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TRANSCRIPT
Fifth Annual Conference on
Power Transmission in India
Smart Grid in Transmission – Road Ahead
April 30- May 1, 2012
By
N.S. SodhaExecutive Director
Load Despatch & Communication
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
INDIAN POWER SECTOR
Transmission Grid Comprises
• 765kV/400kV Lines - 1,22,730 ckt. Kms
• 220 kV Lines – 1,39,402 ckt. Kms
• ± 500 kV HVDC Lines – 9,432 ckt. Kms
*Data as on 29-02-12
Source : CEA Reports
Total installed
Generation
190593 MW
Thermal
124731 MWHydro
38848 MW
Renewable
22233 MW
Nuclear
4780 MW
Generation Mix
Growth of Installed Capacity from 1947 to 2020
Year 1947, 1.3
Year 2012, 190
Year 2020, 488
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Year
Ca
pa
cit
y in
GW
Series1 1.3 190 488
Year 1947 Year 2012 Year 2020
GROWTH OF INDIAN POWER SYSTEM
36874
26783
15043
28600
14400
57000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Central Sector State Sector Private Sector
XI Plan
XII Plan
Central Sector State Sector Private Sector Total
36874 MW (47%) 26783 MW (34%) 15043 MW (19%) 78700 MW (Rev. 62374)
54630 MW (Achieved)
28600 MW (28%) 14400 MW(15%) 57000 MW (57%) 100000 MW
XI
XII
*Data as on Feb‟ 2012
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID
4
NEW Grid
South
Grid
South
West
North
East
Northeast
Five Regional Grids
Five Frequencies
October 1991
East and Northeast
synchronized
March 2003
West synchronized
With East & Northeast
August 2006
North synchronized
With Central Grid
Central Grid
Five Regional Grids
Two Frequencies
4
2240028000
70000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
Present By 2011-12 By 2016-17
Growth of inter regional capacity
ONE
Grid
2013 Southern Grid shall
synchronize
With NEW Grid
NR
WR
SR
ER
NER
Ennore
Kudankulam
Kayamkulam
Partabpur
Talcher/Ib Valley
Vindhyachal
Korba
MAJOR ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA
LEGEND
Coal
Hydro
Lignite
Coastal
Nuclear
Vizag
Simhadri
Kaiga
Tarapur
Mangalore
Krishnapatnam
RAPP
53,000MW
23,000MW
1,700MWSIKKIM
MY
AN
MM
AR
CHICKEN NECK
Cuddalore
SRI LANKACOLOMBO
NEPALBHUTAN
DESHBANGLA
South Madras
Pipavav
Generation Load-Centre
Kolkata
Bhubaneswar
Patna
Lucknow
Delhi
Mumbai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bhopal
Guwahati
Jammu
Ludhiana
Jaipur
Gandhinagar
Indore
Raipur
Thiruvananthapuram
Kozhikode
Hyderabad
* Hydro Potential : 1,10,000
> 25,000MW already installed
> 19,000MW under implementation
> 66,000MW still to be exploited
* 90% coal reserves in ER & WR
Traditional Energy Resource metrics
ROURKELA
RAIPURHIRMA
TALCHER
JAIPUR
NER
ER
WR
NR
SR
B'SHARIF
ALLAHABAD
SIPAT
GAZUWAKA
JEYPORECHANDRAPUR
SINGRAULI
VINDHYA-
2000MW
2000MW
2500MW
1000MW
500MW
LUCKNOW
DIHANG
CHICKEN NECK
TEESTA
TIPAIMUKH
BADARPUR
MISA
DAMWE
KATHAL-GURI
LEGEND
765 KV LINES
400 KV LINES
HVDC B/B
HVDC BIPOLE
EXISTING/ X PLAN NATIONAL
ZERDA
HISSAR
BONGAIGAON
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID
KOLHAPUR
NARENDRA
KAIGA
PONDA
IX PLAN
MARIANI
NORTH
KAHALGAON
RANGANADI
SEONI
CHEGAON
BHANDARA
DEHGAM
KARAD
LONIKAND
VAPI
GANDHAR/
TALA
BANGLA
BALLABGARH A'PUR(DELHI RING)
BANGALORE
KOZHIKODE
COCHIN
KAYAMKULAM
TRIVANDRUM
PUGALUR
KAYATHAR
KARAIKUDI
CUDDALORE
SOUTH CHENNAI
KRISHNAPATNAM
CHITTOOR
VIJAYAWADA
SINGARPET
PIPAVAV
LIMBDI
KISHENPUR
DULHASTI
WAGOORA
MOGA
URI
BHUTAN
RAMAGUNDAM
SATLUJRAVI
JULLANDHAR
DESH
VARANASI/UNNAO
M'BAD
PURNEA
KORBA
NAGDA
SILIGURI/BIRPARA
LAK
SH
AD
WE
EP
TEHRI
MEERUT
BHIWADI
BINA
SATNA
MALANPURSHIROHI
KAWAS
AMRAVATI
AKOLA
AGRA
SIRSI
CHAL
JETPURAMRELI
BOISARTARAPUR
PADGHE
DHABOL
KOYNA
BARH
G'PUR
HOSURMYSORE
KUDANKULAM
M'PUR
KARANPURA
MAITHON
JAMSHEDPUR
PARLI
WARDA
BEARILLY
SALEM GRID
XI PLAN
765 KV LINES IN X PLAN. TO BE CHARGED AT 400KV INITIALLY
TO BE CHARGED AT 765 KV UNDER NATIONAL GRID
765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM
THE POWER
„HIGHWAY‟
HYDRO POWER FROM THE
NORTH-EAST AND PIT HEAD
THERMAL POWER FROM THE
EAST ENTERS THE RING AND
EXITS TO LOAD CENTER
POWER SECTOR ENVIRONMENT CHANGE
ENABLERS
•Legislation
•Indian Electricity Act 2003
•National Electricity Policy
•Regulation
•IEGC Feb 2000
•ABT Jan 2000
•Open Access May 2004
•Power Exchange Aug 2007
•Execution
•CTU/STU, RLDC/SLDC
•Grid & Market Operation
•Control Centres & SEMs
•ABT settlement: in stages 2002-03
STRUCTURE
•Balancing Mechanism
•Frequency linked Unscheduled
Interchange
•Intra-day STOA
•Day-ahead PX
•Short-term Bilateral
•Day-ahead
•First-come-first served
•Three-month ahead
•Long-term Bilateral
• Shared resources (ISGS)
• Own resources
RENEWABLE POWER- TARGET
Source Target
for
2010-11
Total
achievement
during
2010-11
Cumulative
achievement
up to
31.03.2011
Target
2012
Target
2017
A. GRID-INTERACTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MW)
Wind power 2,000 2,350 14,157 16100 27300
Small Hydro
(upto 25
MW)
300 307 3,043 3,400 5000
Bio Power * 472 473 2,737 3000 5100
Solar energy 200 27 38 200 4,000
Total 2,972 3,157 19,975 22,700 41,400
B. OFF-GRID/ CAPTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MWEQ)
# 142 120 518 - -
Source : Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Data upto 31.03.2011
* Includes bio mass power, bagasse cogeneration, urban & Industrial waste to energy
# Includes waste to energy, Biomass (non-bagasse) Cogeneration, Biomass
Gasifiers, Aero-Genrators/Hybrid systems, SPV Systems (>1kW) and Water
mills/micro hydel
Issues in Grid Integration of Renewable
• At system Level: Variability of Renewable Power
High Cost of Integration : Commercial Complexity
• At Generator’s interface to Grid: Overloading due to Reverse Energy Flow
Power Quality (Harmonics, Flicker, DC Injection)
Scheduling and Predictability
Unintentional Islanding
Rules and Standards are the need of hour for
successful Integration of Renewable
Map showing the
solar radiation across India
India: 5th Largest Wind Power
Producer
Total Renewable Energy Sources ~ 20 GW
Wind Installed Capacity ~ 13 GW
Estimated Wind Potential ~ 49 GW
NLDC:
Ensure integrated operation of
National Grid
RLDC:
Ensure integrated operation of
Regional Grid
SLDC:
Ensure integrated operation of State
Grid31
5
Power System Hierarchy
Plant/Sub
Station Level
Group of
Distt. Level
State HQ
Level
Region
Level
National
Level
RTU RTU RTU
SUB LDC SUB LDC SUB LDC
SLDC SLDC SLDC
ERLDC WRLDC NRLDC SRLDC NERLDC
20
15
1
25
NLDCNLDC
12
-15
se
c
s
RTU RTU
SKEWIn sec
30
Data Flow Latency in the present system
More dynamic Controls are required in view of more Energy exchanges across the regions
Cluster of
Generation
pockets will
be spread
across
regions in
the Country
As the Energy Source metrics change from the traditional to a mix of Renewable and Conventional, the Power flow is no more unidirectional & predictable across UHV.
SMART GRID
Need For SMARTER GRID To Meet
Exponential growth of Power System
Haulage of power over long distances
Open Access : Freedom and Choice
Reliability : Adequacy and Security
Lack of tools for monitoring Dynamic behavior
Integration of Large Power Systems : Southern Grid
Integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES)
ISSUES & CHALLENGES IN SYSTEM
OPERATION
Static view of system
Latency and Time skew in Data
Integration of upcoming Wind and
Solar Generations.
Integration of upcoming IPPs and
MPPs
Integration of Dispersed
Generation
Necessitates installation of Intelligent Electronic Devices, Phasor
measurement units (PMU) and Wide area Monitoring systems
(WAMS) to enhance system operation capabilities and
visualization of Unified National Grid.
Source: Report on Smart Grid Interoperability Standards
Roadmap (NIST)
Smart Transmission Grid
Smart Grid in Transmission
Use of Flexible AC Transmission system like Series
Compensation, TCSC, SVC etc. for increase in power
transfer capacity & maintaining critical grid parameters
Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for Protection & Control
Adaptive Islanding, Self Healing
HVDC Transmission
Substation Automation
Use of High temperature endurance conductor such as
INVAR
More MW per meter of RoW
Gas Insulated S/s (GIS) for optimization of S/s space in
urban areas
17
OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE -
UPCOMING INTIATIVES
National Transmission Asset Management Centre(NTAMC)
Remote Operation and control of Transmission Elements / unmanned substations
To enhance Grid reliability while improving Asset Productivity
Reduction in down time
Availability of Experts round the clock
Consolidation of Real-time as well as maintenance data
Centralised Operation of all POWERGRID Substations including auxiliaries leading to unmanned substation
Centralised acquisition of Disturbance recorders and Event logs from Substations at Control center
Remote management of relays
Visual monitoring of all the assets through CCTV system
Centralised Access Control to Substations
Automated Fault Analysis (Relay operation evaluation, Fault summary, CT/CVT monitoring)
OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE - UPCOMINGINTIATIVES
20
• National Control CenterNTAMC• Asset Monitoring and
Control
• Regional Control Centers
RTAMCs• One for each Region (9)
• Managing Maintenance and emergency operations
• Disaster Recovery CentreBack-up NTAMC
SOUTHERN WESTERN NORTHERN EASTERN NORTH EASTERN
NATIONAL TRANSMISSION ASSET MANAGEMENT CENTRE
SR -I SR-II WR-I WR-II NR-I NR-II ER-I ER-II NER
WRI
Sub Station Maintenance
Service Hub
NRII
O AM O AM O AM O AMO AM
REGIONAL TRANSMISSION ASSET MANAGEMENT CENTRES
OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE -UPCOMING
INTATIVES
21
OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE- UPCOMING INITIATIVE
NTAMCMajor Systems
SCADA/EMS system
Remote Accessibility System
• Automated disturbance record retrieval
• Centralized management of Relays
Automated Fault Analysis System
Visual Monitoring System
• CCTV system and Access control
VoIP connectivity to all Substations
MPLS communication network
Smart Grid In System Operation
Fault Current Limiting
Wide Area Monitoring (WAM), Visualization &
Control
Dynamic Capability Rating
Flow Control
Adaptive Protection
Automated Feeder Switching
Automated Islanding and Reconnection
Automated Voltage and VAR Control
Diagnosis and Notification of Equipment Condition
Enhanced Fault Protection
Elements of WAMS (Wide Area
Measurement System)
• Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
• Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)
• Communication Network
• Analytical Software
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
• PMU is a device capable of measuring time synchronized voltage and current phasor in a power system with sampling rate of 10,25,50 samples per second at 50 Hz
• Synchronized through Global Positioning System (GPS) technology
WAM Architecture
PMU Pilot Project in Northern
Region
Experience & Benefits : Northern Region PMU
Pilot Project
• Installed 8 PMUs at various
important stations and PDC at
NRLDC
• Availability of data of every 40ms
• Frequency oscillations for 1sec are
observed after loss of one
generation side
• Increased visibility of Power
System
• Data archiving for post mortem
analysis
• Oscillation Monitoring & Bad Data
Detection
Snapshots of PMU Data
PHASOR vs SCADA Data
• Phasor data
• Refresh rate 25 samples per
second
• All data points time tagged and
easy to “line up” for input to
state estimator, operator display
or planning study
• Compatible with modern
communication technology
• Enables action in response to
system dynamics
• Prelude to automatic switching
schemes
• SCADA data
• Refresh rate 2-5 seconds
• Some data points are newer than
others – no way to tell the difference.
This leads to state estimator
inaccuracy and uncertainty about what
is “real”.
• Relies on legacy communication
technology, i.e. does not take
advantage of newer comm. networks
• Enables action in response to system
statics
SCADA Vs PMU / X-Ray Vs MRI
SCADA ASIA SUMMIT 2010 -
Paradigm Shift in Power System
SCADA 29
Smart Grid : Milestones
POWERGRID has appointed a Panel of Experts to
advise upon WAMS Implementation in Indian Power
System.
PMU installation as Pilot project for each region in
the country underway
Northern Region (9 PMUs) - Already installed
Northern Region phase 2 – (14 PMUs)
Southern Region (6 PMUs)
North Eastern Region (6 PMU)
Western Region (6 PMUs)
Eastern Region (8 PMUs)
Requirements for Smart Grid
• Availability of excellent Communication System
• Substation Automation system
• Asset Management System for Transmission
and Substation equipments
• Synergisation of activities among various
Stakeholders
Unified Real Time Dynamic
State Measurement
Project (URTDSM)
Need for Unified Real Time Dynamic
State Measurement (URTDSM) Project
• The phase angle measurement is a valuable information & not possible with Existing system
• Based upon the phase angle measurements from both the ends of the line enhanced utilization of Transmission lines closer to thermal loading of line can be achieved.
• Sustained or growing oscillations require prompt operators‟ attention, PMU measurement can detect them in real time and alert the operators for prompt action.
• The Synchrophasor measurements can be used to determine the change required in generation or load to synchronize the two isolated system, this being more accurate data facilitates faster restoration.
• Facilitate Renewable integration : Connection/disconnection of Intermittent Energy Sources
• Feedback of Pilot Projects for Post mortem Analysis
Unified Real Time Dynamic State Measurement
Project (URTDSM)
• URTDSM envisages a WAMS (Wide Area Measurement
Systems) using Phasor measurement units (PMUs) at National
level
• PMU Placement
• Installation of PMUs on substations of 400kV and above in the State &
Central Grids
• Installation of PMUs on Generating Stations of 220kV level and above
• HVDC terminals
• Important Regional & National connection points
Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)
• All the electrical parameters measured by the number of
PMUs are collected in a Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)
either locally or remotely
• In a hierarchal set up, the PDCs used to collect the data
from number of down stream PDCs. They can be
differentiated as:
•Nodal Phasor Data Concentrator (NPDC)
•Master Phasor Data Concentrator (MPDC)
• Super Phasor Data Concentrator (SPDC)
Nodal Phasor Data Concentrator (NPDC)
• Nodal PDC shall be located at strategic location in Central & State Sector to pool data of PMU installed in various sub-station of that area.
• Approx. for 50-60 PMUs, One Nodal PDC is Planned.
• Nodal PDC is equipped with Historian for data storage.
State Stations
Nodal PDC at Sub-StationNodal PDC at Sub-Station
Router & Switch
Sub Stn A
PMU
1PMU
n
Router & Switch
Sub Stn B
PMU
1PMU
n
State Stations
Router & Switch
Sub Stn C
Central Stations
PMU
1PMU
n
Nodal Phasor Data Concentrator (NPDC)
The use of NPDC results in:
• Unified interface between PDC at RLDC (named as
Master PDC) and Substation.
• Bandwidth requirement reduction
• Local Data Storage
• Ability to retrieve missed data due to Network disruption
or congestion
• PMU Configuration Management
• Increase in latency
Master Phasor Data Concentrator (MPDC)
• Master PDC will collect & correlate the required data from
PMUs and Nodal PDCs under its area of operation.
• The Master PDC shall be located at the SLDC Control
Centre.
• All Master PDC shall be equipped with Historian for data
storage, have analytical tool & visualization software
package.
• Master PDCs will also be connected to central database for
long term archiving of collected data for any analysis.
Architecture of Master PDC
CommunicationMedia
FieldDevices
MPDC / SPDC Printer
GPS
Frequency Display
Day-Time Display
Historian
PMUs / Nodal PDC
Router
MPDC / SPDC LAN
SLDC ControlCenter
Router cum
FirewallWorkstation
Super Phasor Data Concentrator (SPDC)
• Super PDCs will collect data from PMUs at ISTS stations
& ISGS as well as from Master PDCs.
• Super PDC shall be placed at each RLDC.
• Super PDC shall be equipped with Historian for data
storage, have analytical tool & visualization software
package.
Hierarchy of Unified Real Time Dynamic Measurement System (URTDSM)
Super PDC
at RLDCs
Back up NLDC NLDC
Master PDC at SLDCs
Remote console at
At UT(3) & NER
States (4), Sikkim,
NTAMC(2),CEA
Remote Console
at RPCs
State Stations
PMU
1
PMU
n
Router & Switch
Sub Stn B
PMU
1
PMU
n
Router & Switch
Sub StnC
Nodal PDC at Sub-Station
Sub Stn A
PMU
1
PMU
n
Router & Switch
Nodal PDC at Sub-Station
Central Stations
Router & SwitchRouter & Switch
PMU
1
Router & Switch
PMU
n
PMU
1
Router & Switch
PMU
n
PMU
1
Router & Switch
Sub Stn B
PMU
n
PMU
1
Router & Switch
Proposed URTDSM in Indian Power
System.
Region Sub-stations
No of Feeders
No. of PMUs No. of Nodal PDC
No. of MPDC
No. of SPDC
ISTS STU ISTS STU ISTS STU
NR 83 96 434 435 227 231 6 9 1
WR 60 76 520 415 267 216 11 4 1
ER 51 44 395 199 202 105 4 5 1
SR 60 71 348 289 183 152 6 4 1
NER 18 22 95 69 50 36 0 3 1
Sub Total 272 309 1792 1407 929 740 27 25 5
Total 581 3199 1669 57
Methodology of Implementation
• Proposed URSTDM Project may be implemented in two phases:
• Phase 1:
• Placement of 1186 nos. PMUs at all lines in HVDC terminal stations,
400kV & above voltage level S/s, generating station stepped up at
220kV level & above, where FO cable along with communication
equipment is either existing or being implemented by 2014-2015.
• Placement of Nodal PDC (27 Nos), Master PDC (25 Nos), Super PDC
(5) at RLDCs, 2 Nos PDC at main & backup NLDC
• Remote console at each RPC (5), UT (3), Sikkim, NTMC (2), CEA (1), &
NER States (4), Total (16).
• Phase 2:
• Placement of balance 483 nos PMUs along with provision of Fibre
Optic connectivity & communication equipments.
Analytical Functions development using PMU data in URTDSM
Phase-I
• Vulnerability test on relay characteristics
• Instrument transformer measurement validation
• Dynamic state Measurement
• Supervised Zone 3 Blocking
• Network model validation.
• Schemes for controlling angular instability
• Emergency Control Schemes for controlling frequency & voltage
instability
• Improved transmission corridor capability
Phase –II : Development of Analytical
Functions
• Adaptive islanding
• Network transient stability model validation
• Load shedding and other load control techniques
Capacity Building is also taken up to match NEW Technology
Communication System for Smart Grid
• Existing Telecom Network of
Fibre Optic – Approx. 28000 Kms
• Fibre Optics establishment - Approx. 38000 Kms
in process
• Total Fibre network - Approx 66000 Kms
Challenges Ahead……
• We are moving from a regime of 10-12 seconds
latency to that of milliseconds with Smart Grid.
• In future more and more integration of
Renewable Energy with Conventional Energy
takes place across the Nation, which will
emphasize the need of dynamic control and
visibility of the Power System.
• All stakeholders to synergize for overall growth
& development in Indian Power Sector
• Capacity Building is a Major Challenge.
