https://vimeo.com/37107992

What are the eight characteristics of living things?

What are the four major macromolecules?

1. Made up of cells

2. Reproduce

3. Maintain Homeostasis

4. Metabolism

5. Evolution /Adapt

6. Respond to Stimuli

7. Grow and Develop

8. DNA

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

Arises by evolutionary change leading to the present biodiversity we see.

Divided into Three Domains:

1. Bacteria- single celled prokaryotes (no nucleus)

2. Archaea- single celled prokaryotes (no nucleus)

3. Eukarya- Plants, animals, fungi, and protists have complex organelles and multicellular

DOMAINS KINGDOMS

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Eubacteria

Archaea

Animalia- Animals

Plantae- Plants

Fungi- Fungus

Protista- animal like and plant like

True bacteria, mostly heterotrophic, live in all sorts of environments

Largest groups of organisms on Earth

Only a small amount are disease causing

Most have very important roles: Photoautotrophs such as cyanobacteria

Saprophytes- decomposers that break down dead material.

Symbionts- they have a relationship with other organisms

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znnp-Ivj2ek

http://ed.ted.com/lessons/you-are-your-microbes-jessica-green-and-karen-guillemin

Most recent domain, 1970’s

Live in extreme environments with high temperatures, and some produce methane.

Vast difference in genetic and biochemical make-up from other bacterium.

Microscopically similar in looks, so it’s likely that it has been around for a long time, but we just missed it.

Live in extreme environments Hot springs, hydrothermal vents, extremely acidic

or alkaline water, anoxic mud swamps, petroleum deposits, and the digestive tracts of cows, termites, and marine life where they produce methane.

Eukaryotes= have a nucleus, are unicellular or multicellular

4 Kingdoms

1. Kingdom Protista: unicellular eukaryotes, multicellular algae (dinoflagellates, diatoms, etc)

2. Kingdom Plantae: have cells walls, cellulose, and obtain energy through photosynthesis.

3. Kingdom Fungi: Cell walls are made of chitin, obtain energy by secreting enzymes and absorb the products they release.

4. Kingdom Animalia- no cell walls, obtain energy by ingesting other organisms.

Believed to be the first person to invent the microscope.

First to identify and name cells by observing cork from the bark of an oak tree.

First to observe and describe living cells in pond water. He called them “animalcules.”

They were not “animals,” but single celled organisms.

Studied plant tissues and found that plants are made of cells.

Discovered that animals are also made up of cells.

Published the first part of the cell theory- all living things are made up of cells.

Proposed that cells come from pre-existing cells.

1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.

3. All cells arise from existing cells.

http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-history-of-cell-theory#watch

The way they are shaped directly relates to their job or function.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u54bRpbSOgs

Nerve Cells

http://www.pinterest.com/pin/32088216071181270/

http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2013/130815/images/nj7462-367a-i1.0.jpg

White blood cell engulfing a bacteria cell and spewing

out the remnants

http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-a-micros-1291328130

Inside the chloroplast of a

plant cell

Eyelashes!

http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/

http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/

Bacteria on the tongue

Artery and blood

cells

http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/

http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/

Clump of sperm tails in

the testes

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/12812/enlarge

Staphylococcus bacteria in the

trachea

Liver cell

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/310232/enlarge

Lung Cells

http://images.sciencesource.com/preview/14917208/SQ7335.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ&feature=related

1. Prokaryotic

2. Eukaryotic

* Microscopic in size * Composed of similar building blocks * Cell Membrane * Cytoplasm * Have DNA * Loaded with ribosomes

Smaller, simpler than eukaryotes.

No nucleus or membrane bound organelles

DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm and is circular / loop

Single celled

Cell Walls

Evolved 3.5 bya

Ex- Bacteria or Archaea

Divided into groups based on their need for oxygen:

Obligate anaerobes- cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

Obligate aerobe- needs oxygen to survive

Facultative aerobe- can survive whether or not oxygen is present.

Has a nucleus with membrane bound organelles

Nucleus store the genetic material and is linear

Multicellular or unicellular

Larger, more complex

Plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Evolved 1.5 mya

www.biologyjunction.com Flagella

Ribosomes

Pili

DNA

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Pili- help prokaryotes stick to the surfaces

Flagellum- tail like structure used for movement.

Ribosomes- make proteins

DNA- shaped in a loop or circle and is located in the cytoplasm.

Cytoplasm- jelly-like substance that surrounds molecules and organelles in a cell.

Cell wall- structural support.

Cell membrane- controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Provide nutrients to humans and animals, especially in digestion. Bacteria form a symbiotic relationship called mutualism, where both the host and bacteria benefit. The bacteria has a home and obtains food from the host, while at the same time the bacteria helps the host by breaking down food, as well as absorbing nutrients.

Important in the ecosystem- some produce oxygen, while others help cycle carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus throughout the environment.

Bioremediation- living things break down pollutants. Some bacteria can digest oil= clean up oil spills.

Can attack the cells in tissues.

Tuberculosis / TB, is caused by a bacteria that invades the lungs and uses the tissues for nutrients.

Can make poisons called toxins

Blood carries it to other parts of the body.

Food poisoning

E. coli bacteria on a lettuce leaf

http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-a-micros-1291328130

Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease

Chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria

Work by stopping the cell wall from developing. Animal cells do not have cell walls, and viruses also lack cell walls.

When you take antibiotics it can kill the good bacteria= illness.

Antibiotic Resistance: overuse of antibiotics has caused certain strains of bacteria to become resistant to medications. This allows the bacteria to survive and reproduce.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FK9xHry877U&app=desktop

Nutrients (O2) and food must be absorbed.

Waste ( CO2) must be eliminated

This is all done through the cell

membrane.

Cells constantly interact with their environment

Cells are microscopic and they maximize their surface area on the outside.

They aren’t infinitely small because we wouldn’t be able to fit the machinery inside (DNA, organelles).

Surface area- the area that goes around the outside. Affects the rate at which particles enter and leave the cell.

Volume- what’s inside. Affects chemical reactions.

Example: the surface area is represented by the four sides of the box.

The broken up box still has the same volume, but the surface area increased. We have more locations on the outside for molecules to attach and to move in and out.

Is the volume the same? _______________

Did the surface area increase, decrease, or stay the

same? __________________________

Explain-

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

The volume inside gets larger and the cell membrane expands.

Volume increases more rapidly than the surface area.

Do you think a large cell or a small

cell is more efficient?

Nutrients, such as oxygen, need to enter the cell. Waste, such as carbon dioxide, need to leave the cell.

The SA: V ratio gets smaller as the cell grows larger.

If the cell grows too much, materials will not be able to pass through the membrane. Therefore, it won’t be able to accommodate the needs of the organelles and structures inside the cell. This typically results in the cell dividing into smaller cells, or sometimes they stop functioning.

Substances can’t enter fast enough.

Waste products leave slowly, and can accumulate in the cell.

Cells can’t maintain homeostasis because it is not able to lose heat fast enough.

DATA TABLE: Cell Size Comparison

Cell

Dimensions

(cm)

Surface Area

(cm2)

Volume

(cm3)

Ratio

Surface area

to Volume

1

1 X 1 X 1

2

2 X 2 X 2

3

3 X 3 X 3

Step 1- Calculate the total surface area for each cell model by the following formula: Surface area = (Length X Width) X 6 sides

Record the surface areas in the DATA TABLE.

Step 2- Calculate the volumes for each cell model by the following formula: Volume = length X width X height

Record the volumes in the DATA TABLE.

Step 3- Calculate the surface area-to-volume ratio for each cell model by the following formula:

ratio =surface area volume

Level Function Example

Cell Organelle

Tiny organelles that each have specific functions.

Nucleus

Cell Basic unit of life. Nerve Cell

Tissue A group of similar cells that work together.

Nervous Tissue

Organ Collection of tissues joined together.

Brain

Organ System

Collection of organs that work together for a similar

goal.

Nervous System

Organism A living thing. Human

1. Cerebral Cortex

2. Thalamus 3. Corpus

Callosum 4. Hypothalamus 5. Hippocampus 6. Pituitary Gland 7. Midbrain 8. Pons 9. Medulla

Oblongata 10.Brainstem 11.Spinal Cord 12.Cerebellum

1- Frontal lobe

2- Temporal lobe

3- Spinal cord

4- Cerebellum

5- Occipital lobe

6- Parietal lobe

Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, divided into the left and right hemisphere. Controls voluntary movements, coordinates mental activity, and is the center for all conscious living.

Cerebellum: 2nd largest part of the brain. Controls basic movement, balance, and posture. Hangs like a bell off the back of your head

Brain Stem: Crucial because it controls involuntary responses, things that happen automatically like breathing.

Corpus Callosum: Large bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Looks like a “C” on its side. Relays sensory information between them.

Medulla Oblongata: Controls automatic functions including heartbeat, breathing, etc.

Hippocampus : Memory and emotion. You would never forget if you saw a “hippo on campus,” would you?

Amygdala : Aggression (fight) and fear (flight)

Hypothalamus : Hunger, thirst, body temperature, pleasure; regulates pituitary gland (hormones). HOMEOSTASIS

Pituitary Gland: “master gland” of the brain that secretes hormones.

Thalamus: Relay station of sensory information and motor information. Also controls sleep and states of consciousness.

Midbrain: Reflexes involving eyes and ears.

Pons: Controls certain respiratory functions. Serves as a relay station from the medulla to higher structures in the brain.

Cerebral Cortex: the ultimate control and information processing center. Outer layer of the cerebrum. Interprets information from your sensory organs and generates a response.

Frontal: Personality, reasoning, and judgment. Voluntary movement and speech.

Parietal: Sensory cortex that interprets and coordinates information regarding the sense of touch and taste.

Occipital: Visual information is processed.

Temporal: Speech interpretation and hearing. Memory as well.

http://viewpure.com/cj8dDTHGJBY?start=0&end=0 http://viewpure.com/9UvlqAVCoqY?start=0&end=0

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell; selectively permeable.

Contains cytosol, a jelly-like substance that contains dissolved materials (proteins, nucleic acids, minerals).

Network of proteins that constantly changes to meet the needs of the cell. Helps maintain the shape of the cell.

Remember: One of the functions of proteins is SUPPORT!

1. Microtubules= long hollow tubes. Gives the cell its shape and acts as “tracks” for organelle movement.

2. Intermediate filaments- gives the cell strength

3. Microfilaments- tiny threads that allow the cell to move and divide. Help the muscles contract and relax.

Add to the back of

your foldable

Rigid, outer surface, made of cellulose that supports, protects, and gives the cell shape.

Channels that exist between neighboring plants, allows them to exchange materials.

Image taken with transmission electron microscope Used to see the INTERIOR of the cell

Synthesizes and stores starch

Large fluid filled sac used for storage of needed materials (water, food, enzymes)

Semi-permeable membrane that regulates what goes in and out of the vacuole.

Carries out photosynthesis by capturing and converting solar energy.

Processes, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins and carbohydrates into vesicles for export out of the cell; “UPS” of the cell.

Contains and transports substances (enzymes and proteins) throughout the cell; “taxi cab”

Coiled around proteins called histones; Proteins + DNA = chromatin.

Function- To package DNA into a smaller volume so that it can fit into a cell.

Process- Cell Division

Control center of the cell; storehouse of DNA

Dense region in the center of the nucleus that makes ribosomes.

Double membrane around the nucleus; protects the nucleus

Allows large molecules (mRNA) to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

No ribosomes, makes proteins and lipids, controls calcium levels, breaks down drugs and alcohol

Liver cells are one type of specialized cell that have a lot of Smooth ER; to process the toxins we ingest!

Covered in ribosomes and attached to the nucleus. Produces and transports enzymes and proteins throughout the cell.

Site of protein synthesis. Makes proteins.

Powerhouse of the cell. Converts food into energy via cellular respiration (glucose into ATP); have their own ribosomes and DNA

Small cylinders that help divide DNA during cell division

Process- Mitosis / Meiosis

Contains enzymes, which digest old cell parts, bacteria, and viruses.

Contains enzymes that are responsible for metabolic functions.

Whip-like tail projection that aids in movement

Hair-like projections that aid in movement.