2nd Mate Isidro E. Estremadura

GPS ( Global Positioning System )

GPSGPS

GPS employs 24 spacecraft in 20,200 GPS employs 24 spacecraft in 20,200 km circular orbits inclined at 55 km circular orbits inclined at 55 degrees. These spacecraft are placed degrees. These spacecraft are placed in 6 orbit planes with four operational in 6 orbit planes with four operational satellites in each plane. All launches satellites in each plane. All launches have been successful except for one have been successful except for one launch failure in 1981. The full 24-launch failure in 1981. The full 24-satellite constellation was completed satellite constellation was completed on March 9, 1994. on March 9, 1994.

The Global Positioning The Global Positioning SystemSystem

Baseline 24 satellite constellation in medium earth Baseline 24 satellite constellation in medium earth orbitorbit

Global coverage, 24 hours a day, all weather Global coverage, 24 hours a day, all weather conditionsconditions

Satellites broadcast precise time and orbit Satellites broadcast precise time and orbit information on L-band radio frequenciesinformation on L-band radio frequencies

Two types of service:Two types of service:• Standard (free of direct user fees)Standard (free of direct user fees)• Precise (U.S. and Allied military)Precise (U.S. and Allied military)

Three segments: Three segments: • SpaceSpace• Ground controlGround control• User equipmentUser equipment

4

GPS ServicesGPS Services

GPS satellites provide service to civilian and GPS satellites provide service to civilian and

military users. The civilian service is military users. The civilian service is

freely available to all users on a freely available to all users on a

continuous, worldwide basis. The military continuous, worldwide basis. The military

service is available to U.S. and allied service is available to U.S. and allied

armed forces as well as approved armed forces as well as approved

Government agencies. Government agencies.

Standard Positioning ServiceStandard Positioning Service

The Standard Positioning Service (SPS) is The Standard Positioning Service (SPS) is defined in the standard specified level of defined in the standard specified level of positioning and timing accuracy that is positioning and timing accuracy that is available, without restrictions, to any user available, without restrictions, to any user on a continuous worldwide basis. The on a continuous worldwide basis. The accuracy of this service will be established accuracy of this service will be established by the DOD and DOT based on U. S. by the DOD and DOT based on U. S. security interests. SPS provides a security interests. SPS provides a predictable positioning accuracy of 100 predictable positioning accuracy of 100 meters (95 percent) horizontally and 156 meters (95 percent) horizontally and 156 meters (95 percent) vertically and time meters (95 percent) vertically and time transfer accuracy to UTC within 340 transfer accuracy to UTC within 340 nanoseconds (95 percent).nanoseconds (95 percent).

Precise Positioning ServicePrecise Positioning ServicePrecise Positioning Service (PPS) as the most Precise Positioning Service (PPS) as the most

accurate direct positioning, velocity, and accurate direct positioning, velocity, and timing information continuously available, timing information continuously available, worldwide, from the basic GPS. This worldwide, from the basic GPS. This service is limited to users specifically service is limited to users specifically authorized by the U.S. P(Y)-code capable authorized by the U.S. P(Y)-code capable military user equipment provides a military user equipment provides a predictable positioning accuracy of at least predictable positioning accuracy of at least 22 meters (95 percent) horizontally and 22 meters (95 percent) horizontally and 27.7 meters (95 percent) vertically and 27.7 meters (95 percent) vertically and time transfer accuracy to UTC within 200 time transfer accuracy to UTC within 200 nanoseconds (95 percent) (DoD and DoT nanoseconds (95 percent) (DoD and DoT 1995, A-36).1995, A-36).

GPS ConstellationGPS Constellation

GPS satellites GPS satellites

circle the earth circle the earth

twice a day in a twice a day in a

very precise orbit very precise orbit

and transmit and transmit

signal information signal information

to earth.to earth.

Triangulation Triangulation

GPS receivers take GPS receivers take

this information this information

and use and use

triangulation to triangulation to

calculate the calculate the

user's exact user's exact

location.location.

TimeTime

Essentially, the GPS receiver Essentially, the GPS receiver

compares the time a signal compares the time a signal

was transmitted by a satellite was transmitted by a satellite

with the time it was received.with the time it was received.

The time difference tells the The time difference tells the

GPS receiver how far away the GPS receiver how far away the

satellite is.satellite is.

• Now, with distance Now, with distance

measurements from a few more measurements from a few more

satellites, the receiver can satellites, the receiver can

determine the user's position and determine the user's position and

display it on the receiver.display it on the receiver.

• With four or more satellites in With four or more satellites in

view, the receiver can determine view, the receiver can determine

the user's 3D position (latitude, the user's 3D position (latitude,

longitude and altitude).longitude and altitude).

Components of GPSComponents of GPS

The Space SegmentThe Space Segment

The space The space segment segment consists of a consists of a nominal nominal constellation of constellation of 24 operating 24 operating satellites that satellites that transmit one-transmit one-way signals that way signals that give the current give the current GPS satellite GPS satellite position and position and time.time.

The User SegmentThe User Segment

The user segment The user segment consists of the GPS consists of the GPS receiver receiver equipment, which equipment, which receives the receives the signals from the signals from the GPS satellites and GPS satellites and uses the uses the transmitted transmitted information to information to calculate the user’s calculate the user’s three-dimensional three-dimensional position and time. position and time.

Control SegmentControl Segment

The control segment consists of The control segment consists of worldwide monitor and control worldwide monitor and control stations that maintain the satellites stations that maintain the satellites in their proper orbits through in their proper orbits through occasional command maneuvers, occasional command maneuvers, and adjust the satellite clocks. It and adjust the satellite clocks. It tracks the GPS satellites, uploads tracks the GPS satellites, uploads updated navigational data, and updated navigational data, and maintains health and status of the maintains health and status of the satellite constellation. satellite constellation.

Control SegmentControl Segment

A full size model of the Earth observation satellite ERS 2

Satellite frequenciesSatellite frequencies

L1L1 (1575.42 MHz): Mix of Navigation Message, (1575.42 MHz): Mix of Navigation Message, coarse-acquisition (C/A) code and encrypted coarse-acquisition (C/A) code and encrypted precision P(Y) code, plus the new L1C on future precision P(Y) code, plus the new L1C on future Block III satellites.Block III satellites.

L2L2 (1227.60 MHz): P(Y) code, plus the new L2C (1227.60 MHz): P(Y) code, plus the new L2C

code on the Block IIR-M and newer satellites. code on the Block IIR-M and newer satellites.

L3L3 (1381.05 MHz): Used by the Nuclear (1381.05 MHz): Used by the Nuclear Detonation (NUDET) Detection System Payload Detonation (NUDET) Detection System Payload (NDS) to signal detection of nuclear detonations (NDS) to signal detection of nuclear detonations and other high-energy infrared events. Used to and other high-energy infrared events. Used to enforce nuclear test ban treaties.enforce nuclear test ban treaties.

Cont’d Satellite frequenciesCont’d Satellite frequencies L4L4 (1379.913 MHz): Being studied for (1379.913 MHz): Being studied for

additional ionospheric correction. additional ionospheric correction.

L5L5 (1176.45 MHz): Proposed for use as a (1176.45 MHz): Proposed for use as a civilian safety-of-life (SoL) signal . This civilian safety-of-life (SoL) signal . This frequency falls into an internationally frequency falls into an internationally protected range for aeronautical protected range for aeronautical navigation, promising little or no navigation, promising little or no interference under all circumstances. The interference under all circumstances. The first Block IIF satellite that would provide first Block IIF satellite that would provide this signal is set to be launched in 2009. this signal is set to be launched in 2009.

Other Satellite System Other Satellite System GalileoGalileo – a GNSS developed and constructed by – a GNSS developed and constructed by

the European Union and other partner countries, the European Union and other partner countries, and planned to be operational by 2014. and planned to be operational by 2014.

BeidouBeidou – People's Republic of China's – People's Republic of China's experimental regional system. experimental regional system.

COMPASSCOMPASS – A proposed global satellite – A proposed global satellite positioning system by the People's Republic of positioning system by the People's Republic of China.China.

GLONASSGLONASS – Russia's GNSS which is being – Russia's GNSS which is being completed in partnership with India. completed in partnership with India.

IRNSSIRNSS – India's regional navigation system – India's regional navigation system covering Asia and the Indian Ocean only (distinct covering Asia and the Indian Ocean only (distinct from India's participation in GLONASS).from India's participation in GLONASS).

QZSSQZSS – Japanese proposed regional system – Japanese proposed regional system covering Japan only. covering Japan only.

Facts about the GPS satellites Facts about the GPS satellites (also called NAVSTAR )(also called NAVSTAR )

The first GPS satellite was launched in The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978. 1978.

A full constellation of 24 satellites was A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in 1994. achieved in 1994.

Each satellite is built to last about 10 Each satellite is built to last about 10 years. Replacements are constantly being years. Replacements are constantly being built and launched into orbit. built and launched into orbit.

A GPS satellite weighs approximately A GPS satellite weighs approximately 2,000 pounds and is about 17 feet across 2,000 pounds and is about 17 feet across with the solar panels extended. with the solar panels extended.

Transmitter power is only 50 watts or less. Transmitter power is only 50 watts or less.

GPS SatelliteGPS Satellite

GPS satellite launches began in GPS satellite launches began in 1978, and a second-generation 1978, and a second-generation set of satellites ("Block II") was set of satellites ("Block II") was launched beginning in 1989. launched beginning in 1989. Today's GPS constellation Today's GPS constellation consists of at least 24 Block II consists of at least 24 Block II satellites. The system became satellites. The system became fully operational in 1995.fully operational in 1995.

Determining PositionDetermining Position

A GPS receiver "knows" the location of the A GPS receiver "knows" the location of the satellites, because that information is satellites, because that information is included in satellite transmissions. By included in satellite transmissions. By estimating how far away a satellite is, the estimating how far away a satellite is, the receiver also "knows" it is located receiver also "knows" it is located somewhere on the surface of an imaginary somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere centered at the satellite. It then sphere centered at the satellite. It then determines the sizes of several spheres, determines the sizes of several spheres, one for each satellite. The receiver is one for each satellite. The receiver is located where these spheres intersect. located where these spheres intersect.

Sources of GPS signal errors Sources of GPS signal errors

1.1. Signal MultipathSignal Multipath

2.2. Ionospheric and Tropospheric Ionospheric and Tropospheric DelayDelay

3.3. Receiver Clock errorReceiver Clock error

4.4. Orbital ErrorOrbital Error

Signal multipathSignal multipath

This occurs when This occurs when the GPS signal the GPS signal is reflected off is reflected off objects such as objects such as tall buildings or tall buildings or large rock large rock surfaces before surfaces before it reaches the it reaches the receiver.receiver.

Ionosphere and troposphere delaysIonosphere and troposphere delays

The satellite The satellite signal slows signal slows as it passes as it passes through the through the atmosphereatmosphere..

Receiver clock errorReceiver clock error

A receiver's A receiver's built-in clock built-in clock is not as is not as accurate as accurate as the atomic the atomic clocks clocks onboard the onboard the GPS GPS satellites. satellites.

Orbital errorOrbital error

Also known as Also known as ephemeris ephemeris errors, these errors, these are are inaccuracies of inaccuracies of the satellite's the satellite's reported reported location.location.

General CharacteristicsGeneral CharacteristicsPrimary Function:Primary Function: Positioning, navigation, Positioning, navigation, timing and velocity information worldwidetiming and velocity information worldwide

Primary Contractors: Primary Contractors: Block II/IIA, Rockwell Block II/IIA, Rockwell International (Boeing North American); Block IIR, International (Boeing North American); Block IIR, Lockheed Martin; Block IIR-M, Lockheed Martin; Lockheed Martin; Block IIR-M, Lockheed Martin; Block IIF, Boeing North AmericanBlock IIF, Boeing North American

Power Plant:Power Plant: Solar panels generating 800 Solar panels generating 800 watts; Block IIF panels generate 2450 wattswatts; Block IIF panels generate 2450 watts

Weight:Weight: Block IIA, 3,670 pounds (1,816 Block IIA, 3,670 pounds (1,816 kilograms); Block IIR/M, 4,480 pounds (2,217 kilograms); Block IIR/M, 4,480 pounds (2,217 kilograms); Block IIF, 3,758 pounds (1,705 kilograms); Block IIF, 3,758 pounds (1,705 kilograms) kilograms)

Height:Height: Block IIA, 136 inches (3.4 meters); Block Block IIA, 136 inches (3.4 meters); Block IIR, 70 inches (1.7 meters); Block IIF, 98 inches IIR, 70 inches (1.7 meters); Block IIF, 98 inches (2.4 meters) (2.4 meters)

Width (includes wingspan):Width (includes wingspan): Block IIA, 208.6 Block IIA, 208.6 inches (5.3 meters); Block IIR, 449 inches (11.4 inches (5.3 meters); Block IIR, 449 inches (11.4 meters); Block IIF, approximately 116 feet (35.5 meters); Block IIF, approximately 116 feet (35.5 meters)meters)

Design life:Design life: Block II/IIA, 7.5 years; Block IIR, 10 Block II/IIA, 7.5 years; Block IIR, 10 years; Block IIR-M (modernized) 8.57 years; Block years; Block IIR-M (modernized) 8.57 years; Block IIF, 11 yearsIIF, 11 years

Date of First Launch:Date of First Launch: 1978 1978

Launch vehicle:Launch vehicle: Delta II; EELV for Block IIF Delta II; EELV for Block IIF

Date Constellation Operational:Date Constellation Operational: April 1995 (at April 1995 (at full operational capacity)full operational capacity)

GPS Accuracy by LandGPS Accuracy by Land The accuracy of a position determined The accuracy of a position determined

with GPS depends on the type of receiver. with GPS depends on the type of receiver. Most hand-held GPS units have about 10-Most hand-held GPS units have about 10-20 meter accuracy. Other types of 20 meter accuracy. Other types of receivers use a method called Differential receivers use a method called Differential GPS (DGPS) to obtain much higher GPS (DGPS) to obtain much higher accuracy. DGPS requires an additional accuracy. DGPS requires an additional receiver fixed at a known location nearby. receiver fixed at a known location nearby. Observations made by the stationary Observations made by the stationary receiver are used to correct positions receiver are used to correct positions recorded by the roving units, producing an recorded by the roving units, producing an accuracy greater than 1 meter.accuracy greater than 1 meter.

Global Maritime Distress and Global Maritime Distress and Safety SystemSafety System

GMDSSGMDSS

What is GMDSS?What is GMDSS? The Global Maritime Distress and Safety The Global Maritime Distress and Safety

System (GMDSS) is the international radio System (GMDSS) is the international radio safety system mandated by the safety system mandated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Maritime Organization (IMO) for ships at sea. for ships at sea.

The GMDSS was implemented on February The GMDSS was implemented on February 1, 1999 through amendments to the Safety 1, 1999 through amendments to the Safety of Life At Sea (SOLAS) Convention.of Life At Sea (SOLAS) Convention.

The primary purpose of GMDSS is to The primary purpose of GMDSS is to automate and improve emergency automate and improve emergency communications for the world's shipping communications for the world's shipping industry.industry.

Why GMDSS?Why GMDSS? GMDSS was developed to SAVE LIVES by modernizing and GMDSS was developed to SAVE LIVES by modernizing and

enhancing the current radio communications system. By enhancing the current radio communications system. By utilizing satellite and digital selective calling technology, utilizing satellite and digital selective calling technology, GMDSS provides a more effective distress alerting system. GMDSS provides a more effective distress alerting system. It improves the current system by:It improves the current system by:

1.1. increasing the probability that an alert will be sent when a increasing the probability that an alert will be sent when a

vessel is in distress; vessel is in distress;

2.2. increasing the likelihood that the alert will be received; increasing the likelihood that the alert will be received;

3.3. increasing the ability to locate survivors; increasing the ability to locate survivors;

4.4. improving rescue communications and coordination; andimproving rescue communications and coordination; and

5.5. providing mariners with vital maritime safety information. providing mariners with vital maritime safety information.

Functional requirementsFunctional requirements1.1. transmitting ship-to-shore Distress Alerts; transmitting ship-to-shore Distress Alerts; 2.2. receiving shore-to-ship Distress Alerts;receiving shore-to-ship Distress Alerts;3.3. transmitting and receiving ship-to-ship Distress transmitting and receiving ship-to-ship Distress

Alerts; Alerts; 4.4. transmitting and receiving search and rescue co-transmitting and receiving search and rescue co-

ordinating communications; ordinating communications; 5.5. transmitting and receiving on-scene transmitting and receiving on-scene

communications; communications; 6.6. transmitting and receiving locating signals; transmitting and receiving locating signals; 7.7. receiving maritime safety information; receiving maritime safety information; 8.8. transmitting and receiving general transmitting and receiving general

radiocommunications; radiocommunications; 9.9. transmitting and receiving bridge-to-bridge transmitting and receiving bridge-to-bridge

communications. communications.

ApplicationApplication

The GMDSS applies to vessels subject to The GMDSS applies to vessels subject to the SOLAS Convention - that is:the SOLAS Convention - that is:

Commercial vessels of 300 Gross Commercial vessels of 300 Gross Registered Tons (GRT) and above, Registered Tons (GRT) and above, engaged on international voyages.engaged on international voyages.

The GMDSS became The GMDSS became mandatorymandatory for such for such vessels as of February 1, 1999.vessels as of February 1, 1999.

Minimum requirementsMinimum requirements GMDSS ships are required to carry the following minimum GMDSS ships are required to carry the following minimum

equipment:equipment:

A VHF radio installation capable of transmitting DSC on channel A VHF radio installation capable of transmitting DSC on channel 70, and radiotelephony on channels 16, 13 and 6. 70, and radiotelephony on channels 16, 13 and 6.

One SART if under 500 GRT, 2 SARTs if over 500 GRT.One SART if under 500 GRT, 2 SARTs if over 500 GRT.

Two portable VHF transceivers for use in survival craft if under 500 Two portable VHF transceivers for use in survival craft if under 500 GRT, three if over 500 GRT.GRT, three if over 500 GRT.

A NAVTEX receiver, if the ship is engaged on voyages in any area A NAVTEX receiver, if the ship is engaged on voyages in any area where a NAVTEX service is provided.where a NAVTEX service is provided.

An Inmarsat EGC receiver, if the ship is engaged on voyages in An Inmarsat EGC receiver, if the ship is engaged on voyages in any area of Inmarsat coverage where MSI services are not any area of Inmarsat coverage where MSI services are not provided by NAVTEX or HF NBDP.provided by NAVTEX or HF NBDP.

A 406 MHz or 1.6 GHz EPIRB A 406 MHz or 1.6 GHz EPIRB

GMDSS EquipmentGMDSS Equipment

Digital Selective Calling (DSC)Digital Selective Calling (DSC) Satellite CommunicationsSatellite Communications Emergency Position Indicating Emergency Position Indicating

Radio beacon (EPIRB)Radio beacon (EPIRB)   Search And Rescue Transponder Search And Rescue Transponder

(SART)(SART) Maritime Safety Information Maritime Safety Information

(MSI)(MSI) GMDSS Sea Areas - InternationalGMDSS Sea Areas - International

Digital Selective Calling (DSC)Digital Selective Calling (DSC) The traditional marine radio (VHF/MF/HF) The traditional marine radio (VHF/MF/HF)

has been enhanced with the addition of a has been enhanced with the addition of a feature known as DSC. This feature feature known as DSC. This feature enables vessels to automatically maintain enables vessels to automatically maintain the required watch on distress and calling the required watch on distress and calling channels instead of the current aural channels instead of the current aural listening watch. A DSC receiver will only listening watch. A DSC receiver will only respond to the vessel’s unique Maritime respond to the vessel’s unique Maritime Mobile Service Identity number (MMSI#), Mobile Service Identity number (MMSI#), similar to a telephone number, or to an similar to a telephone number, or to an "All Ships" DSC call within range. Once "All Ships" DSC call within range. Once contact has been made by DSC, follow-up contact has been made by DSC, follow-up communications take place by voice on communications take place by voice on another frequency. another frequency.

VHF with DSCVHF with DSC

VHF channel 70 (156.525 MHz) is dedicated to DSC operation.  Radio

telephone calls are prohibited on Channel 70.

MF/HF with DSCMF/HF with DSC An MF radio

installation capable of transmitting and receiving on the frequencies MF 2187.5 kHz using DSC and 2182 kHz using radiotelephony;

MF/HF DSCMF/HF DSC

DISTRESS AND SAFETY CHANNELSDISTRESS AND SAFETY CHANNELS

MF - 2187.5 kHzMF - 2187.5 kHz

HF - 4207.5 6312.0 8414.5 12577.0 HF - 4207.5 6312.0 8414.5 12577.0 16804.5 (kHz) 16804.5 (kHz)

EPIRBEPIRB

GMDSS makes use of the COSPAS-SARSAT Satellite System which provides global detection of 406 Megahertz (MHz) EPIRB

Cospas/SarsatCospas/Sarsat Cospas-Sarsat is a Cospas-Sarsat is a

satellite system satellite system designed to provide designed to provide distress alert and distress alert and location data to assist location data to assist search and rescue search and rescue (SAR) operations, (SAR) operations, using spacecraft and using spacecraft and ground facilities to ground facilities to detect and locate the detect and locate the signals of distress signals of distress beacons operating on beacons operating on 406 Megahertz (MHz). 406 Megahertz (MHz).

In Times of DistressIn Times of Distress

NavtexNavtex

NAVTEX receivers NAVTEX receivers are fully automatic are fully automatic and receive safety and receive safety maritime maritime information (MSI) information (MSI) broadcasts in broadcasts in coastal regions up coastal regions up to 300 nautical to 300 nautical miles offshore. miles offshore.

Navtex FrequenciesNavtex Frequencies

Reception only Reception only

518 kHz – MSI broadcast in 518 kHz – MSI broadcast in English language English language

490 kHz – MSI broadcast in in 490 kHz – MSI broadcast in in local languages (non English)local languages (non English)

Survival Craft Radio EquipmentSurvival Craft Radio Equipment Although SARTs are Although SARTs are

primarily designed to primarily designed to be used in lifeboats or be used in lifeboats or liferafts, they can be liferafts, they can be deployed on board a deployed on board a ship, or even in the ship, or even in the water.water.

SARTs are powered by SARTs are powered by integral batteries integral batteries which are designed to which are designed to provide up to 96 hours provide up to 96 hours of operation.of operation.

INMARSAT-CINMARSAT-C

Inmarsat-C Inmarsat-C terminals receive terminals receive Enhanced Group Enhanced Group Call - SafetyNET Call - SafetyNET (EGC) broadcasts (EGC) broadcasts for areas outside for areas outside NAVTEX coverage. NAVTEX coverage.

MF/HF Radio EquipmentMF/HF Radio Equipment

HF Narrow Band HF Narrow Band Direct Printing Direct Printing (NBDP) receivers (NBDP) receivers can be used can be used where service is where service is available as an available as an alternate to EGC. alternate to EGC.

  Search And Rescue Search And Rescue Transponder (SART)Transponder (SART)

SARTs operate in SARTs operate in the 9 GHz marine the 9 GHz marine radar band, and radar band, and when interrogated when interrogated by a searching by a searching ship's radar, ship's radar, respond with a respond with a signal which is signal which is displayed as a displayed as a series of dots on a series of dots on a radar screen. radar screen.

HOW Does SART Work?HOW Does SART Work?

Portable VHF transceiversPortable VHF transceivers

These units are These units are designed to allow designed to allow communications communications between searching between searching vessels and survivors vessels and survivors in liferafts. They in liferafts. They operate on the VHF operate on the VHF marine band in voice marine band in voice mode. DSC capability mode. DSC capability is not fitted. is not fitted.

What is ECDIS?What is ECDIS?

The Electronic Chart Display and Information systems (ECDIS) are extremely efficient mean of navigation, which significantly reduce the workload of the officers on watch, thus allowing them to devote more time to the observation of the surroundings and to the navigation of the ship.

ECDISECDIS

An An Electronic Chart Display and Electronic Chart Display and Information SystemInformation System (ECDIS) is a (ECDIS) is a computer-based navigation information computer-based navigation information system that complies with International system that complies with International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations and can be used as an alternative to paper and can be used as an alternative to paper navigational chart. IMO refers to similar navigational chart. IMO refers to similar systems not meeting the regulations as systems not meeting the regulations as Electric Chart Systems (ECS). Electric Chart Systems (ECS).

Timeline of ECDISTimeline of ECDIS

Mandatory for large international Mandatory for large international traveling ships.traveling ships.

The new standard was adopted in The new standard was adopted in June 2009 during the 86June 2009 during the 86thth session of session of International Maritime Safety International Maritime Safety Committee.Committee.

Expected entry into force will be on Expected entry into force will be on January 1, 2011.January 1, 2011.

RegulationRegulation

ECDIS (as defined by ECDIS (as defined by IHO Special IHO Special Publications S-52 and Publications S-52 and S-57) is an approved S-57) is an approved marine navigational marine navigational chart and information chart and information system, which is system, which is accepted as accepted as complying with the complying with the conventional paper conventional paper charts required by charts required by Regulation V/20 of the Regulation V/20 of the 1974 IMO SOLAS 1974 IMO SOLAS Convention. Convention.

Application of ECDISApplication of ECDIS

ECDIS provides continuous ECDIS provides continuous position and navigational safety position and navigational safety information. The system information. The system generates audible and/or visual generates audible and/or visual alarms when the vessel is in alarms when the vessel is in proximity to navigational proximity to navigational hazards.hazards.

Electronic chart dataElectronic chart data

Vector chartsVector charts

Vector charts are the chart databases Vector charts are the chart databases for ECDIS, with standardized content, for ECDIS, with standardized content, structure and format, issued for use structure and format, issued for use with ECDIS on the authority of with ECDIS on the authority of government authorized hydrographic government authorized hydrographic offices. offices.

Example of a Vector ChartExample of a Vector Chart

Raster chartsRaster charts

Raster navigational charts are raster charts Raster navigational charts are raster charts that conform to IHO specifications and are that conform to IHO specifications and are produced by converting paper charts to produced by converting paper charts to digital image by scanner. The image is digital image by scanner. The image is similar to digital camera pictures, which similar to digital camera pictures, which could be zoomed in for more detailed could be zoomed in for more detailed information as it does in ENC. IHO Special information as it does in ENC. IHO Special Publication S-61 provides guidelines for Publication S-61 provides guidelines for the production of raster data. IMO the production of raster data. IMO Resolution MSC.86(70) permits ECDIS Resolution MSC.86(70) permits ECDIS equipment to operate in a Raster Chart equipment to operate in a Raster Chart Display System (RCDS) mode in the Display System (RCDS) mode in the absence of ENC.absence of ENC.

Example of a Raster ChartExample of a Raster Chart

ApplicationApplication

ECDIS provides continuous position ECDIS provides continuous position and navigational safety information. and navigational safety information. The system generates audible and/or The system generates audible and/or visual alarms when the vessel is in visual alarms when the vessel is in proximity to navigational hazards.proximity to navigational hazards.

What is AIS?What is AIS?

Automatic identification system (AIS) are designed to be capable of providing information about the ship to other ships and to coastal authorities automatically.

The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a short range coastal tracking system used on ships and by Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) for identifying and locating vessels by electronically exchanging data with other nearby ships and VTS stations. .

How AIS WorksHow AIS Works

ApplicationApplication

AIS main objectives are:AIS main objectives are:

- to improve maritime safety- to improve maritime safety

- to protect the maritime environment - to protect the maritime environment

AIS operates in the VHF frequency band.AIS operates in the VHF frequency band.

Regulations for carriage of AISRegulations for carriage of AIS

Regulation 19 of SOLAS Chapter V - Regulation 19 of SOLAS Chapter V - Carriage requirements for shipborne Carriage requirements for shipborne navigational systems and equipment - sets navigational systems and equipment - sets out navigational equipment to be carried out navigational equipment to be carried on board ships, according to ship type. In on board ships, according to ship type. In 2000, IMO adopted a new requirement (as 2000, IMO adopted a new requirement (as part of a revised new chapter V) for all part of a revised new chapter V) for all ships to carry automatic identification ships to carry automatic identification system (AIS) capable of providing system (AIS) capable of providing information about the ship to other ships information about the ship to other ships and to coastal authorities automatically. and to coastal authorities automatically.

The regulation requires AIS to be The regulation requires AIS to be fitted aboard all ships of 300 gross fitted aboard all ships of 300 gross tonnage and upwards engaged on tonnage and upwards engaged on international voyages, cargo ships of international voyages, cargo ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards not 500 gross tonnage and upwards not engaged on international voyages engaged on international voyages and all passenger ships irrespective and all passenger ships irrespective of size. The requirement became of size. The requirement became effective for all ships by 31 effective for all ships by 31 December 2004. December 2004.

The regulation requires that AIS shall:The regulation requires that AIS shall: provide information - including the ship's provide information - including the ship's

identity, type, position, course, speed, identity, type, position, course, speed, navigational status and other safety-navigational status and other safety-related information - automatically to related information - automatically to appropriately equipped shore stations, appropriately equipped shore stations, other ships and aircraft; other ships and aircraft;

receive automatically such information receive automatically such information from similarly fitted ships; · monitor and from similarly fitted ships; · monitor and track ships; track ships;

exchange data with shore-based facilities. exchange data with shore-based facilities.

The regulation applies to ships built on or The regulation applies to ships built on or after 1 July 2002 and to ships engaged on after 1 July 2002 and to ships engaged on international voyages constructed before 1 international voyages constructed before 1 July 2002, according to the following July 2002, according to the following timetable:timetable:

passenger ships, not later than 1 July 2003;passenger ships, not later than 1 July 2003; tankers, not later than the first survey for tankers, not later than the first survey for

safety equipment on or after 1 July 2003; safety equipment on or after 1 July 2003;

ships, other than passenger ships and ships, other than passenger ships and tankers, of 50,000 gross tonnage and tankers, of 50,000 gross tonnage and upwards, not later than 1 July 2004. upwards, not later than 1 July 2004.