figure 1, p. 76 atoms and minerals building blocks for rocks and the earth
DESCRIPTION
Fig. 3-2, p. 61 Atoms Nucleus Protons (+) Neutrons Electrons (-)TRANSCRIPT
Figure 1, p. 76
Atoms and Minerals
Building blocks for Rocks and the Earth
Geology- Study of the Earth
Rocks - What are they made of? How do they form and change?What do the tell us about the Earth
and Earth processes?
What is a Mineral?
Matter - What is it?
Fig. 3-2, p. 61
Atoms
NucleusProtons (+)Neutrons
Electrons (-)
Table 3-1, p. 62
No of Protons
Elements combine to form Compounds
BONDINGIonic: Metals lose electron (Na+,K+, Ca++)
nonmetals gain electron (Cl-, F-)NaCl, CaF2
Covalent: shared electrons, each atom donates electron to bond (e.g., diamond)
Fig. 3-4, p. 63
Ionic Bonding
Fig. 3-5, p. 64
Covalent BondingDiamond Graphite
Covalent within sheetsvan der Waals forces between sheets
OTHER TYPES OF BONDING:
Metallic: positive ions (lost electrons), shared common electron “cloud” electrons can "flow" (electricity)
e.g., Copper
Van der Waals Forces: weak, attraction between charged molecules (e.g., water, H2O - H2O
MINERAL
Naturally Occurring
InorganicShells OK (calcite, aragonite; CaCO3)NOT coal, oil, or amber
Crystalline (Not petroleum, obsidian)
Restricted chemical composition
Fig. 3-7, p. 66
Fig. 3-1, p. 60
What are the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust?
Fig. 3-9a, p. 67
Fig. 3-10, p. 69
The Building Block of Silicate Rocks:The Silica Tetrahedron
Table 3-4, p. 79
Mafic
Felsic
Sili
cate
s
Limestone
Evaporites
Fig. 3-12, p. 71
Mafic
Felsic
Table 3-2, p. 69
Fig. 3-15, p. 75
Fig. 3-18, p. 80
Things to Know:
Atom Mineral 2 most abundant elements in Earth’s crust “Building block” of silicate minerals
=silica tetrahedron Mafic vs Felsic silicates Examples of mafic and felsic minerals Others: Limestone (Calcium Carbonate),
Evaporites (salt, gypsum)