Final Meeting of the CAPACT project, 4-6 July 2007, Almaty, Kazakhstan

M. Krzyzanowski and Kubanychbek Monolbaev

WHO Regional Office for Europe

EECCA participation in work on EECCA participation in work on health effectshealth effects

This presentation:This presentation:

1. Updated WHO Air Quality Guidelines

2. Data on AQ (PM10) in European Region of WHO

3. Framework Plan for development of PM monitoring in EECCA

WHO AQG - Global update WHO AQG - Global update The processThe process

Basis: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition, WHO 2000

• Oct – Nov 2004: Steering Group established

• Jan - Sept 2005: review of the evidence (ca 80 experts involved)

• 18-20 October 2005: WG meeting, Bonn (report published Feb 2006)

• Dec 2005 – June 2006: finalization of background materials (drafts 2-4)

• 5 October 2006 – WHO press release on AQG

• WHO editing / printing published in April 2007

http://www.who.int/phe/air/aqg2006execsum.pdfhttp://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair_aqg/en/index.html - all WHO official languages

http://www.euro.who.int/InformationSources/Publications/Catalogue/20070323_1

Passing interim targets on the way Passing interim targets on the way towards AQG towards AQG

Exposure

Effect

AQG IT-2 IT-1

WHO AQG - Global update WHO AQG - Global update Particulate matter: annual meanParticulate matter: annual mean

Annual mean level

PM10

(µg/m3)

PM2.5

(µg/m3)

Basis for the selected level

Interim target-1 (IT-1)

70 35 Levels associated with about 15% higher long-term mortality than at AQG

Interim target-2 (IT-2)

50 25 Risk of premature mortality decreased by approximately 6% compared to IT1

Interim target-3 (IT-3)

30 15 Mortality risk reduced by approximately 6% compared to IT2 levels.

Air quality guideline (AQG)

20 10 Lowest levels at which total, CP and LCA mortality have been shown to increase (Pope et al., 2002). The use of PM2.5 guideline

is preferred.

AQG 2000: no guideline value

WHO AQG - Global update WHO AQG - Global update Particulate matter: 24-h meanParticulate matter: 24-h mean

24-hour mean level *)

PM10

(µg/m3)

PM2.5

(µg/m3)

Basis for the selected level

Interim target-1 (IT-1)

150 75 About 5% increase of short-term mortality over AQG

Interim target-2 (IT-2)

100 50 About 2.5% increase of short-term mortality over AQG

Interim target-3 (IT-3)

75 37.5 About 1.2% increase in short-term mortality over AQG

Air quality guidelines (AQG)

50 25 Based on relation between 24-hour and annual PM levels

*) 99th percentile (3 days / year)

AQG 2000: no guideline value

WHO AQG: Global update: WHO AQG: Global update: Summary of updated AQG valuesSummary of updated AQG values

Pollutant Averaging time AQG value

Particulate matter PM2.5

PM10

1 year24 hour (99th percentile)

1 year24 hour (99th percentile)

10 µg/m3 25 µg/m3

20 µg/m3

50 µg/m3

Ozone, O3 8 hour, daily maximum*) 100 µg/m3

Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 1 year1 hour

40 µg/m3 200 µg/m3

Sulfur dioxide, SO2 24 hour **)10 minute

20 µg/m3 500 µg/m3

AQG levels recommended to be achieved everywhere in order to significantly reduce the adverse health effects of pollution

*) AQG 2000: 120 μg/m3 **) AQG 2000: 125 μg/m3

Percentage of children living in cities with various PM10 levels, Percentage of children living in cities with various PM10 levels, 2004 (or last available year)2004 (or last available year)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Latvia

Estonia

Norway

Ireland

Sweden

Finland

Denmark

France

United Kingdom

Germany

Lithuania

Iceland

Netherlands

Switzerland

Hungary

Austria

Portugal

Spain

Poland

Slovakia

Belgium

Czech Republic

Italy

Greece

Slovenia

Romania

Serbia and Montenegro (Serbia)

Bulgaria

<20

20–40

40–60

60–80

PM10

level

(μg/m3)

Note: In several countries the assessment is based on one city only. http://www.enhis.net

Children’s health and the environment in Europe: Children’s health and the environment in Europe: Environmental data used for exposure assessmentEnvironmental data used for exposure assessment

Exposure to air pollution

PM10 level > AQG for 90% children in

WHO/Euro

No improvement in urban AQ in the current

decade

No data on AQ for 43% of population in the

Region

EUROSTAT structural indicatorhttp://www.enhis.net

Annual mean concentrations of air pollutants Annual mean concentrations of air pollutants monitored in cities of Georgia, 2006monitored in cities of Georgia, 2006

Source : Division of Air Protection, Ministry of Environment of Georgia, 2006

CITYAnnual mean concentration μg/m3

Dust SO2 CO NO2 NO MnO2 H2S

Tbilisi 404.0 57.77 6005.0 46.86 _ _ _

Batumi 478.1 93.88 _ 112.73 _ _ 4.136

Kutaisi 976.5 76.35 3547 125.97 47.01 _ _

Zesrafoni 739.7 50.59 _ 37.07 15.1 9.971 _

Akhalcikhe 430.4 _ _ _ _ _ _

Rustavi _ _ 1972.0 _ _ _ _

Concentration of “dust” (=TSP) and NO2 Concentration of “dust” (=TSP) and NO2 in cities of Russian Federation, 2002-4in cities of Russian Federation, 2002-4

Cumulated distribution of population exposure to suspended particulate matter in Russian Federation, mean 2002-2004

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000

pollutant concentration (milligram/m3)

mean

min

max

Cumulated distribution of population exposure to NO2 in Russian Federation, mean 2002-2004

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000

pollutant concentration (milligram/m3)

mean

min

max

Mean = 244 μg/m3No. of cities 2002/3/4 = 57 / 98 / 92Population (million) = 30 / 45 / 40

Mean = 79 μg/m3No. of cities 2002/3/4 = 70/ 111 / 105Population (million) = 34 / 47 / 45

Source: Federal Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Moscow

Emission of pollutants from mobile sources,Emission of pollutants from mobile sources,Georgia, 2003-5Georgia, 2003-5

YEARS Tonnes x 1000

TOTAL NOX VOC’s CO SO2 SOOT CO2

2005 246.035 17.179 40.602 178.561 5.710 3.983

2004 199.058 12.849 32.028 147.842 3.771 2.568 1444.2

2003 170.096 10.226 26.777 128.758 2.612 1.723 1178.3

Source : Division of Air Protection, Ministry of Environment of Georgia, 2006

Projected PM emissions in Europe, 2000-2020

Source: IIASA

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

2000 CLE2020

MTFR2020

2000 CLE2020

MTFR2020

2000 CLE2020

MTFR2020

kilotons/year

PM2.5 PM coarse

EU15 EU10 Non-EU

CLE: current legislation; MTFR: Maximum technically feasible reductions

No effective policies leading to PM reduction in Non-EU

Why PM data needed?Why PM data needed?

• To inform the public and policy makers about the magnitude of health risk of air pollution in a local population;

• To stimulate various stakeholders to initiate pollution reduction;

• To plan actions reducing air pollution;

• To evaluate effectiveness of the actions.

Framework Plan Framework Plan for development of monitoring of PM in EECCAfor development of monitoring of PM in EECCA

English: http://www.euro.who.int/Document/E88565.pdf

Russian: http://www.euro.who.int/document/e88565r.pdf

WHO Framework Plan for development of WHO Framework Plan for development of PM monitoring in EECCAPM monitoring in EECCA

A general strategy and technical action plan, WHO/Euro 2006):

– Summarizes principles of PM10 and PM2.5 monitoring;

– Presents practical guidelines on essential steps to be taken in a country initiating PM monitoring;

– Provides timetable and organizational framework for program implementation;

– Considers the cost-effectiveness of the system and its operation in countries with limited financial resources and limited expertise.

Framework for establishing PM monitoring in EECCA

Framework Plan

National Plan Pilot

Project

National monitoring

system

WHO Framework Plan for development of WHO Framework Plan for development of PM monitoring in EECCA: Pilot project in Tirana, ALBPM monitoring in EECCA: Pilot project in Tirana, ALB

June 06: Assessment of local needs / capacities / programs

September 06: Workshop with all stakeholders to agree on the local actions

May 07: Initiation of PM monitoring

Sept 07: (Planned) assessment

Additional activity: preparations for NO2 mapping (passive monitoring of NO2; survey of traffic intensity)

Conclusions Conclusions

• WHO AQG provide challenging targets for air pollution control

• Available AQ data from EECCA indicate urgent need to reduce air pollution

• Reduction of health risks: focus on primary PM, PM precursors and NOx

Policy development must address the health impacts of air pollution

Air pollution monitoring (PM10 & PM 2.5 !!)

Identification of sources / emissions

AQ improvement plans: from interim targets AQG

http://www.euro.who.int/air