top soil including removing

debris outside of the reservation-by

machinery.

Damages in the

existing riprap

Improvements in riprap Construction of Rip Rap (part) @ 0+150

km to 1+000 km in Muthukandiya

scheme

Striping top soil & spoil to waste by

machinery.




Page | 49


including watering by manually.(cut


Gravel Excavation from borrow areas



including watering by manually.(cut


Furnishing & Placing 450 mm thk

Rubble Rip Rap including local

transport

Malfunctioning of

the sluice gate

Improvements to sluice

gate and fence

Removing Existing Rod & main sluice

gate, Supplying & fixing new Rod & 3'

x 4' C.I main sluice gate including all

accessories.

Removing Existing Rod & Emergency

sluice gate, Supplying & fixing new

Rod & steel Emergency sluice gate

including all accessories.

Removing Existing hand rails, Supplying

& fixing new hand rails including all

accessories.

Removing existing hand rails in sluice

tower (manually)

Supplying & fabricating & fixing new

Handrail for sluice tower

OTHER INTERVENTIONS

Lack of safety in the

periphery of the

sluice

Removing Existing barbed wire

fence, Supplying & fixing new

PVC coated GI wire mesh fence

for sluice including all

accessories.

Demolishing & Removing existing

damaged Barbed wire fence &

Removing debris outside of the




up to 1 .5 m haul 30 m by manually.

Supplying & fixing fence post from

(2.575 m long) 2" diameter G.I. pipes

& supporting by two no of horizontal

pipes in (2.35 m long) 1.5" diameter

G.I. pipes between two no of fence

posts including cutting, welding &

furnishing the post & fence.





Page | 50

local transport





Supplying & fixing 1.5 m*0.75 m size

gate for fence around the sluice.

Supplying & fixing approved quality

barbed wires for fence around the

sluice with necessary hooks &

washers as directed

Applying two coat of approved

quality enamel paint durable from

water after preparing surface as

directed.

Supplying & fixing approved quality

PVC coated gauge 10 chain link

fences as directed including

necessary tension wires fence posts

horizontal bars will be separately.

No steps along the

D/S slope to reach the

toe area

Construction of new steps for

access to D/S of the sluice












No Name Board

available

Construction of new Name

board with reservoir data.


Reservoir Name board foundation &

Removing debris outside of the












Page | 51

06 uses and removing same once.

including local transport

112 mm thick Brick work in 1:5

cement & sand mortar,(size of the

brick should be L = 220 mm W = 105

mm H <65 mm)

16 mm thick smooth plaster for walls

in 1:1:5 cement lime sand mix

finished smooth with lime putty.

Applying one coat of approved

quality wall primer & two coats of

approved quality weather shield

paint to new walls after applying lime

putty & sand preparing, applying

plaster of pairs & preparing surface

as directed.

Installing Reservoir data for Name

board.(with 8’x 4' plastic board)

Photographic evidence for the identified issues in Table 3.1 is given in Figure 3.1 below.

In addition to above, there are further issues raised by the community. The farmer leaders those who were consulted suggested the following as issues that they are facing which need to be solved in their irrigation scheme. The problems are mentioned below:

Demarcation and separation of tank related reservations ( with boundary stones

etc.)

Removal of encroachers from the tank catchment area

Construction of another 2 bathing spots for the communities in suitable locations.

Improvements to the spillway road to provide facilities to the communities to use

the access to reach their villages even during rainy days

Desiltation of tank bed

Explore possibility to enhance the inflow to the tank by diverting additional water

from Heda Oya.

It is suggested that DSWRPP would look into the above issues, if possible.


Page | 52

Figure 3.1: Photographs on Main Issues of Muthukandiya Dam

Figure 3.1a. Damages to the spillway basin


Page | 53

Figure 3.1b. Spill access road needs repairs


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Figure 3.1c. Soil borrow site

Figure 3.1d. Gravel borrow site


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Figure 3.1e. Soil borrow site access road and Gravel site access road need widening and clearing of road-side vegetation


Page | 56

Figure 3.1f. Po-holes in the tank bund needs filling and repairs


Page | 57

Figure 3.1g. Damages in the existing rip-rap


Page | 58

Figure 3.1h. Removal of ant holes is needed in the U/S bund slope


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Figure 12. Removal of several small trees are needed in the U/S bund slope


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3.1.1 Resource and Material Requirements for Proposed Interventions of Muthukandiya Reservoir

Only the major requirements are recorded below, which are presumed to have environmental impacts during extraction, transportation, storage and subsequent use in construction work. Other minor material requirements have not been considered here due to small quantities to be handled relative to the material requirements that have been recorded below:

(a) Demolition and reconstruction of spillway basin

- Demolition of existing concrete layer: 67.0 m3

- Demolition of exiting random rubble masonry: 151.0 m3

- Earth excavation for foundations and spoil to waste: 16.8 m3

- Earth needed from borrow areas: 50.25 m3

- Concrete needed for new construction: 1:4:8 (40 mm ): 67.0 m3 & 1:3:6 (40 mm): 25.63 m3 & 1:2:4 (20 mm): 100.5 m3

- Steel for reinforcement of concrete structures: 3,729 kg

- Rubble packing: 106.5 m3

(b) Improvements of the spill access road

- Demolition of existing concrete layer: 7.0 m3

- Demolition of exiting random rubble masonry: 15.75 m3

- Earth excavation for foundations and spoil to waste: 5.25 m3

- Earth needed from borrow areas: 5.25 m3

- Concrete needed for new construction: 1:4:8 (40 mm ): 7.0 m3 & 1:2:4 (20 mm): 10.5 m3

- Steel for reinforcement of concrete structures: 392 kg

(c) Filling potholes and Rehabilitation of the Tank Bund Road

- Stripping top soil and removal of debris: 511.20 m3

- Earth needed from borrow areas: 1,647.20 m3

- Gravel needed from borrow areas: 1,278.00 m3

(d) Rehabilitation of the Rip Rap:

- Stripping top soil and spoil to waste: 255.50 m3

- Earth needed from borrow areas: 1,358.00 m3

- Gravel needed from borrow areas: 675.00 m3

- Removing existing rip rap and relaying: 1,578 m3

- Placing rubble for rip rap (in addition to existing rubble in the rip rap): 910 m3


Page | 61

3.2 Proposed Borrowing Activities and Identified Borrow Sites

3.2.1 Turfing Materials

The turfing materials are required to prevent the soil erosion in slopes during the rainy

season. The grasses suitable for turfing are available in tank beds and in open grounds close

to the tanks.

3.2.2 Earth

Earth for spillway basin, spill access road, rehabilitation of bund road and rip rap

rehabilitation is about 3,060 m3. Earth will be obtained from the tank bund areas when they

are exposed during the dry season. There are several locations that have been identified as

earth borrow sites which are located near the spillway and bed areas near the Irrigation

Department office premises.

3.2.3 Rubble/Boulders, aggregates and metal

Rubble needed for rip rap construction is about 910 m3 and about 1,578 m3 of rubble in the

existing rip rap can be used for relaying. The spill access road construction needs 106.5 m3

of rubble. Therefore, the rubble requirement is about 1,015.5 m3. Aggregates and metal

required for concrete production for spillway basin, spill access road is about 105 m3.

Rubble, metal and aggregates can be procured from Licensed (GSMB) suppliers. Quotations

will be called according to accepted procurement guidelines and the suppliers will be

selected.

3.2.4 Sand

Sand required for concrete production for spillway basin, spill access road is about 75

m3.Sand mining of Mahaweli River is carried out by the GSMB at Mahiyanganaya. Sand

could be purchased at Mahiyanganaya or if another location is selected a permit for

extracting sand from the river would be required from the Geological Survey and Mines

Bureau (GSMB). Quotations will be called according to accepted procurement guidelines

and the suppliers will be selected.

3.2.5 Gravel

Gravel for rehabilitation of bund road and rip rap rehabilitation is about 1,953 m3. A site

located near the spillway has been selected as borrow area to extract gravel for the

construction work of the bund, bund road and the toe road (See Figure 2.10).

The location for the above identified borrow site is given in Figure 2.10.


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3.3 Proposed Interventions that could Affect Neighboring Communities

The Irrigation Department assumes that the proposed development interventions to repair

the rip rap will be implemented during water low period of the tank (just after Yala season

harvesting). If the contractor cannot complete the proposed sensitive development

interventions within the short dry spell there may be a need to keep the tank with low

water levels or postpone the sensitive construction work to the next season where tank

would experience low water levels. If water level is lowered there will be disturbances to

the cultivation planning in the irrigation scheme. Rehabilitation of the bund road and

construction of the spillway (and spill access road) are the most essential needs under the

proposed dam safety development interventions. There can be some temporary

disturbances to the local communities who use to access their villages/Chena over the bund

road during construction of the bund road and the spill access road.

Table 3.2. Potential impacts that would affect the neighborhood communities

Development Intervention

Likelihood impact on neighboring communities

Improvements to the

bund road and spill

access road

The soil for the Bund repairs will be brought from an area close to Tangal

Oya Mandiya Temple, The distance from this location to the Tank bund is

2Km and the communities residing close to the road will have some

disturbances due to dust and congestion of frequent running of heavy

vehicles, the gravel will be transported from an area located about 25 km

distance from the tank bund. This area is known as Kotiyagala watta and

the residents living close to the roads will have disturbances.

Repairs to the

downstream of the

tank bund with toe

drain and toe road

The metal will be transported from an area known as Dombagahawatta

quarry located about 4 Km distance from the tank. The communities living

close to the roads will have disturbances.

Almost all the interventions will affect the neighboring communities for a certain extent;

however, they are not significant. Following interventions that have been proposed can be

listed as interventions that could affect neighboring communities:

Material transport, stockpiling especially for graveling the bund road, rip rap

construction, correcting the slopes of the bund etc.

Transportation activities will create dust, noise and vibration which will be a

nuisance to the neighboring communities.

Constructing the rip rap, slope correction, etc. will obstruct the movements along

the bund

Rehabilitating the bund road will prevent access to the tank

.


Page | 63

3.4 Proposed Interventions that could affect the Natural Habitats

The natural habitats found in the proposed project area and the identified borrow site are

highly degraded. The natural undisturbed habitats or vegetation formations are not found in

the project site or in the borrow site. The existing degraded habitats do not contain critical

elements of biodiversity such as endemic or threatened species confined to the dry zone of

Sri Lanka. The plant species found in these habitats mainly represented by the pioneer/

secondary species, exotic weeds and invasive species. Threatened and endemic species are

not present in these degraded habitats.

The proposed project interventions such as pilling of riprap rubble, packing of removed or

additional new rubble, do not make major disturbances to the existing habitats. Removal of

trees is minimal for any of the activities. Uprooting of herbs, shrubs and climbers in the rip

rap area should be carried out before repairing the rip rap. The clearing of herbs and shrubs

will have temporary impacts on some faunal species, e.g. butterflies and birds, since they

depend on nectar of flowers and fruits of these species. However, individuals of these plant

species are found in the nearby habitats and therefore the impacts would be negligible.


Page | 64

4. PROJECT INDUCED IMPACTS


Page | 65

4.1 Identification of project induced impacts

Note: The anticipated impacts described under this section are mainly for the construction

phase only. However, any impacts that are induced during operational stages (if any) are

also presented where applicable. The impacts are confined to negative impacts, as the

positive impacts as a result of improved dam safety and improved operational capacities of

Head works are obvious and perceived.

Impacts were classified into three categories:

No: Environmental effects are perceived to have been no change at all.

Low: Environmental effects are not detectable or are so minor that they will neither

destabilize nor noticeably alter any important attribute of the resource.

Moderate: Environmental effects are sufficient to noticeably alter important attributes of

the resource, but not to destabilize them.

High: Environmental effects are clearly noticeable and are sufficient to destabilize the

resource.

Table 4.1 depicts the possible impacts together with their significance on each intervention

proposed.


Page | 66

Table 4.1: Possible impacts due to the proposed interventions and their significance


Issue Intervention Anticipated Impacts Significance

Damage of the

spillway basin Demolition and


basin


access road

Impact on ecological environment:

Adverse impact of the nearby habitats in spillway area will occur during the

construction phase. Also negative impacts in borrow sites due to the

removal of soil/ gravel would be expected. Excavated pits need to be filled

to prevent collecting rain water, and creating a habitat for mosquito

breeding during the rainy season.

Low

Impact on social environment:

This will be fairly significant and time consuming construction activity in this

dam. If it gets delays there can be some implications to fill the tank up to its

FSL level. Some community members’ access their villages/chenas through

the road across the spillway and there can be some disturbances to these

community members during construction period.

Low

Impacts on physical environment:

Removal and disposal of debris and excavated material

This activity involves the demolition of the existing concrete (67 m3). The

existing random rubble masonry will be removed (151 m3), which will be

part of the construction material (this will partially satisfy the need of

requirement of rubble for reconstruction). The surface preparation will

produce significant amounts of spoil material which need disposal.

Increasing the possibilities of erosion

The proposed construction need small amounts of soil excavation (16.8 m3

of excavation for foundations) before construction of the spillway, spillway

Low

Low


Page | 67

bed and the stilling bed.

Raw water quality of surface water bodies

Raw water quality of surface water bodies can be affected due to soil

erosion. Soil particles that enter nearby water bodies, such as the tank and

canals etc., can result in temporary turbidity problems. However, the

duration of this exposure is short in duration and hence adverse impacts

anticipated would be not be significant.

Hindrance to vehicular movements, damage to the crest road surface

due to movement of heavy vehicles, temporary storage of earth along

the crest road and elsewhere

The earthwork involved in the construction work is small (50.25 m3). Borrow

material once brought to the site (50.25 m3) has to be unloaded and

stockpiled for subsequent use. This might block the existing run on and off

paths which may create erosion problems elsewhere.

Material transport may result in congestion of local roads. There are

dwelling units along haulage routes and elevated levels of traffic matter can

become a minor temporary adverse impact during the construction period.

Noise and vibration

Earth excavation, demolition of the existing concrete surface (67 m3), and

most of the other activities will generate noise. Much of the proposed work

will be carried out using machinery. However, small machinery will be used

for excavating and rubble and earth transport. Noise and vibration is

expected to be high, however, will last only for several days because the

construction is small.

Dust generation

Small amounts of earth work (16.8 m3 of earth excavation, demolition of the

existing surface (67 m3), earth needed for filling (50.25 m3) and most of the

other activities would produce airborne dust, which are temporary and

Low

Low

Low

Low


Page | 68

limited to short durations and will be restricted to a small area. Therefore,

air pollution due to the proposed work can be considered not significant.

Pollution of Soil and Water via Fuel and Lubricants

Activities such as operation of construction vehicles, parking areas,

fuel/lubricants spills storage sites, machinery and equipment maintenance

and refueling will generate pollutants that have the potential to pollute soil

and water.

Health and sanitation of worker’s camps

This impact is common for all the activities. The temporary camps, if not

managed properly, may create an unhealthy environment causing health

hazards to both workers and nearby residents. However, the number of

workers to be employed seems not many. Hence the impact is insignificant.

Management of waste (other than construction and excavated material)

and wastewater

Significant quantities of construction waste (e.g., during stripping of top soil)

are expected. In contrast, food items even in small quantities may attract

stray animals. However, the overall impact is very low.

Safety of workers at work

The earthwork involved in the construction work is small. The proposed

construction activities are small-scale and would not pose a severe hazard

and are not potential to cause physical injury to workers during

construction.

Low

Low

Low

Low

Appearance of

pot-holes in the

tank bund


gravelling the tank bund Impact on Ecological Environment:

Damage to terrestrial and aquatic habitat

No impact is anticipated.

Threat of spreading of invasive species

The material to be extracted from the tank bed which is inundated during

Low

Low


Page | 69

the most of the time of the year. So there is a very less possibility of

spreading such species during material extraction.

Effect on fauna

There can be insignificant levels of noise and dust produced during material

transportation and construction work. In addition, due to heavy machinery

there may be temporary disturbances to the animals (especially migratory

birds) inhabiting the tank area.

However, the quantity of work will be less and hence the impact will be low.

Effect on aquatic habitat

Sediments, oil & grease and other chemicals that can be mixed into tank

water can pollute the aquatic habitat and will affect the fish and other

aquatic faunal species.

Low

Low

Impact on Social Environment

Impact due to Material Transportation

Transportation routes of the borrow material (earth and Gravel) not

associated with the residential area and hence impact will be low or none

Impact due to blockage of access

There will be some disturbances to the users of the bund road during

construction period; About 250 families in 5 villages use the bund road to

reach their villages. This impact will be temporary and confined to

construction period, they will have improved surface of the bund in the

post-construction period.

Low

Moderate


Page | 70

Impacts on Physical Environment:

Hindrance to surface runoff

Borrow material once brought to the site has to be unloaded and stockpiled

for subsequent use. This might block the existing run – on and off paths

which may create erosion problems elsewhere.

However the quantity to be handled seems to be small, hence the impact

may not be significant.


Runoff through material borrow areas and unloading sites could lead to

wash off of soil particles to nearby water bodies such as canals, tanks

streams etc. resulting in temporary turbidity problems. However, the

quantity to be handled seems to be very low, hence adverse impacts

anticipated would be insignificant.

Increasing the possibilities of erosion of the U/S/and D/S slopes

Exposed areas of the bund are susceptible to erosion.

Increase in vehicular traffic during transport of construction materials

Material transport may result in air pollution through giving rise to elevated

levels of airborne dust. There are dwelling units along haulage routes and

elevated levels of airborne particulate matter can become a minor

temporary adverse impact during the construction period.

Health and sanitation of worker’s camps and that of residents in the

adjoining areas



Moderate

Low

Moderate

Low

Low


Page | 71



Management of construction waste and excavated material and

wastewater

No significant quantities of construction waste are expected. In contrast,

food items even in small quantities may attract stray animals. However, the

overall impact is very low.

Generation of noise, vibration and dust affecting the social and biological

environment

Noise and vibration is very low due to the small-scale nature of construction

activities. Activities that would produce airborne dust are temporary and

limited to short durations and will be restricted to a small area.

Low

Low

Damages in the

U/S slope and

rip rap

Improvements in riprap Impact on ecological environment:

Adverse impact of the nearby habitats in rip rap area will occur during the construction phase. There are 9 trees situated along the riprap and the bund that need to remove during rubble laying. Further there are few ant-holes located along the bund that need to remove before the repair.

Common name Dbh, cm Number of trees

Wal maara <10 6

Ipil Ipil <10 1

Kon < 10 2

Also negative impacts in borrow sites due to the removal of soil/ gravel

would be expected. Excavated pits need to be filled to prevent collecting

rain water, and creating a habitat for mosquito breeding during the rainy

season.

Removal of existing vegetation in the rip rap, mainly herbs and shrubs will

Low


Page | 72

not be significant. Only shrubs and creepers are present in the rip rap. No

damages to ecosystems or habitats.

There can be significant levels of noise and dust produced during material

transportation and construction work. There may be temporary disturbances

to the animals (especially migratory birds and elephants during dry season)

visiting or inhabiting the tank area due to heavy machinery.

The earth will be obtained from the reservoir bed which goes underwater

during the HFL.


If rip rap rehabilitation cannot be completed within the water low period in

the tank there may be a need for lowering the water level or to postpone

the work to the next water low period of the tank.

Significant


Removal and disposal of debris and excavated material

This activity involves the clearing of and stripping of top soil (255.50 m3)

along the bund slope. Part of the existing riprap will be completely removed

and the surface has to be prepared for subsequent re-laying of the riprap.

The surface preparation will produce significant amounts of soil material

which need disposal.


The proposed construction need significant amounts of earth (1,358 m3) and

gravel (675 m3) excavation. Rip rap rehabilitation need stripping of top soil

along the U/S slope, filling and compaction. Such earth work will lead to soil

erosion, slope erosion and erosion of the exposed surfaces in the borrow

Low-Moderate

Moderate


Page | 73

areas.



wash off of soil particles. Raw water quality of surface water bodies can be

affected due to soil erosion. Soil particles that enter nearby water bodies,

such as the tank and canals etc., can result in temporary turbidity problems.

However, the duration of this exposure is short in duration and hence

adverse impacts anticipated would be not be significant.


due to movement of heavy vehicles, temporary storage of earth along

the crest road and elsewhere

The earthwork involved in the construction work is large (earth - 1,358 m3

and gravel - 675 m3). Borrow material once brought to the site has to be

unloaded and stockpiled for subsequent use. This might block the existing

run on and off paths which may create erosion problems elsewhere.

Material transport may result in congestion of local roads. There are

dwelling units along haulage routes and elevated levels of traffic matter can

become a minor temporary adverse impact during the construction period.

Movement of heavy vehicles will damage the crest road and access roads in

the vicinity.





Moderate

Moderate


Page | 74

Dust generation

Large amounts of rubble (910 m3) and earth work (earth - 1,358 m3 and

gravel - 675 m3), stripping of the top soil along the slope (255 m3) and most

of the other activities would produce airborne dust, which are temporary

and limited to short durations and will be restricted to a small area.

Therefore, air pollution due to the proposed work can be considered not

significant.


The rubble and earthwork need a large fleet of heavy vehicles and heavy

machinery. Activities such as operation of construction vehicles, parking

areas, fuel/lubricants spills storage sites, machinery and equipment

maintenance and refueling will generate pollutants that have the potential

to pollute soil and water.







and wastewater

Significant quantities of construction waste (e.g., during stripping of top soil)

are expected. In contrast, food items even in small quantities may attract

stray animals. However, the overall impact is very low.


Placing the rubble for the riprap will be done manually. Placing and moving

Moderate

Low

Low

Low

Low


Page | 75

rubble from the bund crest towards the bund slopes involve extensive

amount of manual labour work. These activities pose a severe hazard and

potential to cause physical injury to workers during moving heavy loads

downhill/uphill.

Damages in the

spill access road

Improvements to access

road to tank bund

Impacts on ecological environment:

There are few alien invasive species recorded among the vegetation found

on tank bund U/S and D/S slopes as well as in the identified borrow areas

during the ecological survey and hence there is a possibility of introducing

such invasive species to the project impact area together with the material

brought into the site and disposal material transport from the site.

Low

Impacts on social environment:

There are about 30 households are residing across the spill basin on the

other side of the tank. These families will have disturbances in their present

flexible mobility along the access road and spillway basin. There will be

some other problems due to dust and noise. These impacts will be confined

to construction period.

Low


Page | 76


Hindrance to surface runoff, hindrance to vehicular movements during

temporary storage of material along the crest road and elsewhere

Borrow material once brought to the site has to be unloaded and stockpiled

for subsequent use. This might block the existing run on and off paths which

may create erosion problems elsewhere.

The quantity to be handled seems to be moderate hence the impact may be

relatively not significant



wash off of soil particles to nearby water bodies such as canals, tanks

streams etc. resulting in temporary turbidity problems. However, the

quantity to be handled seems to be very low, hence adverse impacts

anticipated would be insignificant.


due to temporary storage of rubble among the crest road and elsewhere










Low

Low

Low

Low


Page | 77


and wastewater

No significant quantities of construction waste are expected. In contrast,

food items even in small quantities may attract stray animals. However, the


Generation of noise, vibration and dust affecting the social and

biological environment

Noise and vibration can occur during compaction of the aggregate layer and

related activities. Activities that would produce airborne dust are temporary

and limited to short durations and will be restricted to a small area.


Placing the concrete will be done manually. These activities pose a moderate

hazard and potential to cause physical injury to workers during moving

heavy loads.

Low

Low

Low

Malfunctioning

of the sluice gate


gate and fence


No significant ecological impact during the construction.

Low


No significant negative impacts during the construction are envisaged. This

activity can be carried out without negative impacts during water low period

of the tank

Low


Lowering of water level is not necessary if the work is carried out during the

rehabilitation of the rip rap, hence the impact can be considered to be low.

Low


Page | 78

Issues identified during the initial site visit

Issue Intervention Anticipated Impacts Significance

Lack of safety in

the periphery of

the sluice

Removing Existing barbed

wire fence, Supplying &

fixing new PVC coated GI

wire mesh fence for sluice




-


No significant negative impacts during the construction are envisaged. This

activity can be carried out without negative impacts during water low

period

Low


Lowering of water level is not necessary, hence the impact can be

considered to be low.

Low

No steps along

the D/S slope to

reach the toe

area

Construction of new steps

for access to D/S of the

sluice

Impact on Ecological Environment:

No significant ecological impacts during construction is envisaged

-

Impact on Social Environment:

No significant negative impacts during the construction are envisaged.

-

Impact on Physical Environment:

No significant impacts during the construction are envisaged. However,

general impacts such as generation of construction waste, excavated

material, wastewater, generation of noise and vibration and dust which

affect the social and biological environment could be envisaged. Since the

amount of work that has to be carried out is small, the impact is

Low


Page | 79

insignificant.

No Name Board

available


board with reservoir data.


No significant ecological impacts during construction is envisaged

-


No significant negative impacts during the construction are envisaged.

-


No significant impacts during the construction are envisaged.

-


Page | 80

4.2 Quantification of their significance

Determining the significance of impacts places value on impact magnitude. It relates to the

importance society places on the resources affected, the importance of the impact to system

stability and sustainability.

Quantification of impact magnitude in this study has been objective-based backed by prior

experience of the team of consultants, rather than applying numerical and/or scientific

principles and theories. Once the impact magnitude was determined based on the proposed

construction methodology for each intervention, each expert has decided on the significance of

the impacts based on their area of expertise. Significant impacts will be the focus of mitigation

measures and subsequent monitoring, as outlined in the report.

Factors that have been considered in determining of impact significance include (but are not

limited to):

Area of Influence: Impact significance is often directly related to the size of the area

affected.

Amount of Resource Usage: The greater the amount of resource usage, the more

significant the impact.

Status of Resources: Impacts due to usage of limited resources are usually considered

more significant than impacts to common or abundant resources.

Persistence of Impacts: Permanent or long-term changes are usually more significant

than temporary ones. The ability of the resource to recover, after the activities are

complete, is related to this effect.

Sensitivity of Resources: Impacts to sensitive resources are usually more significant than

impacts to those that are relatively resilient to impacts.

Regulatory Status: Impacts to resources that are protected (e.g., endangered species,

air quality, cultural resources, water quality) typically are considered more significant

than impacts to those without regulatory status.

Societal Value: Some resources have societal value, such as archaeological, cultural and

sacred sites, traditional practices, and recreational areas.

Hence, quantification of impacts was done based on the above-mentioned criteria only for the

impacts that are perceived to be either moderate or high.

There will be no negative social impacts if the contractors could complete the rip rap

rehabilitation within the planned period in which water levels of the tank is low.


Page | 81

Table 4.2. Significance of impacts

Impact Values indicating the significance

If rip rap rehabilitation cannot be completed

within the water low period in the tank there may

be a need for lowering the water level or to

postpone the work to the next water low period of

the tank.

The loss of one Yala season if forgone is about Rs 172.9 M. The average income from one acre is Rs 82,500 and the total extent is about 2,096 acres (See Annex 2).

There will be some disturbances to the users of the bund road during construction period,

About 250 families in 5 villages use the bund road to reach their villages.


Page | 82

5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN


Page | 83

5.1 General overview

The purpose of this Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to manage the anticipated on

and off-site environmental impacts due to the interventions proposed to remedy identified

issues of the dam. Therefore, it is necessary to first scan the issues that have arisen to

compromise the safety and operational efficiency of the Muthukandiya Reservoir. The

following issues and their mitigation measures were identified and presented in the EMP.

5.2 Identification of impacts and their mitigations

This section summarizes the mitigation measures to be implemented for the identified

environmental impacts that can potentially occur predominantly during the construction

phase of the proposed interventions (Table 5.1). This table indicates only the ones that need

mitigation measures and those that are not listed here would not require any mitigation

measures.

The DSWRPP has a strong focus on proper environmental management. Therefore, the

focus of environmental management of the project has not been limited to managing those

impacts arising due to the proposed interventions but also to improve adverse

environmental conditions that will prevail during rehabilitation work by applying proper

mitigation strategies.

As a part of the EMP, appropriate institutional arrangements to implement the proposed

measures and clearances and/or approvals needed by the project prior to its

implementation have been proposed after discussing with the responsible authorities

(Table 5.2). For each proposed intervention, the EMP defines the technical content, roles

and responsibilities of stakeholders, schedule of implementation and methods of

monitoring etc.


Page | 84

Table 5.1: Proposed mitigatory measures for the identified impacts


Intervention and

intervention Anticipated Impacts Mitigation measure

Issue:

Damage of the spillway

basin

Interventions

Demolition and


basin


access road


Adverse impact of the nearby habitats in spillway area

will occur during the construction phase. Also negative

impacts in borrow sites due to the removal of soil/

gravel would be expected. Excavated pits need to be

filled to prevent collecting rain water, and creating a

habitat for mosquito breeding during the rainy season.

Proper management of the borrow site is needed. The spoil can be

used as a fill material to be disposed at the borrow pits.

Proper replanting programme is needed for the borrow areas and

other areas where green cover is removed. List of species is given

in Table 4.1.


This will be fairly significant and time consuming

construction activity in this dam. If it gets delays there

can be some implications to fill the tank up to its FSL

level. Some community members’ access their

villages/chenas through the road across the spillway and

there can be some disturbances to these community

members during construction period.

The spillway basin is about 80 ft wide and therefore, one section of

the basin surface can be kept to be used as the road for users while

the other section is being improved,

There is possible alternative access also to reach the villages. The

road from Mari Arawe Junction to 4th mile post of Ampara road

through/via Alugalge and Hamlet 2 can be used as this alternative

access during construction period.


Removal and disposal of debris and excavated

material

This activity involves the demolition of the existing

The mount of debris collection is small – demolished concrete 67


Page | 85

concrete (67 m3). The existing random rubble masonry

will be removed (151 m3), which will be part of the

construction material (this will partially satisfy the need

of requirement of rubble for reconstruction). The

surface preparation will produce significant amounts of

spoil material which need disposal.


The proposed construction need small amounts of soil

excavation (16.8 m3 of excavation for foundations)

before construction of the spillway, spillway bed and the

m3.. Therefore, the impacts are not significant.

Debris and spoil collected is construction and demolition waste

which is inert. These can be used for filling the borrow pits at the

gravel yards.

The random rubble can be used for re-construction.

Spoil and other disposal materials should only be dumped at sites

for which prior approval from relevant authorities such as the LA

has been obtained. Taking into account the following

- The dumping does not impact natural drainage courses

- No endangered / rare flora is impacted by such dumping

- Should be located in non-residential areas located in the

downwind side

- Located at least 100 m from the designated forest land.

- Avoid disposal on productive land.

- should be located with the consensus of the local

community, in consultation with the engineer and shall be

approved by the highways department

- Minimize the construction debris by balancing the cut and

fill requirements.

Erosion of material heaps can be minimized by covering them

during rainy seasons.

Avoid stockpiling of materials close to water bodies; Stripped


Page | 86

stilling bed.


Raw water quality of surface water bodies can be

affected due to soil erosion. Soil particles that enter

nearby water bodies, such as the tank and canals etc.,

can result in temporary turbidity problems. However,

the duration of this exposure is short in duration and

hence adverse impacts anticipated would be not be

significant.

Hindrance to vehicular movements, damage to the

crest road surface due to movement of heavy

vehicles, temporary storage of earth along the crest

road and elsewhere

materials should not be stored where natural drainage will be

disrupted. There are several areas identified (Figure 2.10) as

suitable for stockpiling. Use of these areas for such purposes might

not pose negative impacts on residential and cultivated areas and

also to the water body.

Surface run on and off paths should not be selected for material

unloading areas.





disrupted. There are several areas identified, especially the eastern

part of the bund (downstream side) as suitable for stockpiling and

for machinery, tools and vehicular parking spaces. Use of these

areas for such purposes might not pose negative impacts on

residential and cultivated areas and also to the water body.

Exposed areas of the bund slopes will be covered with turfing

material as soon as possible to prevent any erosion.

All the measures mentioned above are valid for this impact as well.

Restrictions on the transportation activities:

a. Maximum axial loads and speed limits for vehicles moving on

the bund will be imposed

b. Time limits for carrying out transportation activities to


Page | 87

The earthwork involved in the construction work is small

(50.25 m3). Borrow material once brought to the site

(50.25 m3) has to be unloaded and stockpiled for

subsequent use. This might block the existing run on

and off paths which may create erosion problems

elsewhere.

Material transport may result in congestion of local

roads. There are dwelling units along haulage routes and

elevated levels of traffic matter can become a minor

temporary adverse impact during the construction

period.

Noise and vibration

Earth excavation, demolition of the existing concrete

surface (67 m3), and most of the other activities will

generate noise. Much of the proposed work will be

carried out using machinery. However, small machinery

will be used for excavating and rubble and earth

transport. Noise and vibration is expected to be high,

however, will last only for several days because the

construction is small.

control excessive noise generation and to prevent nuisance

to neighbouring communities (6.00 am – 6.00 pm)

Dust emission due to transport operations should be controlled by

wet spraying and tarpaulin covering in mandatory on trucks/lorries

which are used for transporting materials particularly in built up

areas.

Transport, loading and unloading of materials should be carried out

in such a way as not to cause nuisance to the people by way of

noise, vibration of dust. Care must be taken while unloading

material on the bund so as the material may be not rolled down on

either side of U/S and D/S slopes causing damages.

Hydraulically driven machinery is preferred over Pneumatic

machinery to minimize vibrations

No high noise generating machinery is encouraged. Extreme

precautions need to be taken on vibration levels as it could affect

the core of the bund. Watering may be necessary if any activity

generates dust particles.

Excessive noise and vibration at the quarry site has to be controlled.

Implement the conditions such as noise monitoring and other

recommendations stipulated in the permit; Obtain approval from

the Local Authority and Divisional Secretary and Controller of

Explosives (for quarry sites only) and CEA.


Page | 88

Dust generation

Small amounts of earth work (16.8 m3 of earth

excavation, demolition of the existing surface (67 m3),

earth needed for filling (50.25 m3) and most of the other

activities would produce airborne dust, which are

temporary and limited to short durations and will be

restricted to a small area. Therefore, air pollution due to

the proposed work can be considered not significant.


Activities such as operation of construction vehicles,

parking areas, fuel/lubricants spills storage sites,

machinery and equipment maintenance and refueling

will generate pollutants that have the potential to

pollute soil and water.


This impact is common for all the activities. The

temporary camps, if not managed properly, may create

an unhealthy environment causing health hazards to

both workers and nearby residents. However, the

number of workers to be employed seems not many.

Hence the impact is insignificant.

Management of waste (other than construction and

excavated material) and wastewater

All raw materials (sand, rubble, metal, etc.) should be stored in

covered areas to ensure protection from dust emissions and such

materials should be handled in an environmentally friendly and

nuisance free manner.

These measures will also be the same for all other interventions

Any spills should be removed immediately. Parking areas and

maintenance yards for construction vehicles and machinery should

not be located close to water bodies.

Conditions of worker camps to be checked by the Public Health

Officer in charge of the relevant area on a regular basis.

All food leftovers and organic garbage should be disposed of in a

proper manner so that it will not attract stray and wild animals.

Solid waste should not be burnt in the open air within or outside the

proposed site.

Proper sanitation facilities should be provided on-site for the

workforce. Ideally, this can be a pit latrine in which the pit is located

above the ground water table. Covering the deposit (with earth or


Page | 89

Significant quantities of construction waste (e.g., during

stripping of top soil) are expected. In contrast, food

items even in small quantities may attract stray animals.

However, the overall impact is very low.


The earthwork involved in the construction work is

small. The proposed construction activities are small-

scale and would not pose a severe hazard and are not

potential to cause physical injury to workers during

construction.

sawdust) is necessary to prevent smells and to discourage flies.

This measure is common for all the interventions and therefore

applicable for the whole project period.

Construction waste shall be collected regularly and disposed of

periodically in an environmentally safe and nuisance free manner.

Wastewater will be disposed, by way of a pit latrine/soakage

arrangement. This measure too will be common and valid for the

entire construction period.

Issue:

Appearance of pot-holes in

the tank bund

Intervention:


gravelling the tank bund


Damage to terrestrial and aquatic habitat

No impact is anticipated.

Threat of spreading of invasive species

The material to be extracted from the tank bed which is

inundated during the most of the time of the year. So

there is a very less possibility of spreading such species

during material extraction.

Effect on fauna

There can be insignificant levels of noise and dust

produced during material transportation and

construction work. In addition, due to heavy machinery

there may be temporary disturbances to the animals

(especially migratory birds) inhabiting the tank area.

However, the quantity of work will be less and hence

Site specific mitigatory measures are not required.

Area proposed for gravel borrow site is within a forest area. Top

soil in the area that removed during gravel extraction should be

staked for rehabilitation of the site. It is proposed to level the tank

bed by remove extra silt and soil. Soil that is removed from the tank

bed should use to rehabilitate the gravel borrow area. Further,

plantlets of native plant species should reintroduce to this area in

order to compensate for other trees.

Native plant species proposed for rehabilitation of gravel borrow

site and other areas is given in Table 5.2.


Page | 90

the impact will be low.

Effect on aquatic habitat

Sediments, oil & grease and other chemicals that can be

mixed into tank water can pollute the aquatic habitat

and will affect the fish and other aquatic faunal species.

Any spills should be removed immediately. Parking areas and

maintenance yards for construction vehicles and machinery should

not be located close to water bodies.

Impact on Social Environment

Impact due to Material Transportation

Transportation routes of the borrow material (earth and

Gravel) not associated with the residential area and

hence impact will be low or none

Impact due to blockage of access

There will be some disturbances to the users of the

bund road during construction period; About 250

families in 5 villages use the bund road to reach their

villages. This impact will be temporary and confined to

construction period, they will have improved surface of

the bund in the post-construction period.

The tank bund is about 40 ft wide and therefore, one section of the

bund surface can be kept for the bund road users while the other

section is being improved,

There is possible alternative access also to reach the villages that

are reached through the bund road. The road from Mari Arawe

Junction to 4th mile post of Ampara road through/via Alugalge and

Hamlet 2 can be used as this alternative access during construction

period.

The time schedule of material transportation need to be early

communicated to the communities in the close proximity of the

roads; This may be done through FO leaders and other grassroots

level stakeholders such as GNs. The Drivers of the heavy vehicles

transporting construction material should be educated to follow

certain principles of driving their vehicles through villages

Impacts on Physical Environment:

Hindrance to surface runoff

Borrow material once brought to the site has to be


unloading areas.


Page | 91

unloaded and stockpiled for subsequent use. This might

block the existing run – on and off paths which may

create erosion problems elsewhere.

However the quantity to be handled seems to be small,

hence the impact may not be significant.


Runoff through material borrow areas and unloading

sites could lead to wash off of soil particles to nearby

water bodies such as canals, tanks streams etc. resulting

in temporary turbidity problems. However, the quantity

to be handled seems to be very low, hence adverse

impacts anticipated would be insignificant.

Increasing the possibilities of erosion of the U/S/and

D/S slopes

Exposed areas of the bund are susceptible to erosion.











unloading areas.










Exposed areas of the bund slopes will be covered with turfing

material as soon as possible to prevent any erosion.

All the measures mentioned above are valid for this impact as well.


Page | 92

Increase in vehicular traffic during transport of

construction materials

Material transport may result in air pollution through

giving rise to elevated levels of airborne dust. There are

dwelling units along haulage routes and elevated levels

of airborne particulate matter can become a minor


period.

Health and sanitation of worker’s camps and that of

residents in the adjoining areas







Management of construction waste and excavated

Restrictions on the transportation activities:

a. Maximum axial loads and speed limits for vehicles moving on

the bund will be imposed

b. Time limits for carrying out transportation activities to control

excessive noise generation and to prevent nuisance to

neighbouring communities (6.00 am – 6.00 pm)

Dust emission due to transport operations should be controlled by

wet spraying and tarpaulin covering in mandatory on trucks/lorries

which are used for transporting materials particularly in built up

areas.

Transport, loading and unloading of materials should be carried out

in such a way as not to cause nuisance to the people by way of

noise, vibration of dust. Care must be taken while unloading

material on the bund so as the material may be not rolled down on

either side of U/S and D/S slopes causing damages.

Conditions of worker camps to be checked by the Public Health

Officer in charge of the relevant area on a regular basis.

All food leftovers and organic garbage should be disposed of in a

proper manner so that it will not attract stray and wild animals.

Solid waste should not be burnt in the open air within or outside the

proposed site.

Proper sanitation facilities should be provided on-site for the

workforce. Ideally, this can be a pit latrine in which the pit is located

above the ground water table. Covering the deposit (with earth or


Page | 93

material and wastewater

No significant quantities of construction waste are

expected. In contrast, food items even in small

quantities may attract stray animals. However, the


Generation of noise, vibration and dust affecting the

social and biological environment

Noise and vibration is very low due to the small-scale

nature of construction activities. Activities that would

produce airborne dust are temporary and limited to

short durations and will be restricted to a small area.

sawdust) is necessary to prevent smells and to discourage flies.

This measure is common for all the interventions and therefore

applicable for the whole project period.








No high noise generating machinery is encouraged. Extreme

precautions need to be taken on vibration levels as it could affect

the core of the bund. Watering may be necessary if any activity

generates dust particles.

Excessive noise and vibration at the quarry site has to be controlled.

Implement the conditions such as noise monitoring and other

recommendations stipulated in the permit; Obtain approval from

the Local Authority and Divisional Secretary and Controller of

Explosives (for quarry sites only) and CEA.

All raw materials (sand, rubble, metal, etc.) should be stored in

covered areas to ensure protection from dust emissions and such

materials should be handled in an environmentally friendly and

nuisance free manner.

These measures will also be the same for all other interventions.


Page | 94

Issue:

Damages in the U/S slope

and rip rap

Intervention:

Improvements in riprap


Adverse impact of the nearby habitats in rip rap area

will occur during the construction phase. There are 9

trees situated along the riprap and the bund that need

to remove during rubble laying. Further there are few

ant-holes located along the bund that need to remove

before the repair.

Common

name

Dbh, cm Number

of trees

Wal maara <10 6

Ipil Ipil <10 1

Kon < 10 2

Also negative impacts in borrow sites due to the

removal of soil/ gravel would be expected. Excavated

pits need to be filled to prevent collecting rain water,

and creating a habitat for mosquito breeding during the

rainy season.

Removal of existing vegetation in the rip rap, mainly

herbs and shrubs will not be significant. Only shrubs and

creepers are present in the rip rap. No damages to

ecosystems or habitats.

There can be significant levels of noise and dust

produced during material transportation and

It is proposed to remove 9 trees before rehabilitation of the rip rap.

In order to compensate the loss of trees, native plant species in the

area can be planted along the road. Further, it is better to introduce

such plants in to the catchment as well.

See Table 5.2 for a list of native plants that can be planted in the

borrow area to compensate any loss of trees.

However, these trees are small (DBH < 10 cm) and no loss of

habitats is expected.

Area proposed for gravel borrow site is within a forest area. Top

soil in the area that removed during gravel extraction should be

staked for rehabilitation of the site. It is proposed to level the tank

bed by remove extra silt and soil. Soil that is removed from the tank

bed should use to rehabilitate the gravel borrow area. Further,

plantlets of native plant species should reintroduce to this area in

order to compensate for other trees.

The easily decomposable vegetation could either be utilized as a soil

conditioner after drying or be composted in a proper manner. Large

vegetation parts could be sold or else be used as firewood.

The contractor is responsible for proper management of all

vegetative parts that are to be uprooted.

The project area must be covered or fenced properly to avoid

disturbances to the surrounding habitats including the tank water

Native plant species proposed for rehabilitation of gravel borrow

site and other areas is given in Table 5.2.


Page | 95

construction work. There may be temporary

disturbances to the animals (especially migratory birds

and elephants during dry season) visiting or inhabiting

the tank area due to heavy machinery.

The earth will be obtained from the reservoir bed which

goes underwater during the HFL.


If rip rap rehabilitation cannot be completed within the

water low period in the tank there may be need to

lowering the water level or to postpone the work to the

next water low period of the tank.

The contractors will be encouraged to complete the work during

water low period of the tank and also continues monitoring of the

contractors' progress on completion of rip rap rehabilitation within

the planned period of time.

The most feasible solution that will have win-win situation for both

parties (farmers as well as project developer) is to attend rip rap

rehabilitation work during July to September in which water level of

the tank is significantly low. The maha season, 2016/17 will end at

the end of February 2017 and Yala season, 2017 should be started

early in March 2017 and it will end at June 2017. If this calendar is

followed there will be possibility to attend the work just after the

Yala season in which water level is low in the reservoir.


Removal and disposal of debris and excavated

material

This activity involves the clearing of and stripping of top

soil (255 m3) along the bund slope. Part of the existing

riprap will be completely removed and the surface has

There will be 1,578 m3 of rubble removed from the existing riprap,

which will be piled along the crest road. In addition, 910 m3 of

rubble is needed for the construction of the rip rap. In addition to


Page | 96

to be prepared for subsequent re-laying of the riprap.

The surface preparation will produce significant

amounts of soil material which need disposal.


The proposed construction need significant amounts of

soil and gravel excavation. Rip rap rehabilitation need

stripping of top soil along the U/S slope, filling and

compaction. Such earth work will lead to soil erosion,

slope erosion and erosion of the exposed surfaces in the

borrow areas.



sites could lead to wash off of soil particles. Raw water

quality of surface water bodies can be affected due to

soil erosion. Soil particles that enter nearby water

bodies, such as the tank and canals etc., can result in

temporary turbidity problems. However, the duration of

this exposure is short in duration and hence adverse

impacts anticipated would be not be significant.

the more than 1,358 m3 of earth, 675 m3 of gravel and 270 m3 of

well-graded aggregate are required for the base construction of the

rip rap.

Debris material shall be disposed in such a manner that the tank,

canals and other existing drainage paths are not blocked (as

described above)

Drainage paths associated with the dam and other irrigation

structures should be improved / erected to drain rain water

properly.

Silt traps will be constructed to avoid siltation into the water ways,

the tank and canals, where necessary.

To avoid siltation, drainage paths should not be directed to the tank

and irrigation canals and they should be separated from these

water bodies

Bund Embankment slopes, slopes of cuts, etc. shall not be unduly

exposed to erosive forces. These exposed slopes shall be graded

and covered by grass or other suitable materials per the

specifications.

All fills, back fills and slopes should be compacted immediately to

reach the specified degree of compaction and establishment of

proper mulch.

Work that lead to heavy erosion shall be avoided during the raining

season. If such activities need to be continued during rainy season

prior approval must be obtained from the Engineer by submitting a

proposal on actions that will be undertaken by the contractor to

prevent erosion.


Page | 97


crest road surface due to movement of heavy

vehicles, temporary storage of earth along the crest

road and elsewhere

The earthwork involved in the construction work is large

(earth - 1,358 m3 and gravel - 675 m3). Borrow material

once brought to the site has to be unloaded and

stockpiled for subsequent use. This might block the

existing run on and off paths which may create erosion

problems elsewhere.

Material transport may result in congestion of local

roads. There are dwelling units along haulage routes and

elevated levels of traffic matter can become a minor


period. Movement of heavy vehicles will damage the

crest road and access roads in the vicinity.

The work, permanent or temporary shall consist of measures as per

design or as directed by the engineer to control soil erosion,

sedimentation and water pollution to the satisfaction of the

engineer. Typical measures include the use of berms, dikes

sediment basins, fiber mats, mulches, grasses, slope drains and

other devices. All sedimentation and pollution control works and

maintenance thereof are deemed, as incidental to the earthwork or

other items of work and no separate payment will be made for their

implementation.

The material transportation, and storage of this material should be

planned carefully. One half along the road can be used for piling the

rubble removed from the existing rip rap. Other material should be

stored appropriately, avoiding any erosion of stored earth and

gravel, not obstructing drainage pathways etc.

The work can proceed phase by phase, each phase restricted to

about 50-75 m. The surface of the slope can be prepared for

subsequent laying of the new rip rap without delay, using the

removed rubble and replenishing new material as needed. If such a

procedure is followed, the need for large amounts of handling

rubble at one occasion can be avoided, thus not requiring large

storage areas for piling material, especially along the crest road.

Noise from vehicles, machinery and equipment



Noise generating work should be limited to day time (6:00 AM to


Page | 98






period.

Dust generation

Large amounts of rubble (910 m3) and earth work (earth

- 1,358 m3 and gravel - 675 m3), stripping of the top soil

along the slope (255 m3) and most of the other activities

would produce airborne dust, which are temporary and

limited to short durations and will be restricted to a

small area. Therefore, air pollution due to the proposed

work can be considered not significant.


The rubble and earthwork need a large fleet of heavy

vehicles and heavy machinery. Activities such as

operation of construction vehicles, parking areas,

fuel/lubricants spills storage sites, machinery and

equipment maintenance and refueling will generate

pollutants that have the potential to pollute soil and

water.

6:00 PM). No work that generates excessive noise should be carried

out during night hours where in close proximity (from 6:00 PM to

6:00 AM on the following day).

All equipment and machinery should be operated at noise levels

that do not exceed the permissible level of 75 dB (during

construction) for the day time. For all construction activities

undertaken during the night time, it is necessary to maintain the

noise level at below 50 dB as per the Central Environmental

Authority (CEA) noise control regulations

All equipment should be in good serviced condition. Regular

maintenance of all construction vehicles and machinery to meet

noise control regulations stipulated by the CEA in 1996 (Gazette

Extra Ordinary, No 924/12) must be conducted for

vehicles/machinery that will be used in construction on site and for

transport.

Ideally noise generating work should not be carried out during

public holidays and religious days. Special care should be taken as

there is a temple nearby.

Labor gangs should be warned to work with minimum noise. Strict

labor supervision should be undertaken in this respect. Number of

night time resident laborers should be minimized.

Vehicular noise pollution at residential / sensitive receptors

Idling of temporary trucks or other equipment should not be

permitted during periods of loading / unloading or when they are

not in active use. The practice must be ensured especially near

residential / commercial / sensitive areas.


Page | 99

Stationary construction equipment will be kept at least 500m away

from sensitive receptors, where possible. These include places of

worship and households.

All possible and practical measures to control noise emissions

during drilling shall be employed.

Contractor shall submit the list of high noise/vibration generating

machinery & equipment to the engineer for approval.

Servicing of all construction vehicles and machinery must be done

regularly and during routine servicing operations, the effectiveness

of exhaust silencers will be checked and if found defective will be

replaced.

Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be regular

and up to the satisfaction of the Engineer to keep noise levels at the

minimum.

Dust Control

All construction materials such as sand, metal, lime, bricks etc.

should be transported under cover to the site and stored under

cover at the sight. Plastic sheeting (of about 6 mm minimum

thickness) can be used and held in place with weights, such as old

tires or cinder blocks, with the edges of the sheeting buried, or by

the use of other anchoring systems. This will minimize the levels of

airborne dust.

Mud patches caused by material transporting vehicles in the access

road should be immediately cleaned.

Continual water sprinkling should be carried out in the work and fill


Page | 100








areas and the access road if dust stir is observed. Water sprinkling

should be done more frequently on days that are dry and windy (at

least four time’s day) as the levels of dust can be elevated during

dry periods.

Dust masks should be provided to the laborers for the use at

required times.

All construction vehicle parking location, fuel/lubricants storage

sites, vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and refueling

sites shall be located away from the reservoir, at least 200 m away,

and irrigation canal/ponds.

All vehicle/machinery and equipment operation, maintenance and

refueling will be carried out in such a fashion that spillage of fuels

and lubricants does not contaminate the ground.

Collect, store and dispose oily wastes to the pre-identified disposal

sites approved by the Engineer. All spills and collected petroleum

products will be disposed of in accordance with standards set by

the CEA/MoE, certified by the Engineer.






The mitigation measures and general conditions are described in


Page | 101



Significant quantities of construction waste (e.g., during

stripping of top soil) are expected. In contrast, food

items even in small quantities may attract stray animals.

However, the overall impact is very low.


Placing the rubble for the riprap will be done manually.

Placing and moving rubble from the bund crest towards

the bund slopes involve extensive amount of manual

labour work. These activities pose a severe hazard and

potential to cause physical injury to workers during

moving heavy loads downhill/uphill.

Section 5.5 (Operation of labour camps).


Section 5.4 (Safety at work)

Work should proceed phase by phase, each phase involving the

work of about 50-75 m. This will prevent huge amount of rubble

handling and storing along the crest, minimizing the safety issues.

Laborers should be instructed to coordinate properly while carrying

heavy loads. Any injuries should be attend to complying with

emergency procedures.

Issues:

Damages in the spill access

road

Interventions:

Improvements to access

road to tank bund


There are few alien invasive species recorded among the

vegetation found on tank bund U/S and D/S slopes as

well as in the identified borrow areas during the

ecological survey and hence there is a possibility of

introducing such invasive species to the project impact

area together with the material brought into the site

and disposal material transport from the site.

It is proposed to remove 18 trees before construction of the toe

access road. In order to compensate the loss of trees, native plant

species in the area can be planted along the road. Further, it is

better to introduce such plants in to the catchment as well.

See Table 5.2 for a list of native plants that can be planted in the

borrow area to compensate any loss of trees.


There are about 30 households are residing across the

spill basin on the other side of the tank. These families

will have disturbances in their present flexible mobility

The tank bund is about 40 ft wide and therefore, one section of the

bund surface can be kept for the bund road users while the other


Page | 102

along the access road and spillway basin. There will be

some other problems due to dust and noise. These

impacts will be confined to construction period.

section is being improved,

There is possible alternative access also to reach the villages that

are reached through the bund road. The road from Mari Arawe

Junction to 4th mile post of Ampara road through/via Alugalge and

Hamlet 2 can be used as this alternative access during construction

period.

The time schedule of material transportation need to be early

communicated to the communities in the close proximity of the

roads; This may be done through FO leaders and other grassroots

level stakeholders such as GNs. The Drivers of the heavy vehicles

transporting construction material should be educated to follow

certain principles of driving their vehicles through villages


Hindrance to surface runoff, hindrance to vehicular

movements during temporary storage of material

along the crest road and elsewhere

Borrow material once brought to the site has to be

unloaded and stockpiled for subsequent use. This might

block the existing run on and off paths which may create

erosion problems elsewhere.

The quantity to be handled seems to be moderate

hence the impact may be relatively not significant



sites could lead to wash off of soil particles to nearby

During site clearance activities, removal of vegetation and debris

must be carried out swiftly and in well-planned manner.

Identify the sites for disposal of material cleared is needed prior to

commencement of the work.

Plants, shrubs and other vegetation cleared should not be burned

on site.

Spoil and other disposal materials should only be dumped at sites

for which prior approval from relevant authorities such as the LA

has been obtained. Taking into account the following

- The dumping does not impact natural drainage courses

- No endangered / rare flora is impacted by such dumping

- Should be located in non-residential areas located in the


Page | 103

water bodies such as canals, tanks streams etc. resulting

in temporary turbidity problems. However, the quantity

to be handled seems to be very low, hence adverse

impacts anticipated would be insignificant.


crest road surface due to temporary storage of

rubble among the crest road and elsewhere






period.










No significant quantities of construction waste are

expected. In contrast, food items even in small

quantities may attract stray animals. However, the


downwind side

- Located at least 100 m from the designated forest land.

- Avoid disposal on productive land.

- should be located with the consensus of the local

community, in consultation with the engineer and shall be

approved by the highways department

- Minimize the construction debris by balancing the cut and

fill requirements.

The contractor should avoid any spillage of spoil when transporting

such materials to the approved material dumping sites.

Debris material shall be disposed in such a manner that the tank,

canals and other existing drainage paths are not blocked (as

described above)

Drainage paths associated with the dam and other irrigation

structures should be improved / erected to drain rain water

properly.

Silt traps will be constructed to avoid siltation into the water ways,

the tank and canals, where necessary.

To avoid siltation, drainage paths should not be directed to the tank

and irrigation canals and they should be separated from these

water bodies

Work that lead to heavy erosion shall be avoided during the raining

season. If such activities need to be continued during rainy season

prior approval must be obtained from the Engineer by submitting a

proposal on actions that will be undertaken by the contractor to

prevent erosion.


Page | 104

Generation of noise, vibration and dust affecting the

social and biological environment

Noise and vibration can occur during compaction of the

aggregate layer and related activities. Activities that

would produce airborne dust are temporary and limited

to short durations and will be restricted to a small area.


Placing the concrete will be done manually. These

activities pose a moderate hazard and potential to cause

physical injury to workers during moving heavy loads.

The work, permanent or temporary shall consist of measures as per

design or as directed by the engineer to control soil erosion,

sedimentation and water pollution to the satisfaction of the

engineer. Typical measures include the use of berms, dikes

sediment basins, fiber mats, mulches, grasses, slope drains and

other devices. All sedimentation and pollution control works and

maintenance thereof are deemed, as incidental to the earthwork or

other items of work and no separate payment will be made for their

implementation.

Noise from vehicles, machinery and equipment



Noise generating work should be limited to day time (6:00 AM to

6:00 PM). No work that generates excessive noise should be carried

out during night hours where in close proximity (from 6:00 PM to

6:00 AM on the following day).

All equipment and machinery should be operated at noise levels

that do not exceed the permissible level of 75 dB (during

construction) for the day time. For all construction activities

undertaken during the night time, it is necessary to maintain the

noise level at below 50 dB as per the Central Environmental

Authority (CEA) noise control regulations

All equipment should be in good serviced condition. Regular

maintenance of all construction vehicles and machinery to meet

noise control regulations stipulated by the CEA in 1996 (Gazette

Extra Ordinary, No 924/12) must be conducted for

vehicles/machinery that will be used in construction on site and for


Page | 105

transport.

Ideally noise generating work should not be carried out during

public holidays and religious days. Special care should be taken as

there is a temple nearby.

Labor gangs should be warned to work with minimum noise. Strict

labor supervision should be undertaken in this respect. Number of

night time resident laborers should be minimized.

Vehicular noise pollution at residential / sensitive receptors

Idling of temporary trucks or other equipment should not be

permitted during periods of loading / unloading or when they are

not in active use. The practice must be ensured especially near

residential / commercial / sensitive areas.

Stationary construction equipment will be kept at least 500m away

from sensitive receptors, where possible. These include places of

worship and households.

All possible and practical measures to control noise emissions

during drilling shall be employed.

Contractor shall submit the list of high noise/vibration generating

machinery & equipment to the engineer for approval.

Servicing of all construction vehicles and machinery must be done

regularly and during routine servicing operations, the effectiveness

of exhaust silencers will be checked and if found defective will be

replaced. Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall

be regular and up to the satisfaction of the Engineer to keep noise

levels at the minimum.


Page | 106

Dust Control

All construction materials such as sand, metal, lime, bricks etc.

should be transported under cover to the site and stored under

cover at the sight. Plastic sheeting (of about 6 mm minimum

thickness) can be used and held in place with weights, such as old

tires or cinder blocks, with the edges of the sheeting buried, or by

the use of other anchoring systems. This will minimize the levels of

airborne dust.

Mud patches caused by material transporting vehicles in the access

road should be immediately cleaned.

Continual water sprinkling should be carried out in the work and fill

areas and the access road if dust stir is observed. Water sprinkling

should be done more frequently on days that are dry and windy (at

least four time’s day) as the levels of dust can be elevated during

dry periods.

Dust masks should be provided to the laborers for the use at

required times.

All construction vehicle parking location, fuel/lubricants storage

sites, vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and refueling

sites shall be located away from the reservoir, at least 200 m away,

and irrigation canal/ponds.

All vehicle/machinery and equipment operation, maintenance and

refueling will be carried out in such a fashion that spillage of fuels

and lubricants does not contaminate the ground.

Collect, store and dispose oily wastes to the pre-identified disposal

sites approved by the Engineer. All spills and collected petroleum


Page | 107

products will be disposed of in accordance with standards set by

the CEA/MoE, certified by the Engineer.


Section 5.5 (Operation of labour camps).







Section 5.4 (Safety at work)

Work should proceed phase by phase, each phase involving the

work of about 100 m. This will prevent huge amount of rubble

handling and storing along the sloping areas of the toe of the bund,

minimizing the safety issues. Laborers should be instructed to

coordinate properly while carrying heavy loads. Any injuries should

be attended to complying with emergency procedures.

No mitigation needed.

Issue:

Malfunctioning of the sluice

gate

Intervention:


gate and fence



No specific mitigation measures are needed.


No significant negative impacts during the construction

are envisaged. This activity can be carried out without

negative impacts during water low period of the tank.

No mitigation measures are needed, if the improvements are done

during the rip rap rehabilitation.


Page | 108


Lowering of water level is not necessary if the work is

carried out during the rehabilitation of the rip rap),

hence the impact can be considered to be low.

Issue:

Lack of safety in the

periphery of the sluice

Intervention:

Removing Existing barbed

wire fence, Supplying &

fixing new PVC coated GI

wire mesh fence for sluice







are envisaged. This activity can be carried out without

negative impacts during water low period



Lowering of water level is not necessary, hence the

impact can be considered to be low

Follow good construction practices.

Issue:

No steps along the D/S

slope to reach the toe area

Intervention:

Construction of new steps

for access to D/S of the

sluice


No significant ecological impacts during construction is

envisaged




are envisaged.



No significant impacts during the construction are

Follow mitigation measures list for above impacts for erosion


Page | 109

envisaged. However, general impacts such as generation

of construction waste, excavated material, wastewater,

generation of noise and vibration and dust which affect

the social and biological environment could be

envisaged. Since the amount of work that has to be

carried out is small, the impact is insignificant.

control.

Follow good construction practices.

Issue:

No Name Board available

Intervention:


board with reservoir data


No significant ecological impacts during construction is

envisaged




are envisaged.



No significant impacts are envisaged.



Page | 110

Table 5.2 Native plant species proposed for rehabilitation of gravel borrow site and other areas

Family Species Local name

Apocynaceae Carissa spinarum Heen Karamba

Boraginaceae Carmona retusa Heen Thambala

Arecaceae Phoenix farinifera Wild date palm

Euphorbiaceae Flueggea leucopyrus Katu Pila

Fabaceae Bauhinia racemosa Maila

Fabaceae Cassia auriculata Ranawara

Fabaceae Cassia fistula Ehala

Fabaceae Tephrosia purpurea Pila

Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia bracteolata Sapsanda

Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus emblica Nelli

Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Kohomba

Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mauritiana Masan

Rubiaceae Catunaregam spinosa Kukurumanna

Rubiaceae Ixora pavetta Maha Ratambala

Rutaceae Limonia acidissima Divul

Rubiaceae Ixora jucunda Rathmal

Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Balu Nakuta

Fabaceae Tamarindus indica Siyambala

Lamiaceae Anisomeles indica Kon

Sapotaceae Madhuca longifolia Mi

Sapotaceae Manilkara hexandra Palu

Combrataceae Terminalia arjuna Kumbuk

Combrataceae Terminalia bellirica Bulu

Euphorbiaceae Drypetus sepiaria Weera

5.3 Procurement of material needed for implementing the proposed Interventions

5.3.1 Material Sourcing The proposed interventions for Muthukandiya Reservoir need large amounts of ruble (about 1,015

m3), gravel (about 1,953 m3) and earth (about 3,010 m3), aggregates (about 270 m3) sand (75 m3).

Therefore, significant impacts on geological resources is anticipated at quarry sites and borrow

areas, and therefore the contractors should ensure that sand, aggregates and other quarry material

is sourced from licensed sources.

The contractor is required to maintain the necessary licenses and environmental clearances for all

borrow and quarry material they are sourcing to obtain soil , fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.


Page | 111

Sourcing of any material from protected areas and/or designated natural areas are strictly

prohibited.

If the contractor uses non-commercial burrow/quarry sites, the sites should be remediated

accordingly once material sourcing has been completed. The Project Supervision Engineer will

require maintaining the numbers and relevant details of all necessary licenses etc. and report of

their status accordingly.

5.3.2 Management of Borrow Sites

- Any earth excavated within the project area arising from construction works may be

used as fill material if properties of the soil are suitable for such filling. At Muthukandiya,

the excavated soil can be used for filling if the Engineer finds approves its use.

- The material supplier and/or the contractor shall comply with the environmental

requirements/guidelines issued by the CEA and the respective local authorities with

respect of locating borrow areas and with regard to all operations related to excavation

and transportation of earth from such sites.

- The material supplier and/or the contractor can also find suitable soil/earth materials

from currently operated licensed burrow pits in the surrounding area, subject to

approval of the Engineer

- No borrow-sites be used (current approved) or newly established within areas protected

under FFPO and FO

- Borrow areas shall not be opened without having a valid mining license from the GSMB.

The location, depth of excavation and the extent of the pit or open cut area shall be as

approved by the engineer.

- All borrow pits/areas should be rehabilitated at the end of their use by the contractor in

accordance with the requirements/guidelines issued by the CEA and the respective local

authority.

- Establishment of borrow pits/areas and its operational activities shall not cause any

adverse impact to the near-by properties. Also shall not be a danger of health hazard to

the people.

Contractor shall take all steps necessary to ensure the stability of slopes including those related to

temporary works and burrow pits.

5.3.3 Quarry Operations and Management of Quarry Sites

- Utilizing the existing quarry sites available in the project influential area as much as possible

which are approved by GSMB with valid EPL and Industrial Mining Licenses;

- If new quarries are to be opened, prior approval should be obtained from GSMB, CEA and

local authorities such as Pradeshiya Sabha.

- Selected quarry sites should have proper safety measures such as warnings, safety nets etc.,

and third party insurance cover to protect external parties that may be affected due to

blasting.

- Quarry sites should not be established within protected sites identified under the FFPO and

FO


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- It is recommended not to seek material from quarries that have ongoing disputes with

community.

- The maintenance and rehabilitation of the access roads in the event of damage by the

contractors operations shall be a responsibility of the contractor.

Copies of all relevant licenses should be maintained by the contractor for review and documentation

by the Engineer.

5.4 Safety Issues

Table 5.2. General safety issues that need to be addressed

Public and Worker

Safety

The construction site should be barricaded at all time in a day with adequate

marking, safety tape, flags, reflectors etc. for safety of individuals using the

site daily basis. (Items such as parking cones, lights, tubular markers, orange

and white strips and barricades of a luminous nature for night visibility shall

be procured where deemed necessary).

At all times, the Contractor shall provide safe and convenient passage for

vehicles, pedestrians and livestock. Work that affects the use of existing

accesses shall not be undertaken without providing adequate provisions to

the prior satisfaction of the Engineer.

The construction site should be clearly demarcated by the above means and

restriction of access to public to the site will help the safety of public.

Safety signboards should be displayed at all necessary locations.

The contractor should obtain a Third Party Insurance to compensate any

damages, injuries caused to the public or laborers during the construction

period.

All construction vehicles should be operated by experienced and trained

operators under supervision.

Basic onsite safety training should be conducted for all laborers during the

EMP training prior to the start of the construction activities.

All digging and installation work should be completed in one go, if this task is

not accomplished the area should be isolated using luminous safety tape and

barricading structures surrounding the whole area.

Trenches should be progressively rehabilitated once work is completed.

Material loading and unloading should be done in an area, well away from

traffic and barricaded

Construction wastes should be removed within 24 hours from the site to

ensure public safety.

Safety Gear for

Labors

Protective footwear and protective goggles should be provided to all workers

employed on mixing of materials like cement, concrete etc.

Welder's protective eye-shields shall be provided to workers who are

engaged in welding works.

Earplugs shall be provided to workers exposed to loud noise, and workers


Page | 113

working in crushing, compaction, or concrete mixing operation.

The contractor shall supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety

goggles, helmets, safety belts, ear plugs, mask etc. to workers and staffs.

In addition, the contractor shall maintained in stock at the site office, gloves,

ear muffs, goggles, dust masks, safety harness and any other equipment

considered necessary.

A safety inspection checklist should be prepared taking into consideration

what the workers are supposed to be wearing and monitored on a monthly

basis and recorded.

Prevention of

accidents

Prevention of accidents involving human beings, animals or vehicles falling or

accidents due to open trenches/manholes during construction period. This

needs to be ensured with proper barricading, signage boards and lighting etc.

A readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized

dressing materials and appliances should be available at the site office at all

times

Availability of suitable transport at all times to take injured or sick person(s)

to the nearest hospital should also be insured.

Names and contact information for emergency services such as Ambulance

services, hospitals, police and the fire brigade should be prepared as a sign

board and displayed at the work site.

5.5 Operation of Labour Camps

The following aspects are important to follow when constructing of labor camps

The location, layout and basic facility provision of labor camp must be submitted to

Engineer prior to their construction.

The construction will commence only upon the written approval of the Engineer.

The contractor shall maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities

in functional and hygienic manner and as approved by the Engineer.

All temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained in such a

fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing.

The sewage system for the camp must be planned and implemented with

concurrence from the Local Public Health Officer (PHI)

Adequate health care is to be provided for the work force. The layout of the

construction camp and details of the facilities provided should be prepared and shall

be approved by the engineer.

Labor camp sites after use should be cleared and the site should be reinstated to

previous condition at the close of the construction work.


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The following aspects have to be looked into when operating labor camps.

The Contractor shall construct and maintain all labor accommodation in such a

fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing.

Supply of sufficient quantity of potable water (as per SLS) in every workplace/labor

camp site at suitable and easily accessible places and regular maintenance of such

facilities.

The sewage system for the camp are designed, built and operated in such a fashion

that no health hazards occurs and no pollution to the air, ground water or adjacent

water courses take place. Ensure adequate water supply is to be provided in all

toilets and urinals.

The contractor shall provide garbage bins in the camps and ensure that these are

regularly emptied and disposed of in a hygienic manner

5.6 Implementation procedures of proposed mitigation

The specific mitigation measures given in the Table 5.1 should be implemented by the

contractor when each and every intervention is done. In addition to the specific measures,

the contractor must adhere to the civil engineering best practices as practical as possible.

Most of such practices are described in ICTAD specifications and the contractor is

recommended to follow them when appropriate.

Time of the implementation of mitigation measures should be decided by the contractor

and they should be informed to the Project Engineer in advance and his approval should be

obtained. The key performing indicators (KPIs) for every mitigation measure carried out

must be worked out and should be informed to the PM for subsequent checks and

balances. Once the KPIs are accepted such indicators should be monitored by the PM to

ensure that measures are taken to minimize or avoid environmental degradation or

pollution that is very likely due to the said project.

It should be necessary that all mitigation measures mentioned in the report be

implemented by the contractor and for such implementation budgetary allocation must be

set aside. It has to be done during the bidding process and the allocation so kept must be

utilized by the contractor in an efficient manner.

Implementation responsibility: for all tasks identified below fall under the purview of the

contractor. The contractor is contractually bound to implement the activities outlined in the

EMP during the implementation of the physical works outlined in the work plan

Supervision responsibility: The Project Proponent, i.e. the project engineer, technical

officers of the respective project management units and Dam safety PMUs environmental

unit will be responsible for the monitoring of all activities and reporting on compliance of

implementation as well as providing technical guidance to the contractor and staff on

ensuring field level implementation is achieved in a satisfactory manner.


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5.7 Information Disclosure among Stakeholders

Discussions should be conducted with the residents who reside around the

immediate vicinity of the construction site; provide them with information on the

project activities muster their views for possible impact mitigation as this will also

ensure a good rapport and fewer complaints. This should be done immediately once

the contractor is mobilized.

The contractor will maintain a log of any grievances/complains and actions taken to

resolve them.

A copy of the EMP should be available at all times at the project supervision office

on site.

5.8 Post-construction activities

Clearing/Closure of Construction Site/Labor Camps

Site restoration plans have to be formulated for approval by the engineer. The plan

is to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization. This includes borrow

sites and storage yards as well.

On completion of the works, all temporary structures will be cleared away, all

rubbish cleared, excreta or other disposal pits or trenches filled in and effectively

sealed off and the site left clean and tidy, at the contractor’s expenses, to the entire

satisfaction of the engineer.

Environmental Enhancement/Landscaping

Landscape plantation, including turfing of bund walls, re-vegetation of

embankments and other slopes, edge treatment of water bodies shall be taken up as

per either detailed design or typical design guidelines given as part of the Bid

Documents.

The contactor also shall remove all debris, piles of unwanted earth, spoil material,

away from the dam site and from other work places and disposed at locations

designated or acceptable to the Engineer.


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5.8 Formal clearances and approval needed

Table 5.2 gives the details of the clearances and approvals for the project

Table 5.2: Formal clearances and approval needed

No Issues / Activity / Intervention needing the permit or approval

The Reasons for the Approval (Law, act or enforcements etc.)

Authority from which permit or approval or Clarence is required

Prior Approval and Acts

1 National Environmental Protection and Quality Regulations under Extraordinary Gazette notification No. 1534/18 and No. 1533/16 of 2008 under NEA section 32 & 23A, 23B

Environmental Protection License (EPL) from CEA, in particular prescribed activities in gazette No. 1533/16 of 2008 (i.e., Concrete batching plants, treatment plants, sewerage networks, mechanized mining activities etc.) is required during construction period and license need to be obtained to collect, transport, store, recover, recycle or dispose waste or establish any site or facility for the disposal of any waste during the construction and operation period.

CEA and The Local Authority Environmental Protection License (EPL) from CEA/ Divisional Secretariat - Siyambalanduwa and Madulla for identifying waste dumping sites /Local Authority for waste collection and to issue machinery permits

2 Mines & Minerals Act No. 33 of 1992

The Act regulates the process of approval required for exploration, mining, trading and transport of geological material (sand, earth, gravel, metal etc.)

Geological Survey and Mines Bureau Industrial Mining License (IML) from Geological Survey and Mines Bureau

Note: Refer Section 1.1.2: Environmental Assessment Requirements for further details on The World Bank Requirements, and National Environmental Legislation framework relevant to this Project.


Page | 117

5.9 Procedures for Dealing with Chance Finds

5.9.1 Chance found Flora and Fauna

The contractor will take reasonable precaution to prevent workmen or any other

persons from removing and damaging any flora (plant/vegetation) and fauna

(animal) including fishing in any water body and hunting of any animal.

If any wild animal is found near the construction site at any point of time, the

contractor will immediately upon discovery thereof acquaint the Engineer and carry

out the Engineer's instructions for dealing with the same.

The Engineer will report to the nearby Forest Department /Department of Wildlife

Conservation (range office or divisional office) and will take appropriate steps/

measures, if required in consultation with the forest officials.

5.9.2 Chance found Archaeological Property

All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity, structures and other remains or things

of geological or archaeological interest discovered on the site shall be the property

of the Government and shall be dealt with as per provisions of the relevant

legislation.

The contractor will take reasonable precautions to prevent his workmen or any

other persons from removing and damaging any such article or thing. He will,

immediately upon discovery thereof and before removal acquaint the Engineer of

such discovery and carry out the instructions for dealing with the same, waiting

which all work shall be stopped.

The Engineer will seek direction from the Archaeological Department of Sri Lanka

and inform the project EO to follow the Chance Find Procedures set forth.


Page | 118

6. MONITORING PLAN


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6.1 Environmental compliance and monitoring

Environmental monitoring is required in order to make sure that the anticipated adverse

impacts are kept minimal with the implementation of mitigation measures as and when

required. The monitoring objectives are therefore focused on the mitigation of likely impacts.

In addition, compliance with the existing regulations and legislation is also guaranteed. Table

6.1 enumerates the summary of monitoring plan (MP) required for the entire project.

The monitoring will be required to record the stakeholder complaints/concerns to the delays of

the contractors on completing the riprap rehabilitation, sluice gates repairs of the tank. The

Dam safety project’s PMU has comprehensive monitoring mechanism on the contractors

progress on the construction contract packages offered to them but specific monitoring will be

required to verify the implementation of mitigatory measures recommended in this EA report.

The most required mitigatory measure is contractors’ performance to complete the critical

work that need to be completed during water low period of the tank.

The irrigation department should take the overall responsibility for mitigating the negative

impacts during the construction period. The recommended mitigatory measures need to be

implemented through a committee established at irrigation scheme level with the participation

of representatives from other relevant stakeholder agencies. The members of this committee

should be comprised with the following member.

Irrigation engineer and engineering assistant of Monaragala irrigation scheme

Project Manager and Institutional Development Officer of IMD of Muthukandiya

Scheme

Divisional secretaries of Siyambalanduwa and Madulla DS divisions

Grama Niladharis of Muthukandiya, Uakkadurawe, Manabarana, Siyambalanduwa,

Wijithapura, Barawaya, MariArawe and Alugalge divisions

Presidents of Muthukandiya Ekamuthu, Muthukandiya Gamunu, Yakkadurawe

Ranamayura, Manabarana Siri Parakum, Siyambalanduwa Eksath, Wijithapura Sri

Wijitha FOs

Representatives of PMU and CEA

This committee can meet just before the commencement of construction work and discuss

about the plans for meeting to monitor the process of mitigatory measures implementation.

After their first meeting the committee can meet when need arises. The Engineering Assistant

of Monaragala Divisional Irrigation Department scheme can act as conveyer of the committee

meetings.

This system can be used for the monitoring of the proposed dam safety activities and the

Project committee (PMC) will be attended by the representatives of PMU of Dam safety

project and contractors as new participants.


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Table 6.1: Summary of monitoring requirement

Specific intervention

Monitoring Parameters

Monitoring Frequency

Total Time Period Months

Responsible

Institution/ person for implementation

Responsible Key Persons for supervision

Framework of the Institutional Arrangement to incorporate the Findings of MP to Project implementation

Rehabilitation of Rip rap and other damages on the upstream of the tank bund

Improvements to the spill access road

Rehabilitation of the spill basin

Turbidity in the working section of the tank

When such incidents occur

During the whole activity

Contractor

Project Manager or his nominee

PM to inform the contractor of the monitoring and the contractor to submit the reports as agreed;

Reports to be submitted to the Project Office (PO) and then the reports to be evaluated by the World Bank (WB) and PO for approval.

Airborne dust

(along haulage routes)

When complaints are received or dust found in dwelling units

During the whole intervention

Contractor Project Manager or his nominee

Stock piling plan At the beginning of the intervention

During the whole intervention

Contractor Project Manager or his nominee


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Material haulage from borrow areas

Noise levels

Vibration levels

Airborne dust levels

Presence of invasive species

When a complaint is received



One in 10 vehicles of borrow martials brought in to the site

During the material transport




Contractor

Contractor

Contractor

Contractor





As mentioned above

As mentioned above

As mentioned above

As mentioned above


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7. Cost Estimation for Environmental Management Plan


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7.1 Cost Estimate of Environmental Management Plan

General costs to be incurred in implementing the EMP is given in Table 7.1

Table 7.1: Cost Estimate of EMP

Issue Mitigation Details of Costing Itemized Cost

Activities such as material

transport, soil stockpiling,

etc. may result in air

pollution through airborne

dust. If there are dwelling

units along haulage routes

there may be a minor

temporary adverse impact

during this period.

Dust emission due to

transport operations

should be controlled by

wet spraying and

tarpaulin covering in

mandatory on

trucks/lorries which are

used for transporting

materials particularly in

built up areas.

Sprinkling of water has

to be carried out using

bowsers, or tractors

where there are

dwelling unit only when

necessary.

Lorries and trucks should

be covered (with

tarpaulin sheets) when

transporting earth and

gravel.

Sprinkling of water:

- Bowser: Rs. 5,000

- 6,000 per

bowser

- Tractor: Rs. 2,500

– 3,000 per tractor

Covering with

tarpaulin sheets:

Rs. 200 - 250/m2

Health and sanitation of

worker’s camps and that

of residents in the

adjoining areas:

The temporary camps if

not managed properly

may create an unhealthy

environment causing

health hazards to both

workers and nearby

residents.

(see section 5.4)

Proper sanitation

facilities should be

provided on-site for the

workforce. Ideally, this

can be a pit latrine in

which the pit is located

above the ground water

table. Covering the

deposit (with earth or

sawdust) is necessary to

prevent smells and to

discourage flies.

Costs involved in

providing pit latrines

Cost in providing

provisions for proper

waste management

Rs. 15,000 – 20,000

Nominal costs

Operation of borrow areas

causes

Erosion and slides in

borrowing areas occurring

in hillocks would lead to

loss of topsoil and

vegetation loss, hence

habitat loss.

Re-establishment of

After borrowing the

slope/gradient of the

area should be graded to

match or blend with the

existing terrain.

Plant the area with

native trees and water

regularly

The costs that may incur

involve grading of

borrow pit edges

Cost of construction

depends on the

scale of the borrow

pit.

The cost of the

rehabilitation of the

borrowing area

with turfing will be

Rs. 500 per 1 m2.


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Issue Mitigation Details of Costing Itemized Cost

vegetation would be

hindered due to loss of

fertile soil

Any borrow pits on the

tank bed also should be

graded properly.

Replanting/

rehabilitation of

habitats (e.g. in

borrow sites) need

a budget of

Rs. 400,000 /ha for

replanting.

Safety of Workers and

Public

(as outlined in Table 5.2)

Provision of proper

safety equipment, safety

gear, taking precautions

and preventive measures

etc. as outlined in Table

5.2

Safety gear, appliances

and equipment, signage

and warning signs, third

party insurance and

worker liability

insurance, cost of

training provided to

workers

Nominal sums to be

included in the

engineering

estimates to be

borne by the

Contractor

Closure of Construction

Site/Labor Camps

Environmental

Enhancement/Landscaping

Site restoration plans

have to be formulated

for the construction site

All temporary structures

shall be cleared away, all

rubbish cleared, excreta

or other disposal pits or

trenches filled in and

effectively sealed off and

the site left clean and

tidy.

Remove all debris, piles

of unwanted earth, spoil

material and disposed at

designated locations.

Landscape plantation,

including turfing of bund

walls, re-vegetation of

embankments and other

slopes, etc.

Nominal sums to be

included in the

engineering

estimates to be

borne by the

Contractor.

Nominal sums to be

included in the

engineering

estimates to be

borne by the

Contractor.

Rs. 40/m2 for

turfing


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Major issues that need mitigation and the related costs are provided in Table 7.1. Most of the

mitigation measures are related to good construction practices and related mitigation costs for

most of the items are embedded in the Engineering Cost Items. However, if the following items

are not directly given under the Engineering Cost, the construction contractor should make

necessary provisions to undertake the relevant items and costs should be included in

contractor’s rates.

Salary for officer to monitor environmental management plan implementation (as

provided in Table 6.1)

Costs for environmental monitoring for specific interventions and measuring

parameters as stipulated in project specific environmental assessment (See Table 5.1

and 6.1)

Miscellaneous fees for the organizations involving in monitoring activities.


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8. Conclusions and Recommendations


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8.1 Conclusions

The proposed interventions for the repair work of the rehabilitation of the rip rap and other

damages on the upstream of the tank bund, Improvements to the spill basin and spill access

road and repairs to the damaged locations of the tank bund road are the proposed major

construction activities.

Removal and disposal of debris and excavated material, and increasing the possibilities of

erosion can deteriorate water quality of surface water bodies. Hindrance to vehicular

movements, damage to the crest road surface due to movement of heavy vehicles, temporary

storage of earth along the crest road and elsewhere, impacts due to parking of vehicles and

machinery have to be monitored closely. Noise and vibration and dust generation also can

occur due to large-scale construction using heavy machinery.

The Muthukandiya tank project area can be categorized mainly as having human-influenced-

habitats. This is amply reflected by the habitats and species assemblages recorded during the

survey. The areas identified for project interventions do not contain any critical habitats or

restricted or endangered species. The main impact anticipated in these habitats includes the

habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss of habitat. There will not be a total loss of habitat

for any animal or plant species in the project area. Therefore, habitat or species specific

mitigatory measures are not required. No specific migratory paths or routes were identified

within the project area. The proposed development will not have an impact on migratory birds.

The proposed project will not impair animal movements in the project area, and it will not have

a significant impact on any known critical animal migration paths.

The rip rap rehabilitation in the Dam are the sensitive work items from the social impact point

of view. Low water levels will be a requirement to complete these activities. The water level in

the tank goes down for short period just after the Yala harvesting. This is the period to be used

for the completion of these sensitive construction activities proposed.

The farmers should be given firm and highly committed promise to complete the riprap rehabilitation work just after completion of 2017 Yala season. If so, there will be no need to forgo any cultivation season. Farmers are prepared to tolerate even significant loss to them to get this riprap rehabilitated. They are very particular to get head work of their irrigation scheme improved under the dam safety project.

The irrigation department should use this opportunity as strength of the proposed project and implement proposed development interventions within the planned period. The construction material should be mobilized during early stage of the construction schedule and store them in close proximity to the riprap rehabilitation site to use them quite efficiently.

If the contractors fail to complete the sensitive work items during the short dry spell in which

water level is naturally low there will be negative implications on seasonal agriculture in the

scheme. Therefore, this crucial issue should be considered as most priority activity to be

monitored by PMU and also the Irrigation Department through its existing joint management


Page | 128

committee system (UMCs, BMC and PMC) where farmer representatives and agency officers

sit together to discuss the problems in their irrigation scheme in every month.

Other interventions are accepted and the project can go ahead without any specific

environmental mitigation measures. Nevertheless, best practices listed on the EMP should be

practiced as practical as possible. ICTAD specifications on civil engineering practices must be

followed as and when applicable.

All the borrow sites need better managements in order to avoid or minimize pollution potential

and best practices for managing sites should be adopted.

The proposed project will therefore be carried out together with the implementation of

mitigation measures stated in this report.

8.2 Recommendations

The project area is situated in the dry zone of the country. Compared to the wet zone habitats

the dry zone does not support critical elements of Sri Lanka’s biodiversity such as endemic and

threatened species as was observed during the field study. The habitats present in the project

site are highly degraded. The majority of habitats and species that are affected by the proposed

project are found commonly throughout the dry zone and therefore the overall impact is not

significant considering the extent and magnitude of the impact. It is recommended that project

proponent develop and execute an environmental management plan to ensure best practices

during the implementation of the project. It is also recommended that project proponent

undertake to restore the habitats with indigenous species in order to partially compensate for

the loss of habitats due to the implementation of the proposed project. Finally it is

recommended that an appropriate independent monitoring mechanism with relevant funds be

established to ensure that the project proponent complies with the proposed mitigation

measures.

Removal and disposal of debris and excavated material, and increasing the possibilities of

erosion can deteriorate water quality of surface water bodies. Hindrance to vehicular

movements, damage to the crest road surface due to movement of heavy vehicles, temporary

storage of earth along the crest road and elsewhere, impacts due to parking of vehicles and

machinery have to be monitored closely. Noise and vibration and dust generation also can

occur due to large-scale construction using heavy machinery.

Engineering best practices must be recommended to be adopted by the contractor for the

sound engineering work.

Borrow sites must be utilized with a proper rehabilitation and safety plan for the protection of

fauna inhabiting the area. All the borrow/quarry areas should be accepted for material

exploitation only if proper approvals from the relevant authorities are obtained.

When complaints are received from the neighbourhood on the environmental issues,

immediate attention and solutions to such issues are recommended.


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The farmers should be given firm and highly committed promise to complete the riprap

rehabilitation work just after completion of 2017 Yala season. If so, there will be no need to

forgo any cultivation season. Farmers are prepared to tolerate even significant loss to them to

get this riprap rehabilitated. They are very particular to get head work of their irrigation

scheme improved under the dam safety project.

The irrigation department should use this opportunity as strength of the proposed project and

implement proposed development interventions within the planned period. The construction

material should be mobilized during early stage of the construction schedule and store them in

close proximity to the riprap rehabilitation site to use them quite efficiently.


Page | 130

References

Bedjanic, M., Conniff, K. and G. de S. Wijeyratne (2007). Gehan’s photo guide; Dragonflies of Sri Lanka. Jetwing Eco Holidays.

CEA (1992). An Environmental Profile of The Moneragala District, Central Environmental Authority, Battaramulla

Cooray, P.G. (1984). An Introduction to Geology of Sri Lanka (Ceylon), National Museums

of Sri Lanka Publication, Colombo.

D’ Abrera, B. (1998). The Butterflies of Ceylon. Wildlife Heritage Trust, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Das, I. and De Silva, A. (2005). Photographic guide to the Snakes and other Reptiles of Sri Lanka. New Holland Publishers.

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Page | 131

9. Annexures

Page | 132

Annex 1- List of persons consultant

Date Name Address Position

2016/8/31 S.P.A. Jayathissa District engineers office/ irrigation department , Monaragala

IE

2016/8/31 A.J.M.I Jayasundara District engineers office/ irrigation department , Monaragala

TA

2016/9/1 M. Samantha DS office ,Siyambalanduwa Assistant Planning Director

2016/9/1 D.M.Punchibanda DS office ,Siyambalanduwa Head Quarters GN

2016/9/1 K.M. Wasantha Udayakumara

IMD office, Muthukandiya Institutional Development Officer

2016/9/1 R.M. Piyarathana IMD office, Muthukandiya Institutional Development Officer

2016/9/1 S.Kumari Dissanayake Development officer, Muthukandiya-GN office

Development Officer

2016/9/2 D.M Jayathissa No3, fishery village, Muthukandiya

Former President of Fishery Association

2016/9/2 D.M Chamila Muthumali Fishery village, Kanda Uda Panguwa, Muthukandiya

Community leader

2016/9/2 R.M Rathnayake No 4 Hamlet- Muthukandiya President of Ekamuthu FO

2016/9/2 J.M Nimal Karunathilaka 118, 4th village Muthukandiya Secretary Siri Parakum FO

2016/9/2 T.W. Punchi Banda 3 ala road, 1st village, Muthukandiya

Farmer

2016/9/2 D.M. Muthubanda 1st village, Muthukandiya Farmer

2016/9/2 K.G. Kiriwatte 5th village, Muthukandiya Farmer

2016/9/2 P.Nanda Kumara 6th village, Muthukandiya Farmer

Page | 133

Contact details of responsible officers of Muthukandiya Dam

Name Designation Contact Information

1. Eng. S.P.A. Jayathissa, Divisional Irrigation Engineer

Monaragala

071-8566674

2. Mr. A.J.M.I. Jayasundara Technical Officer

Muthukandiya Dam

Monaragala IE scheme

071-6038095

Page | 134

Annex 2- Details of the cost benefit of an acre of paddy land

Activity Amounts Rs.

Preparation of field bunds (activity 1) 3 x 1,200 3,600

Ploughing 1 acres 8,500

Preparation of field bunds (activity 2) 5 x 1,200 6,000

Seed paddy 40 kg x 100 4,000

sowing 4 x 1,200 4,800

Basel fertilizer 50 kg x 50 2,500

Urea 75 kg x 50 3,750

Fertilizer during Booting period 25 kg x 50 1,250

Weedicides 400 ml 5,000

Application of Weedicides 1 x 1,200 1,200

Insecticides 400 ml 1,200

Application of Insecticides 1 x 1,200 1,200

Harvesting through machinery 1 acres 7,500

Other manual processing of paddy 2 x 1,200 2,400

Transport of production 40 800

Total 53,700

Notes:

Yield of 1 acre = 1 650 kg

Total income = 1,650 kg x Rs. 50 (Rs. 82,500)

Total Expenditure = Rs. 53,700

Net Income = Rs. 28,800 (Rs. 82,500- Rs. 53,700)

Total income of Muthukandiya irrigation scheme = Rs Million 172.9 ( 2,096 acres

command area x Rs. 82,500 - 1 acre total income)