fig. 5-1 who’s cool???. organic molecules organic molecules are found in living things. the...
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Fig. 5-1
Who’s Cool???
Organic Molecules
Organic molecules are found in living things.
The chemistry of carbon accounts for the chemistry of organic molecules.
Organic molecules are macromolecules.
2-3
2-4
Hydrocarbon chains can have functional groups that cause the macromolecule to behave in a certain way.
(insert text art from top right column of page 31)
2-5
Macromolecules (polymers) are formed from smaller building blocks called monomers.
Polymer Monomer
carbohydrate monosaccharides
protein amino acid
nucleic acid nucleotide
Fig. 5-2a
Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Longer polymer
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
HO
HO
HO
H2O
H
HH
4321
1 2 3
(a)
Fig. 5-2b
Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond
Hydrolysis of a polymer
HO
HO HO
H2O
H
H
H321
1 2 3 4
(b)
Carbohydrates
Fig. 5-3
Dihydroxyacetone
Ribulose
Ket
ose
sA
ldo
ses
Fructose
Glyceraldehyde
Ribose
Glucose Galactose
Hexoses (C6H12O6)Pentoses (C5H10O5)Trioses (C3H6O3)
Fig. 5-4
(a) Linear and ring forms (b) Abbreviated ring structure
Glucose as a Monomer
Fig. 5-5
(b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose
Glucose Fructose Sucrose
MaltoseGlucoseGlucose
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
1–4glycosidic
linkage
1–2glycosidic
linkage
Fig. 5-6
(b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide
Starch
GlycogenAmylose
Chloroplast
(a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide
Amylopectin
Mitochondria Glycogen granules
0.5 µm
1 µm
Starch vs Glycogen
Fig. 45-12-5
Homeostasis:Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
Glucagon
STIMULUS:Blood glucose level
falls.
Alpha cells of pancreasrelease glucagon.
Liver breaksdown glycogenand releasesglucose.
Blood glucoselevel rises.
STIMULUS:Blood glucose level
rises.
Beta cells ofpancreasrelease insulininto the blood.
Liver takesup glucoseand stores itas glycogen.
Blood glucoselevel declines.
Body cellstake up moreglucose.
Insulin
Fig. 5-7bc
(b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomers
(c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomers
Starch vs Cellulose
Fig. 5-8
Glucosemonomer
Cellulosemolecules
Microfibril
Cellulosemicrofibrilsin a plantcell wall
0.5 µm
10 µm
Cell walls
Table 5-1
Fig. 45-6-2
cAMP Secondmessenger
Adenylylcyclase
G protein-coupledreceptor
ATP
GTP
G protein
Epinephrine
Inhibition ofglycogen synthesis
Promotion ofglycogen breakdown
Proteinkinase A
Fig. 45-10Major endocrine glands:
Adrenalglands
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Pancreas
Kidney
Ovaries
Testes
Organs containingendocrine cells:
Thymus
Heart
Liver
Stomach
Kidney
Smallintestine
Proteins
• Are composed of long chains of amino acids.
• These chains are coded for by the DNA in our nuclei.
Fig. 5-UN1
Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
carbon
Fig. 5-17Nonpolar
Glycine(Gly or G)
Alanine(Ala or A)
Valine(Val or V)
Leucine(Leu or L)
Isoleucine(Ile or I)
Methionine(Met or M)
Phenylalanine(Phe or F)
Trypotphan(Trp or W)
Proline(Pro or P)
Polar
Serine(Ser or S)
Threonine(Thr or T)
Cysteine(Cys or C)
Tyrosine(Tyr or Y)
Asparagine(Asn or N)
Glutamine(Gln or Q)
Electricallycharged
Acidic Basic
Aspartic acid(Asp or D)
Glutamic acid(Glu or E)
Lysine(Lys or K)
Arginine(Arg or R)
Histidine(His or H)
Peptidebond
Fig. 5-18
Amino end(N-terminus)
Peptidebond
Side chains
Backbone
Carboxyl end(C-terminus)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5-21
PrimaryStructure
SecondaryStructure
TertiaryStructure
pleated sheet
Examples ofamino acidsubunits
+H3N Amino end
helix
QuaternaryStructure
Fig. 5-16
Enzyme(sucrase)
Substrate(sucrose)
Fructose
Glucose
OH
HO
H2O
Check out the shape of this protein!
Fig. 5-21a
Amino acidsubunits
+H3N
Amino end
25
20
15
10
5
1
Primary Structure
Fig. 5-21b
Amino acidsubunits
+H3N Amino end
Carboxyl end125
120
115
110
105
100
95
9085
80
75
20
25
15
10
5
1
Fig. 5-21c
Secondary Structure
pleated sheet
Examples ofamino acidsubunits
helix
Fig. 5-21f
Polypeptidebackbone
Hydrophobicinteractions andvan der Waalsinteractions
Disulfide bridge
Ionic bond
Hydrogenbond
Fig. 5-21e
Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure
Fig. 5-21g
Polypeptidechain
Chains
HemeIron
Chains
CollagenHemoglobin
Fig. 5-22c
Normal red bloodcells are full ofindividualhemoglobinmolecules, each carrying oxygen.
Fibers of abnormalhemoglobin deformred blood cell intosickle shape.
10 µm 10 µm
Fig. 5-22
Primarystructure
Secondaryand tertiarystructures
Quaternarystructure
Normalhemoglobin(top view)
Primarystructure
Secondaryand tertiarystructures
Quaternarystructure
Function Function
subunit
Molecules donot associatewith oneanother; eachcarries oxygen.
Red bloodcell shape
Normal red bloodcells are full ofindividualhemoglobinmoledules, eachcarrying oxygen.
10 µm
Normal hemoglobin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu
Red bloodcell shape
subunit
Exposedhydrophobicregion
Sickle-cellhemoglobin
Moleculesinteract withone another andcrystallize intoa fiber; capacityto carry oxygenis greatly reduced.
Fibers of abnormalhemoglobin deformred blood cell intosickle shape.
10 µm
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
GluProThrLeuHisVal Val
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fig. 5-26-3
mRNA
Synthesis ofmRNA in thenucleus
DNA
NUCLEUS
mRNA
CYTOPLASM
Movement ofmRNA into cytoplasmvia nuclear pore
Ribosome
AminoacidsPolypeptide
Synthesisof protein
1
2
3
Fig. 5-23
Normal protein Denatured protein
Denaturation
Renaturation
Lipids3 Classes
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Fig. 5-11a
Fatty acid(palmitic acid)
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
Glycerol
Triglycerides
• Are used to store energy, insulate, and protect.
• Are composed of long fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone
• Have a lot of bonds in their FACs and therefore store “a whole whack” of energy!
Fig. 5-11b
(b) Fat molecule (triglyceride)
Ester linkage
Fig. 5-12a
(a) Saturated fat
Structuralformula of asaturated fatmolecule
Stearic acid, asaturated fattyacid
Fig. 5-12b
(b) Unsaturated fat
Structural formulaof an unsaturatedfat molecule
Oleic acid, anunsaturatedfatty acid
cis doublebond causesbending
Phospholipids
• Make up the cell membrane and membranous organelles.
• Are composed of two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone.
• Have a polar “head” and a non-polar (neutral) “tail”.
Fig. 5-13
(b) Space-filling model(a) (c)Structural formula Phospholipid symbol
Fatty acids
Hydrophilichead
Hydrophobictails
Choline
Phosphate
Glycerol
Hyd
rop
ho
bic
tai
lsH
ydro
ph
ilic
hea
d
Fig. 5-14
Hydrophilichead
Hydrophobictail WATER
WATER
Emulsification
Steroids
• Commonly act as hormones that will “turn on” or “turn off” genes.
• Are made of four fused carbon rings and differ mostly because of their “attachments” (side branches)
• Can travel right through the cell membrane as they are non-polar.
Fig. 5-15
Spot the difference …
Fig. 45-10Major endocrine glands:
Adrenalglands
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Pancreas
Kidney
Ovaries
Testes
Organs containingendocrine cells:
Thymus
Heart
Liver
Stomach
Kidney
Smallintestine
Fig. 45-7-2
Hormone(estradiol)
Hormone-receptorcomplex
Plasmamembrane
Estradiol(estrogen)receptor
DNA
VitellogeninmRNA
for vitellogenin
Nucleic Acids
• Have monomers called nucleotides.
• Nucleotides are composed of a sugar attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
Three TypesDNARNAATP
Fig. 5-27ab5' end
5'C
3'C
5'C
3'C
3' end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
(b) Nucleotide
Nucleoside
Nitrogenousbase
3'C
5'C
Phosphategroup Sugar
(pentose)
Fig. 5-27
5 end
Nucleoside
Nitrogenousbase
Phosphategroup Sugar
(pentose)
(b) Nucleotide
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
3 end
3C
3C
5C
5C
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, in RNA)
Purines
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Sugars
Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA)
(c) Nucleoside components: sugars
Fig. 5-27c-1
(c) Nucleotide components: nitrogenous bases
Purines
Guanine (G)Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, in RNA)
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
Fig. 5-27c-2
Ribose (in RNA)Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Sugars
(c) Nucleoside components: sugars
DNA RNA• stays in nucleus.• contains sections called genes which code for proteins (amino acid sequences).• is the genetic material passed on to offspring during reproduction .
• is copied from our DNA.• leaves nucleus to allow proteins to be made in the cytoplasm.• is temporary as it is broken down shortly after being used.
Fig. 8-8
Phosphate groupsRibose
Adenine
ATP
Fig. 8-9
Inorganic phosphate
Energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
P P
P P P
P ++
H2O
i
Fig. 9-20
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Aminoacids
Sugars
Fats
Glycerol Fattyacids
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3-
Pyruvate
P
NH3
Acetyl CoA
Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
Fig. 5-UN2
Fig. 5-UN2a
Fig. 5-UN2b