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  • 7/28/2019 Final Project Ling

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    Megan BarnesFinal Project06/11/2013

    1. The Language and Language ConsultantThe Korean language is spoken throughout North and South Korea as their official

    language, as well as in the Yanbian province of China as one of its official languages.

    In total, Korean has 78 million speakers, worldwide. Regional dialectic differences

    occur throughout Korea, with the most pronounced difference being between

    northern and southern dialects of Korean. These differences occur between

    pronunciation, spelling, grammar, and vocabulary. Korean is considered to be a

    language isolate, though some speculations propose its membership in the Altaic

    language family. School children in South Korea learn English, causing a high

    number of bilingual individuals, though most do not speak the dominant

    surrounding languages (Chinese and Japanese).

    Min Su, a native speaker of Korean, was born and raised in Mexico. His parents

    emigrated from Korea before he was born, and he and his brother were born in

    Mexico. He now speaks Korean, Spanish, and English. He considers himself most

    fluent in Spanish, but is equally comfortable with Korean and still speaks Korean

    exclusively with his family. The Korean he has been exposed to comes mostly from

    his parents, but he visits Korea regularly and has encountered a variety of Korean

    dialects.

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    2. VowelsKorean Vowel Chart:

    Main Vowel Contrasts:

    Roundedness Contrasts:

    Six of Koreans eight simple vowels appear in contrasting distribution in the firsttable. A ninth vowel exists in the written language, [e], but there is no audibledifference between [e] and [!], according to the speaker. The second table shows,most notably, minimal pairs that demonstrate how rounded vowels contrast with

    unrounded vowels.

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    Spectrograms of the Vowels:

    [ip] mouth

    [k] and

    [k!] dog

    Time (s)

    193.1 193.50

    5000

    Frequency(Hz)

    193.072405 193.463745

    22minsu

    Time (s)

    12.9 13.320

    5000

    Frequency(Hz)

    12.9036443 13.3221995

    0602minsu

    Time (s)

    10.6 110

    5000

    Frequency(Hz)

    10.5959526 11.0022543

    0602minsu

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    [kan] liver

    [pj"l] star

    [ot] clothing

    Time (s)

    41.14 41.550

    5000

    Frequency

    (Hz)

    41.141807 41.5450813

    0602minsu

    Time (s)41.14 41.550

    5000

    Frequency(Hz)

    41.141807 41.54508130602minsu

    Time (s)

    77.59 77.940

    5000

    Frequency(Hz)

    77.592506 77.9358261

    15minsu

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    [kun] soldier/military

    [kn] weight measure

    Vowels Charted by Formant Frequency:

    (x-axis being F2-F1 in Hz and y-axis being F1 in Hz, all estimations from values onspectrograms)

    Time (s)

    15.87 16.370

    5000

    Frequency

    (Hz)

    15.8681899 16.3698264

    0602minsu

    Time (s)

    19.49 19.970

    5000

    Frequency(Hz)

    19.4873603 19.9673545

    0602minsu

    0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    500

    600

    050010001500200025003000

    i

    a

    u

    ^

    o

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    3. ConsonantsWord-initial Consonants:

    Place ->Manner

    Bilabial Alveolar Post-

    alveolar

    Velar Glottal

    Stop p, p , p t, t , t t, th, t k, k , k

    Fricative s, s h

    Nasal m n

    Flap

    Approximant j

    (in this chart and henceforth in this paper, tenseness of a consonant is denoted by[], the proper diacritic would be two vertical lines beneath the consonant)

    (Rough) Minimal pairs showing contrastive distribution of word-initial consonants:

    pul Hornpul Firep ul Grasskan Liverkan peeledk an Bin

    tal Moontal Daughtert al Maskta Ruler

    ta Salty

    tha Cars! Birds! Strongh! Yearmul Waternuna Older sister

    j"l Ten

    In this table, consonants with certain similar characteristics (place or manner ofarticulations) are placed in similar environments (typically next to similar vowels asall are word-initial) in order to show that they contrast as phonemes of Korean.

    Consonant clusters that arise in collected data consist of nasals before contrastingnasals or stops, approximants before stops, and voiceless stops with other voicelessstops.

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    An interesting set of contrastive consonants is the variation on the voiceless stop.The plain, tense, and aspirated versions of these stops form three separate phonemesthat would be hard for a speaker of some other languages to distinguish (manylanguages contain the three as allophones of the plain voiceless stop). Theirspectrograms and intensity charts (respectively) vary as follows:

    [kan] liver

    Time (s)

    37.7 38.380

    5000

    Frequency(Hz)

    37.7037761 38.3750830602minsu

    Time (s)

    37.54 38.4150

    100

    Intensity(dB)

    38.4103838

    0602minsu

    Very small onset timefor [k]

    Intensity peaking in

    the middle of theword around thevowel

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    [kan] peeled

    Time (s)

    40.91 41.70

    5000

    Frequency(Hz)

    40.9104035 41.7048017

    0602minsu

    Time (s)

    40.91 41.750

    100

    Intensity(dB)

    40.9104035 41.7048017

    0602minsu

    Time (s)

    43.8 44.260

    5000

    Frequency(Hz)

    43.8037141 44.2570614

    0602minsu

    Similarly short onsettime for [k]

    Intensity peakingat the beginningof the word(correlating with[k])

    Large period ofnoise before onsetof vowel

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    [khan] bin

    As the spectrograms and intensity charts show, [k] and [k] both have short vowelonset time, and [kh] varies by having a much longer period of noise before vowelonset. All three vary in intensity forms, with [kan] finding its peak on the vowel,[kan] finding its peak on the initial consonant, and [khan] having two peaks, one onthe consonant and a larger on on the vowel. These differences constitute a contrastin Korean.

    4. ProsodyVowel length:

    There seems to be a prosodic phenomenon in the stress variation in twosyllable words. Most of the two-syllable words elicited followed a stressed-unstressed pattern. After asking the speaker, not following this pattern vs. followingit does not appear to be contrastive, but is salient nonetheless.

    For example:

    [tada] to burnThis intensity chart shows two peaks corresponding to identical vowels. Thedifference is that the first peak is higher, as the first syllable in the word is stressedand has greater intensity.

    Time (s)43.8 44.26

    50

    100

    Inte

    nsity(dB)

    43.8037141 44.25706140602minsu

    Time (s)71.27 71.79

    50

    100

    Intensity(dB)

    71.265905615minsu

    Two peaks inintensity. Thesmallercorrelating with[kh] and the largercorrelating withthe vowel

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    5. Phonology

    One of many phonological processes going on in Korean is a stop-voicing rule.From the data above based on the pluralization of nouns, it is clear that themorpheme to indicate plurality fluctuates between [-t^l] and [-d^l}. From this wecan glean that [t] and [d] are allophones of the same phoneme. While both occurwithin words, [t] is the only allophone that occurs at word boundaries ([tomul] and[ot], for example). This is a good indication that [t] is the underlying phoneme.Then, we can see that [t] becomes voiced between sonorant segments (vowels,nasals, [l] and [r]). Referring to the extension of the table, we can see that thisprocess also happens to the other stops in the phonological inventory ([k], [tS], and[p]).The rule then looks as such:

    Voicing:

    C [-cont -> C [+voice] / [+son] __ [+son}-son ]