7 components of communication

7 components of the communication process:

1. Source [S]2. Receiver [R]3. Message [M]4. Channel 5. Feedback 6. Situation 7. Noise

5 canons

Five canons of rhetoric:

1.Invention

2.Organization

3.Style

4.Understanding

5.Delivery

Which one you worked on the most? How?

Why???? Public Speaking

• Democracy/freedom of speech/civic engagement

School/Local leadership

• Life skills/critical thinking/problem solving/decision making/conflict/team work/media/

college presentation/critical listening

• Work/job search/employment ladder & communication skills

language

• Powerful• Can harm• Can fight• Can heal• Making friends and enemies• mediate• Organize/classify• Shape thoughts

language

• Descriptive

Attempts to observe no judge• Evaluative

Full of judgments about goodness or badness of a person/situation

Modes of delivery

1. Extemporaneous Mode: keyword outline or brief notes (a speech in class)

2. Memorized Mode: committed to memory (a political speech)

3. Manuscript Mode: complete presentation is written outno memorization(a wedding toast, introductions)

4. Impromptu Mode: presenting without advance preparation(at a business meeting)

Impromptu speech

A speech that does not allow substantial planning and practice

Strategies?– Limit your message to 1 or 2 specific things– Connect quickly/effectively/grab attention– Humor/use “we”/be stylish

Ethos-pathos-logos

3 cornerstones of public speaking/ Aristotle

•Ethos=source credibility•Pathos=emotional argument•Logos=logical argument

Source credibility=Ethos

• The audience’s perception of your effectiveness as a communicator

What do you know?

How effectively you communicate your ideas to the audience?

• It is NOT based on your presentation/delivery skills

Trustworthiness

• Part of the source credibility• It is the degree to which the audience

perceives you as an honest and honorable speaker.

• If you present made up facts now, you will not be trusted later.

listening

• Hearing is receiving sounds• Listening is interpreting the message

• Active listening• Avoid distraction• Thoughtfulness

Anxiety?

• Act confidently/have fun/own the room• Know your subject• Care about your subject• See your audience as your friends• See yourself as a successful speaker• Clear your intro-body-conclusion and 3 points

in your head• PRACTICE for confidence

Purpose

General purpose: to teach, change, celebrate(one of these)

Specific Purpose Statement for info speech:My audience will understand/learn the stepsfor taking care a dog (specify what you teach).

You never actually state your specific purpose statement, it is for you to guide your speech.

Audience analysis

–discovering as much as possible about an audience for the purpose of improving communication with them–Occurs before, during, after a

presentation

Analyzing demographic characteristics is part of the audience analysis!

1. Gender: Avoid “genderism” but consider gender

Some men/women might feel victimized

(Give an example)

2. Age: They live, communicate, are informed differently

3. Ethnicity: language, culture, history, nation-state; do not discriminate

Co-cultures: similar to the majority culture but different behavior, background, beliefs.

demographic characteristics

4. Economic status: wealthier are more conservative

5. Occupation: translate jargons into language comestible with other cultures as well

6. Education: not equated with level of intelligence

7. World view: transcend differences rooted in various life experiences. What does it mean?

8. Physical characteristics: ability/disability

Don’t plagiarize

• The intentional use of info from a source without crediting that source

Separate your ideas from others’ ideas

Don’t mix the source with your words

Use correct citation

Check on internet for plagiarism such as dustball.com

Toulmin model of argument

Claim

An assertion that is open to question, or the proposition based on reasoning.

Data

Evidence or proof you provide to support your claim.

Warrant

The link between the data and your claim•Good speeches have multiple warrants supporting the same claim

Supporting materials

Ethical obligation •To find the best source/info•Cite your source/info•Fairly and accurately present the source

Criteria for sources

• Clear• Verifiable/is it verifiable if personal interview?• Competent/does the source have expertise?• Objective/avoid biases• Relevant/address the key points

How about web sources?

Six common fallacies

1. Name calling: unfairly labeling people

2. Glittering Generality:

(accept an idea without examining the evidence because it looks so good. Example: Bringing democracy to the Arab world.)

3. Bandwagon technique:

(the argument: “do because everybody is doing it”)

Six common fallacies

4. Circular reasoning

Uses unproven positions to prove each other

(He is unhappy because he drinks. He drinks because he is unhappy.)

5. Either/Or

everything is binary (two opposite points), nothing is neutral or has multiple positions. (Example: You are either with me or against me.)

6. Post Hoc ( ergo propter hoc)Fallacy

“after this; therefore, because of this.”

(I saw a black cat before the test. I failed the test after this. Because I saw a black cat, I failed the test.)

Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern

1. Establish a problem

2. explain the causes

3. offer a solution

Cause-effect pattern

1. Dog owners did not clean up after their dogs.

2. Dog owners let their dogs barking.

3. As a result, dog owners are not popular in Athens, Ohio. (Make sure you do not switch to persuasion!)

Logical Reasons Pattern

1. Present the reasons for the problem

Because of …

2. Therefore … (build your argument)

3. End with most important reason.

Don’t switch to Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern. Logical reasoning does not offer solution

Criteria-Satisfaction Pattern

1. criteria and

2. show how your proposal will meet those criteria

full sentence outline

• Be able to construct a full sentence outline for a persuasive speech (correctly labeling all parts), including a correct introduction, transitions, main points, sub points, and a complete conclusion.

• See your You Speak book

full sentence outline

Construct a full sentence outline for a persuasive speech correctly labeling all parts

• Introduction• Transition• Main points• Sub points • Conclusion

You are not expected to provide sources

Example YSp. p.87.

What holds the presentation together?

• Transitions• Statements/words that bridge previous parts

to the next part• Transitions can be signposts, internal

previews, internal reviews

Parts of a Persuasive Speech outline

IntroductionI. Attention Getter

II. Audience Relevance Link

III.Credibility

IV.Proposition

V. Preview of main points

Transition

Parts of a Persuasive Speech outline BODYFirst main point I.---------------------------.

First sub-point A.--------------.

first sub-subpoint 1.----------

second subsubpoint 2.----------

Second sub-point B.-------------------------

first sub-subpoint 1.-----------

second sub-subpoint 2.----------Transition

Second main point II.------------------------------

First sub-point A.--------------

first sub-subpoint 1.----------

second sub-subpoint 2.----------

Second sub-point B.-------------------------

first sub-subpoint 1.-----------

second sub-subpoint 2.-----------

Transition

Third main point III. ------------------------------

First sub-point A.--------------.

first sub-subpoint 1.----------

second sub-subpoint 2.----------

Second sub-point B.-------------------------

first sub-subpoint 1.-----------

second sub-subpoint 2.-----------

Transition

Parts of a Persuasive Speech outline

ConclusionI. Review Main Points

II.Restate Proposition

III.Decisive Closing

Watch TED talk for the final quizRemember the major arguments

• http://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_shapes_who_you_are

Have a great final exam quiz!