Upload File

fig. 11-2 muscle cell pancreas cells blood cells if all human cells have the same number of genes,...

  • Home
  • Documents
  • Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?
15
Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Upload: kaitlynn-leeman

Post on 14-Dec-2015

226 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

Report

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Fig. 11-2

Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells

If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Page 2: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.1B_1

Operon turned off (lactose is absent):OPERON

Regulatorygene

Promoter Operator Lactose-utilization genes

RNA polymerase cannotattach to the promoter

Activerepressor

Protein

mRNA

DNA

Page 3: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.1B_2

Protein

mRNA

DNA

Operon turned on (lactose inactivates the repressor):

RNA polymerase isbound to the promoter

LactoseInactiverepressor

Translation

Enzymes for lactose utilization

Page 4: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.1C

Inactiverepressor

Inactiverepressor

Activerepressor

Activerepressor

Lactose

Tryptophan

DNA

Promoter Operator Gene

lac operon trp operon

Page 5: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.7_1

Chromosome Chromosome

DNA unpackingOther changes to the DNA

Gene DNA

TranscriptionGene

Exon

Intron

Tail

Cap

Addition of a cap and tail

RNA transcript

Splicing

mRNA in nucleus

NUCLEUSFlow through nuclear envelope

CYTOPLASM

Page 6: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.7_2

mRNA in cytoplasm CYTOPLASM

Breakdown of mRNA

Translation

PolypeptidePolypeptide

Broken-downmRNA

Cleavage, modification,activation

Active protein Activeprotein

Amino acids

Breakdownof protein

Page 7: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.2A

DNA double helix(2-nm diameter)

“Beads ona string”

Linker

Histones Supercoil(300-nm diameter)

Nucleosome(10-nm diameter)

Tight helicalfiber (30-nmdiameter)

Metaphasechromosome

700 nm

Page 8: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.3Enhancers

DNA

PromoterGene

Transcriptionfactors

Activatorproteins

Otherproteins

RNA polymerase

Bendingof DNA

Transcription

Page 9: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.4

DNA

RNAtranscript

mRNA

Exons

Introns Introns

Cap Tail

RNA splicing

or

1

1

1 1

2

2

2 2

4

4

4

5

5

55

3

3

3

Page 10: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.5

miRNA

Target mRNA

mRNA degraded

or

Translationblocked

miRNA-proteincomplex

Protein

3

2

1

4

Page 11: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.6

Folding of the polypeptideand the formation ofS—S linkages

Initial polypeptide(inactive)

Folded polypeptide(inactive)

Active formof insulin

Cleavage

S S

SS

S

SS

S

SS

SS

SHSH

SH

SH

SH

SH

Protein folding and activation (post-translational modifications)

Page 12: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.2B

Cell divisionand random

X chromosomeinactivation

Early Embryo Adult

X chromo-somes

Allele fororange fur

Allele forblack fur

Two cell populations

Active X

Inactive X

Active X

Inactive XBlack fur

Orange fur

Epigenetics and imprinting

Page 13: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.10

3

2

1

4

5

6

Signaling cell EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

Signaling molecule

Receptorprotein

Plasmamembrane

Target cell

Relayproteins

Signaltransductionpathway

Transcription factor(activated)

NUCLEUS

DNA

mRNA

CYTOPLASM

Transcription

Translation

Newprotein

Page 14: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.18AGrowth factor

Target cell

Normal productof ras gene

Relay proteins

Receptor

Hyperactiverelay protein(product ofras oncogene)issues signalson its own

CYTOPLASM

DNA

NUCLEUS Transcription

TranslationProtein thatstimulatescell division

Transcriptionfactor

(activated)

Page 15: Fig. 11-2 Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

Figure 11.18B

Growth-inhibiting factor

Receptor

Relayproteins

Transcription factor(activated)

Nonfunctional transcriptionfactor (product of faulty p53 tumor-suppressor gene) cannot trigger transcription

Normal productof p53 gene

Transcription

TranslationProtein thatinhibitscell division

Protein absent(cell divisionnot inhibited)


Chapter 4: Bioenergetics- Cells and Cell Processes …...114 Chapter 4: Bioenergetics- Cells and Cell Processes Lesson 4.2: Powering the Cell: Cellular Respiration You have just read

Plant Structures Plant Structures. Plant cell structure (Review) Differences between plant & animal cells? Unlike animal cells, plant cells have... Unlike

3.2 Cell Organelles Why do cells have different shapes?

Chapter 3 Cells: The Basic Units of Life Preview · Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells Cell Wall • Some eukaryotic cells have cell walls. A cell wall is a rigid structure that gives support

Cells - North Thurston Public Schools€¦ · 2 types of cells prokaryote eukaryote Cells that DO NOT have a cell membrane around their nucleus. Example – Bacteria Cells that have

Cell Organelles Teddy Rinehart. Types of Cells Plant CellAnimal Cell Have cell walls, chloroplasts and one vacuole. Have many vacuoles, a cell membrane

flynnbio.weebly.comflynnbio.weebly.com/uploads/5/8/5/3/58533843/02_cell... · Web viewBacteria cells have a cell membrane.____ Plant cells have cytoplasm.____ Cells taken from fungi

Cell Division: Meiosis · 2/1/2020  · Cell Division: Meiosis. Recall you have two different types of cells in your body somatic cells (body cells) aka diploid cells 46 chromosomes

The Cell Joseph. Plant Cells Plant cells are cells that are in plants. Plant cells are like animal cells, but they have a cell wall and chloroplasts

Cells Cell Structure & Function Cells & Energy Cell Growth ... · Kingdom Plantae: have cells walls, cellulose, and obtain energy through photosynthesis. 3. Kingdom Fungi: Cell walls

Cell Cycle and Cell Division. BIG PICTURE Mitosis One (Diploid) Cell becomes Two (Diploid) Cells Example : Cats Somatic Cells have 38 (2n) chromosomes

TRIPLE SCIENCE B1: CELL BIOLOGY...Plant Cells: Plant cells have all the parts of an animal cell with three extra parts added. Plant cells have a small compartment called a chloroplast

Cell Communication...Cell-Cell Communication •Animal and plant cells –Have cell junctions that directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells Plasma membranes Plasmodesmata between

Cells Cell Structure & Function Cells & Energy Cell Growth & Division

Cell Structure Review - Kyrene School District · Cell Structure Review Prokaryotic Cells • Do not have a nucleus • Found in bacteria Eukaryotic Cells • Have a nucleus • Found

Both animal and plant cells have cell membranes that enclose the cell The cell membrane holds the cell together

Cell Structure and Function-201 - stemdigitalvillage.com · most cells have a single nucleus, some fungi and some protists have multiple nuclei per "cell", as do some muscle cells

The Cell Membrane. ALL Cells of ALL Organisms have a:

Stem Cells!. Please have the cell differentiation ws out

The Plant Cell & The Cell Cycle. The Plant Cell Plant cells are the basic units of plant structure and function. Different plant cells have different

Do individual cells have a life history? The Cell Cycle

Chapter 7 III. Cell Boundaries. All cells have a _____________________________and some have a cell wall Cell membrane

Do PLANT cells and ANIMAL cells have all the same ORGANELLES (stuff inside the cell) ? ORGANELLES 1.Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. Animal

Cells - Amphitheater Public Schools Structure...42 A CHAPTER 2 Cells Cell MembraneThe pro-tective layer around all cells is the cell membrane, as shown in Figure 4.If cells have cell

Cells Part 1: Cell Membranes. Parts of a Cell There are two major types of cells Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell All cells have three parts: Cell

Cell Biology - Paignton Community and Sports Academy · Cell Biology AQA Biology topic 1 ... Plant and Animal cells (eukaryotic cells) Eukaryotic cells have these features: Cell Membrane

Parts of the Cell · Parts of the Cell . Animal Cells Animal cells have ____ main parts; Nucleus Membrane Cytoplasm 3 . Nucleus Membrane Cytoplasm Controls the cell Allows things

BIOLOGY Topic 1. Topic Outline Cell Theory Cell Theory Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Membranes Cell Division Cell

B2 Exam Revision. Plant cells vs. Animal cells Both types of cell have these: Only plant cells have these: Nucleus This controls the cell Cytoplasm This

Cell Biology 1.2- Ultrastructure of Cells - fmfranco.com · 11/3/2015 1 Cell Biology 1.2- Ultrastructure of Cells Essential idea: • Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure

Topic 1.1: Cell SPECIALIZATIONbioninja.com.au › summaries › 1.1 Cell Specialisation.pdfTopic 1.1: Cell SPECIALIZATION Stem Cells Stem cells are unspecialised cells that have two

CELLS - JLooby Biologyjloobybiology.weebly.com/uploads/5/8/3/9/5839233/cells...Cell Structure cont’d ! Cell wall " In addition, plant cells have a cell wall that is found outside

Sex Cell Production Meiosis 11-4 Sex cells = Gametes Egg cell + Sperm cell Where have they been mentioned before?

Cells in your body have specific functions (jobs). Fat Cell White Blood Cell Red Blood Cell Platelet Nerve Cell Muscle Cell Bone Cell

SECTION THE CELL CYCLE 5.1 Study Guide 5.pdfSECTION 5.1 THE CELL CYCLE Reinforcement KEY CONCEPT Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions. Cells have