AN ADOPTION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES - IMPACT ON

DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT research article BY:

SANGEPU RAJASHEKHAR

SOURCE•IRJC International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue. 7, July 2012.

INTRODUCTION•Technology is a core competency of an organization for its sustainable business growth. Technology and products have interrelation between them.

• New product can be possible only with the new innovative technology. Technology mould as a product in an organization and release in to the market; the market may accept or reject the technology/product.

•Due to the awareness on environmental problems like global warming and organizations prefer green products, process and services to protect themselves from pollution, and to protect the bio diversity.

• In this regard there is a mutual responsibility on all of us to discover and use the clean or eco- friendly technologies/ products to avoid the environmental problems like global warming, air, water, land, space and sound pollution and its impact on health and biodiversity.

OBJECTIVES •1. To know the paradigm shift of technologies evolution from non eco- friendly to eco friendly and as well as green products.

•2. To add the new strategy of eco-product life cycle to invent the clean technologies in every stage as many ways as possible for environmental justice.

•3. To find out the most polluted stage of product life cycle to take the innovative steps to reduce the pollution.

SCOPE •This paper covers only business and environmental aspects of technologies and products in selected industries.

•The paper has the global scope to finding out the most polluted products and in its life cycle stages, production and consumption methods.

•There is a necessity to put efforts on clean technologies innovations and transfer of these technologies to all over the world as a global responsibility.

•The product life cycle is covered all the stages of product and suggested the technological developments in all possible ways to reduce the pollution foot prints of a product/technology.

•It covers the evolution of technologies in selected industries.

LIMITATIONS •This paper is limited to selected industries and its technologies only. This paper does not cover the recession and boom of the economy in developed, developing and least developed countries.

•The technology life cycle impact on development is limited to development of economy and technological aspects.

•The development is limited to country and society, • The justice is limited to environmental aspects only.

METHODOLOGY •This research is based on observation method. The secondary data collected from many books, journals, news papers, magazines and other websites. Data analyzed according to the requirements of the study.

• The study deals with the evolution of technologies from the genesis of technologies to now.

TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE • Technology life cycle is a concept that conceived about the technology life from the

genesis of technology to diffusion of technology. • Technology life cycle analyzed in a different ways, some of them related to

technology development life cycle, technology adoption life cycle and other aspects of technology life cycle.

• Technology Development life cycle stages are Research and development, demonstration, deployment and diffusion and commercial maturity.

• According to Beck hard and Harris there are some key elements to acceptance of change to adopt the new technology those are level of dissatisfaction with the status quo, desirability to proposed change and the practicality of change. Resistance to change is also a key element to accept the change and adopt the new technology by customers or organizations.

TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION LIFE CYCLE – IMPACT ON DEVELOPMENT

• Based on the adoption of technology in the chronological order of time it could be classified as the below categorization.

• INNOVATORS: customers have a passion for adoption of new technology. • EARLY ADOPTERS: the potentiality of the new technology could be observed

and tested by customers and then adopt the new technology. • EARLY MAJORITY: In this stage customers are willing to accept new

technology when their perceived benefit of the technology; they adopt it with expectations and getting benefits from it. Satisfactions of early adopters spread the technology in to late majority.

CONT….• LATE MAJORITY: the customers lately aware of new technology and

willing to adopt the new technology with all estimations and expectations.• LAGGARDS: customers from this group would not buy the new

technology, thought the new technology having lot of benefits. They are remained satisfy with an old technology and not willing to change.

Diagram on categories

Technology adoption by countries – impact on development

• Countries economic, cultural and social development depends on the adoption timing if very useful technologies adopt earlier the development is very high. Technology decides the development status of the country.

• Innovator category countries in adoption of new technologies in Information technology adoption countries are United States, Germany, U.K. Japan, France, Italy, Canada etc. these are the countries should experience the pros and cons of new technology and also reaps the fruits of that technology.

• Early adopter category countries in adoption of I.T. are all developed countries in Europe, Asia. B.R.I.C.S. countries etc; these are early adopters of I.T. these countries knows the importance and benefits of the I.T. and its impact on development.

CONT…

• Early Majority category adopters are some of the developing countries may come under this category.

• Late majority categories are may be some of the developing and some of the least developed countries.

• Laggards category adopters are may be developing countries are least developed or other category of countries those which are restricted to themselves to not accept the new technology at any cost.

• This approach shows that relationship between technology adoption and development or development status of country and the technology. Information technology made the world as a global village.

CONT…• All developed, developing. Least developed countries have been leaving the pollution

foot prints in various forms of products, processes, etc. • If these technologies are strive for the environmental protection along with satisfaction

of human needs in an eco friendly manner it will be the boon for future generations. Customer is one of the ultimate decision makers to go green.

• Based on the adoption of technology in the chronological order of time it could be classified as the below categories. Those are innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards.

• Countries economic, cultural and social development depends on the adoption timing if very useful technologies adopt earlier the development is very high. Technology decides the development status of the country.

Customer adoption of eco –friendly technology/ product – impact on environment • Customer may be anybody an individual person, organization or

government. Customer adoption of technology is the subject matter of satisfaction of need of the customer.

• Customer adoptions of technology or product stages are awareness, interest evaluation, trial and adoption. Adoption means an acceptance and regular use of products or new technology .

• There are lots of factors affecting the product and technology adoption. The present trend is going towards clean technologies and for green products adoption.

FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION OF ECO –FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY/ PRODUCT • 1.CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE • There are key factors or drivers in adoption of clean and green products those are

education, economical affordability, availability, accessibility, culture of the society and customer perception of environmental protection aspects plays the major role in adoption of green products.

• 2.BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE • Business man considers the customers priorities and fallows the customer to satisfy

his needs in an Eco –Friendly manner. Business man should crate the trend towards an adoption of green products as a corporate social responsibility by marketing green products to customer at an affordable price, within the limits of customer accessibility and in available territories.

CONT…• Technology transfer can be done in many ways by mergers, acquisitions,

licensing, franchising, Partnerships, mutual projects etc. • The technology leaders strategically alliance with new companies/ markets

in the multi nation’s to expand their business in the other countries. Thus organizations have to adopt the new technologies. Giving the priority for clean technologies will save the country from pollution.

• All developed countries should be liberal in transferring technologies in to developing and least developed countries as corporate social responsibility.

CONT…• 3.GOVERNMENT RULES AND REGULATIONS • Government rules and regulations play an important role in adoption and

transfer of technologies. • Example: • Dubai government announced it as a plastic free country to avoid the plastic

Pollution.

CONT…• 4.INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AMONG COUNTRIES • Cordial relations among the countries help to transfer the technology without

any restrictions. • Example: • Some of the Indian nuclear power projects technologies adopted from

Canada, Russia and United States. Now United States ready to supply the purified uranium to produce the nuclear power.

CONT….• 5.OTHER FACTORS • There are many barriers for adoption of green products by customers. • To understand and access the technology by different types of customers is a

big barrier in adoption of green products.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

• Customer awareness on pollution problems can change the trend into non eco friendly technologies to eco friendly technologies Consumer adoption results in the high production of products.

• Going green is the recent issue to reduce the environmental pollution, to avoid global warming problems, to maintain bio- diversity. The recent technological developments shows the fact that the emergence of green technologies towards environmental justice.

• There is necessity to study the technologies evolution to adopt the clean technologies in power sector, an automobile industry and personal computer industry.

AN EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGIES IN PERSONAL COMPUTER INDUSTRY

• For example Personal computer • There is change in personal computer products from large and critical operating

computers to very easy tablet computers. • 1. Personal computers • 2. Laptop personal computers • 3. Note book computer • 4. Tablet personal computer

CONT…• Research is always an ongoing process for new technologies in personal

computer and its related categories. I twin’s U.S.B. technology is invented and going to introduce in the market in the year 2012. This product reduces the usage of all data storage devices.

• Technologies are evolving for better world. We have the responsibility to adopt it for environment.

• The earlier personal computers occupied the two rooms and a/c is mandatory to the computers. Now the tablet p.c. is around five inches and performing almost the same functions of personal computers. The prices of the latest products are also completely come down, it is easily available, accessible and available to customer.

AUTO MOBILE INDUSTRY – ECO FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION • There is a significant relation between the earlier engine technology and latest

technology in emission of carbon gases. In the on going process or research automobile engine technologies are evolved more and more eco friendly and leaving the zero carbon emission in to the environment.

• Engine technology evolution towards green • 1. Diesel engine • 2. Petrol engine • 3. C.N.G. engine • 4. bio-diesel engine • 5. hybrid engine

CONT…• 6. electric engine • 7. hydrogen gas engine • 8. solar and electric engine ( future technology) • 9. Genuine solar automobiles etc. • Evolutions of all technologies are going towards green.

AN EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGIES IN ENERGY SECTOR • In this sector the technology evolved from depleting or conventional energy

resources to non conventional energy resources. • An evolution of technologies from depleting energy resources to renewable energy.

• 1.CONVENTIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES • Thermal power production technology • Fossil fuel – natural gas power production related technologies • Nuclear energy production technology

CONT…• 2.NON- CONVENTIONAL / RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES • Tidal power production technology

• Bio fuel power production

• Bio mass power production • Marine power generation technologies • Hydro power production technologies

• Wind power generation technologies

• Solar power generation technologies

CONT…• The hierarchy of clean technologies is very clean from the top to bottom. But

the cost effectiveness, technology transfers, patents of the clean technologies, customer priority and preferences to adopt the new products is also involved in the evolution process.

LESSON FROM FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR REACTOR IN JAPAN • The earthquake problems at the Fukushima nuclear plant in Japan was a big

problem there is no preventive measures to take care and control the radiation problems. This teaches us to measure the radiation impact on disasters. Based on impact, we can decide the impact on public health and bio diversity. The alternative energy resources should be developed for environmental justice.

• Solar, hydro and other eco friendly energy production technologies were have very less impact in the environment, public health and bio -diversity.

• In developing and least developed countries the customers are not able to command the markets to go green but the governments can adopt the clean technologies. Renewable energy technologies posses many long term benefits including energy security, job creation, business opportunities, sustainable development and prevention of global warming.

ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE OF PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE • The green product life cycle approach deals with the all phases from raw

material collection, production process, package, distribution, consumption, wastage, recycle, reuse, and remove of product with an environmental perspective.

• All these stages pollution should be measured. This measurement insists on the pollution avoiding of pollution oriented products processes and services. This paws the way to innovate the clean technologies in each and every stage of product life cycle

CLEAN TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS - IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT

• There are many ways are available to do the justice and to maintain ecological balance. Those are some alternatives to adopt the clean technologies in all possible stages of product life cycle.

• 1. Clean Production technologies • 2. Clean Process technologies • 3. Eco friendly Package technologies • 4. Clean distribution technologies • 5. Adoption scientific methods for consumption of non- eco friendly products.

CONT…• 6. Wastage pollution reduction technologies. • 7. Clean recycling technologies. • 8. Clean technologies for disposal of products • These are possible stages to adopt clean technologies to reduce the

pollution. The intrinsic view on these stages will guide the technologies for environmental protection.

CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES IMPLEMENTATION - BUSINESS ASPECTS • By adoption of clean technologies, companies are going to get the Benefit of

Carbon credits. This is relevant to some industries and • Benefit of Emissions trading Scheme • Corporate social responsibility • Other benefits

IMPACT OF PRODUCT’S POLLUTION ON PUBLIC HEALTH AND BIODIVERSITY • 1. Clean technologies and pure green product’s impact: this category impact

is zero on bio diversity and on public health.

Ex: Solar energy, wind energy, electric automobiles, tablet p.c. etc. are comes under this category. • 2. Semi clean technologies and product’s impact: these products affect on

public health and environmental problems but these are the alternatives to the non green products. The impact is very high compare to genuine green products, and impact is very less compare to non green products.

Ex: Nuclear power, hybrid automobiles, laptops etc. are comes under this category.

CONT…• Nuclear power technologies are very dangerous to the bio-diversity. We

should be very careful in adoption of these technologies. We should learn from japans Fukushima nuclear reactor incident.

• 3. Non clean technologies and non eco friendly product’s impact: these category products are very harmful to public health with its product life cycle stages pollution. Air pollution is impact on lungs and causes to breathing related products.

Ex: Thermal energy technologies, diesel and petrol cars etc. are come under this category.

MAJOR FINDING OF THE STUDY • Technologies are naturally evolving towards environmental friendly we

should encourage customers to adopt the clean technologies as a corporate and customer social responsibility.

SUGGESTIONS• Accepting the pollution footprints by organizations, people, governments and

customers is the first step to minimize the pollution foot prints towards environmental justice.

• This approach helps the government to take decisions towards green product developments to reduce the pollution. Green tax should be charged o non green products and on organizations.

• From these taxes green budget separately announced allocated and spend the funds for environmental protection and biodiversity. If carbon credits helps to eradicate the pollution then only useful.

CONCLUSION • Clean technologies help for production of eco friendly products. We are the

dwellers of global village. We are supposed to do the justice by innovating and adopting the clean technologies in each and every possible way for future.

• We need eyes to see the pollution problems of Nature, to take care for our future we need heart to love the nature.

• In the court of the nature, man is the culprit, who destroying the biodiversity. Every human being is experiencing the punishment of nature in various consequences like global warming, earthquakes, floods and draughts etc.

• Man has already created the problem of pollution with his unscientific methods and by misuse of technologies.

CONT…• Now there is a global responsibility on Man to take care of nature. Accepting

the corporate and customer social responsibilities to adopt the clean technology and green products will helps to reduce the pollution will provide the golden future to upcoming generations.

• In the process of evolution nature is developing and adopting the green technologies through us. It is selecting some intellectuals to go green. We are going to see the green century the eco friendly century soon.

• For that it needs the protecting hands in the form of scientist’s, political leaders, corporate leaders and all the public’s cooperation. If we care the nature cares us.

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2004.ISBN 817808-654-9. • Management of Technology, - Kaleel. • The Hindu, The economic times, Namaste Telangana and other News papers.

Cont…• WEBSITES • 1. www.osmaniauniversity.ac.in • 2. http://www.nature.com/ • 3. http://www.sciencedirect.com/. • 4. www.ams.org • 5. marketanalysis@intracen.org • 6. www.wikepedia.com • 7. www.ugccc.ac.in

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