;fif/f]q/ lziffdf hljgf]kof]ul ;lk -...
TRANSCRIPT
;fIf/f]Q/ lzIffdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk
;xhstf{ ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
CapEFA sf] ;xof]udf k|sflzt
Government of Nepal
Ministry of Education
Non Formal Education Center
k|fSsyg
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿df hLjgf]kof]uL ;LknfO{ hf]8
lbOPsf] 5 . hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk cGtu{t ;fIf/tf ;Lk, ;fGble{s
;Lk tyf ;du| ;Lk kb{5g\ . ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdx¿df ;fIf/tf
;Lk ;+u;+u} kf7Øqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f,
kfl/jfl/s hLjg, cfocfh{g / s[lif, gful/s r]tgf, dlxnf /
ljsf;, ;F:s[lt / k/Dk/f tyf :jf:Yo / kf]if0f u/L ;ft If]qsf
;fGble{s ;Lk ;dflji6 ul/Psf 5g\ .
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk cGtu{t ;du| ;Lk cGtu{tsf s]xL
ljifoj:t'x? kf7Øqmd tyf sIff÷;q ;~rfngdf 7fpF7fpFdf
;dflji6 ePtf klg ;fIf/tf ;Lk / ;fGble{s ;Lksf] bfFhf]df
;du| ;Lk :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v x'g g;s]sf] tYo o'g]:sf]sf]
;xof]udf ;g\ @)!# df ul/Psf] ;fIf/tf kf7Øqmdsf]
k"g/fjnf]sg cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 .
cTofjZos yk ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;fIf/f]Q/ txsf sIff ;~rfngsf
a]nfdf cGt/lqmof, 5nkmn h:tf ljljw lqmofsnfkx¿af6
;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . k/LIf0fsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] o; tflnd
k'l:tsfn] ;fIf/f]Q/ sIffx¿df ;du| ;Lk klg ;dflji6 u/]/
kof{Kt dfqfdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] s'/fnfO{
Jofjxfl/s ?kdf k/LIf0f ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . k/LIf0fsf] cfwf/df
hLjgf]kof]uL ;LknfO{ ljleGg txsf ;fIf/tf sIffaf6 s;/L
k"0f{tf lbg ;lsG5 eGg] lgSof]{n ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] s'/fdf xfdL
cfzfjfbL 5f}+ . of] tflnd ;fdu|L cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|sf
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;xeflutf, o'g]:sf] sf7df08f}+sf] ;xof]u /
lzIffljb\ k|f= 8f= u0f]z axfb'/ l;+xsf] ;+of]hgsf] ;di6L xf] .
;+nUg ;a}nfO{ wGojfb, /rgfTds ;'emfjnfO{ :jfut .
@)&@ cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/
o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+
laifo;"rL
;fIf/f]Q/ lzIffdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk=====================================!
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk==============================================================!
;du| ;Lk ======================================================================$
!_ cfTdaf]w =========================================================%
@_ lhDd]jf/L =========================================================^
#_ cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ ============================^
$_ cfj]z tyf tgfj Joj:yfkg =============================*
%_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg tyf lg0f{o Ifdtf ==============(
^_ åGb Joj:yfkg / ;d:of ;dfwfg =======================!!
&_ pTkfbsTj / ;kmntfsf] lglDt nIf lgwf{/0f =========!@
*_ hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o =========================================!$
(_ cg'e"lt =========================================================!$
!)_ ;fd"lxs sfo{ / ;xof]u ==================================!%
!!_ cfk;L ;Ddfg ===============================================!%
!@_ k}/aL ============================================================!%
!#_ g]t[Tj ===========================================================!^
!$_ ;Demf}tf =======================================================!^
!%_ gsfg]{ ==========================================================!&
!^_ k'g:yf{kgf =====================================================!&
!&_ l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg] =========================================!*
lzIffdf ;du| ;Lk ;dfj]z ug]{ tl/sf ===========================!(
!_ o;n] d]/f] nflu s] cy{ /fV5 < ===========================@!
@_ clego ==========================================================@!
k|fSsyg
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿df hLjgf]kof]uL ;LknfO{ hf]8
lbOPsf] 5 . hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk cGtu{t ;fIf/tf ;Lk, ;fGble{s
;Lk tyf ;du| ;Lk kb{5g\ . ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdx¿df ;fIf/tf
;Lk ;+u;+u} kf7Øqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f,
kfl/jfl/s hLjg, cfocfh{g / s[lif, gful/s r]tgf, dlxnf /
ljsf;, ;F:s[lt / k/Dk/f tyf :jf:Yo / kf]if0f u/L ;ft If]qsf
;fGble{s ;Lk ;dflji6 ul/Psf 5g\ .
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk cGtu{t ;du| ;Lk cGtu{tsf s]xL
ljifoj:t'x? kf7Øqmd tyf sIff÷;q ;~rfngdf 7fpF7fpFdf
;dflji6 ePtf klg ;fIf/tf ;Lk / ;fGble{s ;Lksf] bfFhf]df
;du| ;Lk :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v x'g g;s]sf] tYo o'g]:sf]sf]
;xof]udf ;g\ @)!# df ul/Psf] ;fIf/tf kf7Øqmdsf]
k"g/fjnf]sg cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 .
cTofjZos yk ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;fIf/f]Q/ txsf sIff ;~rfngsf
a]nfdf cGt/lqmof, 5nkmn h:tf ljljw lqmofsnfkx¿af6
;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . k/LIf0fsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] o; tflnd
k'l:tsfn] ;fIf/f]Q/ sIffx¿df ;du| ;Lk klg ;dflji6 u/]/
kof{Kt dfqfdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] s'/fnfO{
Jofjxfl/s ?kdf k/LIf0f ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . k/LIf0fsf] cfwf/df
hLjgf]kof]uL ;LknfO{ ljleGg txsf ;fIf/tf sIffaf6 s;/L
k"0f{tf lbg ;lsG5 eGg] lgSof]{n ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] s'/fdf xfdL
cfzfjfbL 5f}+ . of] tflnd ;fdu|L cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|sf
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;xeflutf, o'g]:sf] sf7df08f}+sf] ;xof]u /
lzIffljb\ k|f= 8f= u0f]z axfb'/ l;+xsf] ;+of]hgsf] ;di6L xf] .
;+nUg ;a}nfO{ wGojfb, /rgfTds ;'emfjnfO{ :jfut .
@)&@ cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/
o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+
laifo;"rL
;fIf/f]Q/ lzIffdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk=====================================!
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk==============================================================!
;du| ;Lk ======================================================================$
!_ cfTdaf]w =========================================================%
@_ lhDd]jf/L =========================================================^
#_ cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ ============================^
$_ cfj]z tyf tgfj Joj:yfkg =============================*
%_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg tyf lg0f{o Ifdtf ==============(
^_ åGb Joj:yfkg / ;d:of ;dfwfg =======================!!
&_ pTkfbsTj / ;kmntfsf] lglDt nIf lgwf{/0f =========!@
*_ hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o =========================================!$
(_ cg'e"lt =========================================================!$
!)_ ;fd"lxs sfo{ / ;xof]u ==================================!%
!!_ cfk;L ;Ddfg ===============================================!%
!@_ k}/aL ============================================================!%
!#_ g]t[Tj ===========================================================!^
!$_ ;Demf}tf =======================================================!^
!%_ gsfg]{ ==========================================================!&
!^_ k'g:yf{kgf =====================================================!&
!&_ l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg] =========================================!*
lzIffdf ;du| ;Lk ;dfj]z ug]{ tl/sf ===========================!(
!_ o;n] d]/f] nflu s] cy{ /fV5 < ===========================@!
@_ clego ==========================================================@!
#_ zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg ====================================@!
$_ lgb]{lzt ;'gfO lrGtg lqmofsnfk ======================@@
%_ dfGotf /]vf ====================================================@@
^_ s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] <===============================@#
&_ hfg]sf], l;Sg rfx]sf] / l;s]sf]==== ======================@#
*_ lyÍ k]o/ ;]o/=================================================@$
(_ lgb]lz{t k9fO lqmofsnfk =================================@$
!)_ ldS; lk|mh k]o/=============================================@$
!!_ @ hf]8 @=======================================================@%
!@_ ca d]/f] kfnf] ==============================================@%
!#_ clGtd kfnf] d]/f] ==========================================@%
!$_ k|Zg÷;d:of es'08f] ===================================@^
;q ;~rfngsf Jofjxfl/s ;Lkx¿ ================================@&
!_ ;q ;+of]hg ====================================================@&
@_ ;fOgkf]i6 / 6«flGh;g =======================================@&
#_ k|Zg ==============================================================@*
$_ ;do tf]s]/ sfd u/fpg] ================================= @(
%_ a;fO{ Joj:yf =============================================== @(
^_ cfjZos dfqfdf dfq} ;xof]u =========================== #)
&_ ;d"x lgdf{0f ================================================== #)
*_ cfbfg–k|bfg / k|:t'tLs/0f ============================== #)
(_ ;xefuLx¿sf] k|z+;f / k|f]T;fxg========================= #!
!)_ ;xefuLx¿sf] ;lqmo ;'gfO / a'emfO =============== #!
gd"gf kf7 of]hgf =========================================================#@
;fIf/f]Q/ lzIffdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkn] # k|sf/sf ;Lkx¿nfO{ ;d]6\b5 – ;fIf/tf
;Lk (Literacy skill), ;fGble{s ;Lk (Contextual skill) tyf
;du| ;Lk (Generic skill) . g]kfndf ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmdsf
kf7\Øqmd tyf kf7\Ø;fdu|Lx¿df ;fIf/tf ;Lk tyf ;fGble{s
;Lkx¿ ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfO{G5, t/ ;du| ;Lk :ki6 ?kdf
b]lvb}gg\ .
;du| ;Lk ;fIf/f]Q/ sIff÷;q ;~rfngsf qmddf x'g] k|lqmof
tyf cGt/lqmofaf6 klg ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu sIff
;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;Lkx¿ / sIff ;~rfngsf qmddf ;du|
;Lkx¿nfO{ hf]8\g] ;Lkx¿ cfjZos klg x'G5g\ . of] k'l:tsfdf
sIff ;~rfng ;Lkx¿ / ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug]{ ;Lkx¿ b'O
efux¿df 5'§f5'§} k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . oL b'O efux¿df k|a]z
ug'{ cuf8L hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lksf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L klg lbOPsf]
5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk
zflAbs ?kdf eGg] xf] eg] hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk eGgfn] x/]s
JolQmsf] b}lgs hLjgdf cfjZos kg]{ ;LknfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;sf
nflu Pp6f JolQmn] n]vk9 ug{ hfGg' g} k¥of] . o;}n] ;fIf/tf
;Lk cfjZos k5{ . dflg;sf] hLjg ;'vk"0f{ afFRg, cfOk/]sf
-!_
#_ zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg ====================================@!
$_ lgb]{lzt ;'gfO lrGtg lqmofsnfk ======================@@
%_ dfGotf /]vf ====================================================@@
^_ s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] <===============================@#
&_ hfg]sf], l;Sg rfx]sf] / l;s]sf]==== ======================@#
*_ lyÍ k]o/ ;]o/=================================================@$
(_ lgb]lz{t k9fO lqmofsnfk =================================@$
!)_ ldS; lk|mh k]o/=============================================@$
!!_ @ hf]8 @=======================================================@%
!@_ ca d]/f] kfnf] ==============================================@%
!#_ clGtd kfnf] d]/f] ==========================================@%
!$_ k|Zg÷;d:of es'08f] ===================================@^
;q ;~rfngsf Jofjxfl/s ;Lkx¿ ================================@&
!_ ;q ;+of]hg ====================================================@&
@_ ;fOgkf]i6 / 6«flGh;g =======================================@&
#_ k|Zg ==============================================================@*
$_ ;do tf]s]/ sfd u/fpg] ================================= @(
%_ a;fO{ Joj:yf =============================================== @(
^_ cfjZos dfqfdf dfq} ;xof]u =========================== #)
&_ ;d"x lgdf{0f ================================================== #)
*_ cfbfg–k|bfg / k|:t'tLs/0f ============================== #)
(_ ;xefuLx¿sf] k|z+;f / k|f]T;fxg========================= #!
!)_ ;xefuLx¿sf] ;lqmo ;'gfO / a'emfO =============== #!
gd"gf kf7 of]hgf =========================================================#@
;fIf/f]Q/ lzIffdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkn] # k|sf/sf ;Lkx¿nfO{ ;d]6\b5 – ;fIf/tf
;Lk (Literacy skill), ;fGble{s ;Lk (Contextual skill) tyf
;du| ;Lk (Generic skill) . g]kfndf ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmdsf
kf7\Øqmd tyf kf7\Ø;fdu|Lx¿df ;fIf/tf ;Lk tyf ;fGble{s
;Lkx¿ ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfO{G5, t/ ;du| ;Lk :ki6 ?kdf
b]lvb}gg\ .
;du| ;Lk ;fIf/f]Q/ sIff÷;q ;~rfngsf qmddf x'g] k|lqmof
tyf cGt/lqmofaf6 klg ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu sIff
;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;Lkx¿ / sIff ;~rfngsf qmddf ;du|
;Lkx¿nfO{ hf]8\g] ;Lkx¿ cfjZos klg x'G5g\ . of] k'l:tsfdf
sIff ;~rfng ;Lkx¿ / ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug]{ ;Lkx¿ b'O
efux¿df 5'§f5'§} k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . oL b'O efux¿df k|a]z
ug'{ cuf8L hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lksf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L klg lbOPsf]
5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk
zflAbs ?kdf eGg] xf] eg] hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk eGgfn] x/]s
JolQmsf] b}lgs hLjgdf cfjZos kg]{ ;LknfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;sf
nflu Pp6f JolQmn] n]vk9 ug{ hfGg' g} k¥of] . o;}n] ;fIf/tf
;Lk cfjZos k5{ . dflg;sf] hLjg ;'vk"0f{ afFRg, cfOk/]sf
-!_
r'gf}tLx¿ ;fdgf ug{, :j:Yo / :jR5 hLjg afFRg ljljw 1fg /
;Lkx¿ cfjZos x'G5g\ . h:t} pBdzLntf, cfo cfh{g, :jf:Yo
tyf ;/;kmfO{, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, n}lËs ;dfgtf cflb h:tf
ljifout 1fg / To;sf] pkof]u;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . o:tf
;Lkx¿ ;fGble{s ;Lkx¿ x'g\ . ;fGble{s ;Lkx¿ 5gf}6 ubf{
;xeflux¿sf] ljz]if cfjZostf / pgLx¿sf] ;fd'bflos
jftfj/0fnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/]/ cfjZos ;Lkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/g'
kb{5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk dgf]j}1flgsx¿n] ;g\ !(^) tfsf g} kl/eflift
u/]sf lyP / o;sf] …dgf];fdflhs IfdtfÚsf ?kdf JolQmTj
ljsf;sf nflu pkof]u x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(() tfsf
Pr=cfO=eL=÷P8\;sf] ;ª\qmd0f a9\b} hfFbf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lksf]
;a}nfO{ cfjZos x'g] b]lvof] . Pr=cfO=eL=÷P8\; af/]df
Jofks?kdf k|rf/–k|;f/ ePtfklg o;af6 ;+qmd0f x'g]x¿sf]
;+Vof lgoGq0f gx'Fbf s] tYo cufl8 cfof] eg] 1fg cfjZos tTj
t xf], t/ 1fg lbP/ dfq} Jojxf/ kl/jt{g u/fpg kof{Kt x'Fb}g .
Pr=cfO=eL÷P8\; af/] ul/Psf] Jofks k|rf/–k|;f/n] To;af/] 1fg
lbg] sfd t u¥of], t/ eg]sf] / ;'g]sf] e/df dfq} w]/} dflg;x¿n]
cfk\mgf] of}g Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug]{ 5fF6 b]lvPg . o;}n] ljZn]if0f
ug]{, ;Defjgfx¿ vf]Hg], gsfg]{ -jf gfOF eGg]_, bjfj e]mNg ;Sg],
k|lt/f]w ug]{, cg'e"lt h:tf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; u/fpg' kg]{ b]lvof] .
ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] hLjgf ]kof]uL ;LknfO{ …;Lko'Qm :jf:Yo
lzIffÚ df hf]8\b} o;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] 5, æb}lgs hLjgdf
cfOkg]{ dfu tyf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;Djf]wg ug{sf
nflu cg"s'lnt tyf ;sf/fTds Jojxf/ ckgfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf g}
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk xf] .Æ o;}n] :j:y hLjgz}nL tyf cj:yf
lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos 1fg, wf/0ff tyf ljz]if u/]/ cfjZos ;du|
;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx¿af6 ljljw vfnsf
l;sfO cg'ejx¿ k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
o'g]:sf] -@)!@_ n] hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk leq ;fIf/tf ;Lk, ;fGble{s
;Lk tyf ;du| ;Lk oL ltgj6}sf] ;+of]hg x'G5 eg]sf] 5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk s'g} Pp6f lglZrt ljifo jf ;Lkx¿sf] ;d"x
xf]Og h'g Pp6f cd"t{ tyf ;}4flGts tl/sfn] l;sfpg ;lsG5 .
;fIf/tf ;LknfO{ k9\g], n]Vg] / lx;fa ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf ?kdf
dfq} x]l/g' x'Fb}g . of] JolQmut tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf nflu
cfjZos ;+1fgfTds ;Lk xfl;n ug]{ k|lqmof klg xf] . o;af6
;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] tyf ;fdflhs
hfu?stf / ;dfnf]rgfTds b[li6sf]0f lgdf{0f ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .
To:t} ul/sg ;fGble{s ;Lk s'g} lglZrt kl/j]z;+u ufFl;Psf
b}lgs hLjgdf cfjZos ;Lkx¿ x'g\ h:t} :jf:Yo, n}lËs
;dfgtf, jftfj/0f, hLljsf]kfh{g cflb . ;du| ;Lk Jofks x'G5,
h'g;'s} kl/l:yltdf klg cfjZos x'G5 h:t} lg0f{o Ifdtf,
;d:of ;dfwfg, ;d"xut sfo{, ;~rf/, ;Djfb, ;+hfn, ljZn]if0f
cflb .
-@_ -#_
r'gf}tLx¿ ;fdgf ug{, :j:Yo / :jR5 hLjg afFRg ljljw 1fg /
;Lkx¿ cfjZos x'G5g\ . h:t} pBdzLntf, cfo cfh{g, :jf:Yo
tyf ;/;kmfO{, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, n}lËs ;dfgtf cflb h:tf
ljifout 1fg / To;sf] pkof]u;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . o:tf
;Lkx¿ ;fGble{s ;Lkx¿ x'g\ . ;fGble{s ;Lkx¿ 5gf}6 ubf{
;xeflux¿sf] ljz]if cfjZostf / pgLx¿sf] ;fd'bflos
jftfj/0fnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/]/ cfjZos ;Lkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/g'
kb{5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk dgf]j}1flgsx¿n] ;g\ !(^) tfsf g} kl/eflift
u/]sf lyP / o;sf] …dgf];fdflhs IfdtfÚsf ?kdf JolQmTj
ljsf;sf nflu pkof]u x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(() tfsf
Pr=cfO=eL=÷P8\;sf] ;ª\qmd0f a9\b} hfFbf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lksf]
;a}nfO{ cfjZos x'g] b]lvof] . Pr=cfO=eL=÷P8\; af/]df
Jofks?kdf k|rf/–k|;f/ ePtfklg o;af6 ;+qmd0f x'g]x¿sf]
;+Vof lgoGq0f gx'Fbf s] tYo cufl8 cfof] eg] 1fg cfjZos tTj
t xf], t/ 1fg lbP/ dfq} Jojxf/ kl/jt{g u/fpg kof{Kt x'Fb}g .
Pr=cfO=eL÷P8\; af/] ul/Psf] Jofks k|rf/–k|;f/n] To;af/] 1fg
lbg] sfd t u¥of], t/ eg]sf] / ;'g]sf] e/df dfq} w]/} dflg;x¿n]
cfk\mgf] of}g Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug]{ 5fF6 b]lvPg . o;}n] ljZn]if0f
ug]{, ;Defjgfx¿ vf]Hg], gsfg]{ -jf gfOF eGg]_, bjfj e]mNg ;Sg],
k|lt/f]w ug]{, cg'e"lt h:tf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; u/fpg' kg]{ b]lvof] .
ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] hLjgf ]kof]uL ;LknfO{ …;Lko'Qm :jf:Yo
lzIffÚ df hf]8\b} o;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] 5, æb}lgs hLjgdf
cfOkg]{ dfu tyf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;Djf]wg ug{sf
nflu cg"s'lnt tyf ;sf/fTds Jojxf/ ckgfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf g}
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk xf] .Æ o;}n] :j:y hLjgz}nL tyf cj:yf
lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos 1fg, wf/0ff tyf ljz]if u/]/ cfjZos ;du|
;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx¿af6 ljljw vfnsf
l;sfO cg'ejx¿ k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
o'g]:sf] -@)!@_ n] hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk leq ;fIf/tf ;Lk, ;fGble{s
;Lk tyf ;du| ;Lk oL ltgj6}sf] ;+of]hg x'G5 eg]sf] 5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk s'g} Pp6f lglZrt ljifo jf ;Lkx¿sf] ;d"x
xf]Og h'g Pp6f cd"t{ tyf ;}4flGts tl/sfn] l;sfpg ;lsG5 .
;fIf/tf ;LknfO{ k9\g], n]Vg] / lx;fa ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf ?kdf
dfq} x]l/g' x'Fb}g . of] JolQmut tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf nflu
cfjZos ;+1fgfTds ;Lk xfl;n ug]{ k|lqmof klg xf] . o;af6
;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] tyf ;fdflhs
hfu?stf / ;dfnf]rgfTds b[li6sf]0f lgdf{0f ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .
To:t} ul/sg ;fGble{s ;Lk s'g} lglZrt kl/j]z;+u ufFl;Psf
b}lgs hLjgdf cfjZos ;Lkx¿ x'g\ h:t} :jf:Yo, n}lËs
;dfgtf, jftfj/0f, hLljsf]kfh{g cflb . ;du| ;Lk Jofks x'G5,
h'g;'s} kl/l:yltdf klg cfjZos x'G5 h:t} lg0f{o Ifdtf,
;d:of ;dfwfg, ;d"xut sfo{, ;~rf/, ;Djfb, ;+hfn, ljZn]if0f
cflb .
-@_ -#_
;du| (Generic Skills)
;fIf/tf sfo{qmdx¿df ljifoj:t'x¿ l;sfpg] / 1fg lbg] cEof;
oy]i6 dfqfdf kfO{G5 . tL ljifoj:t'x¿ ;fGble{s tyf
cTofjZos klg x'G5g\ . t/ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f k|fKt
hfgsf/L tyf 1fgnfO{ Jojxfl/s hLjgdf ptf/]sf] sd} dfq
kfO{G5 . of] ;Gtf]ifhgs s'/f xf]Og . o;f] x'g'sf sf/0f ;fIf/tf
sfo{qmdn] s'g} Ps jf b'O{j6f ;LknfO{ dfq Wofg lbg] / csf]{
;LknfO{ Wofg glbg] ugf{n] klg x'g] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . h:t}M
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;fIf/tf dfq} jf ;fIf/tf / ;fGble{s
;Lkx¿nfO{ dfq} a9L k|d'vtf lbP/ ;du| ;LknfO{ sd Wofg
lbPsf] kfO{G5 . ;du| ;Lkdf Wofg sd lbgfn] l;s]sf s'/f
Jojxf/df cfpg ;Sb}g . kmn:j?k l;s]sf s'/fsf] b}lgs
hLjgdf sd pkof]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{, ;fIf/tf tyf
;fGble{s ;Lkx? ;+u} ;du| ;LknfO{ klg ;dfof]hg u/]/ nUg'
cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
;du| ;Lk ljljw cj:yf / ;Gbe{df cfjZos kg]{ ;Lkx¿ x'g\ .
of] ljifout eGbf Jojxf/hGo x'G5 . cj:yf x]/]/ Ps eGbf a9L
;du| ;Lkx¿ Ps} k6s pkof]udf cfPsf klg x'G5g\ . To;} u/]/
Pp6} ;Gbe{df klg Ps eGbf a9L ;du| ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg klg
;lsG5 . sIffx¿df ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;r]t eP/ p2]Zok"0f{ ?kn]
hf]l8Psf] rfFlx x'g}kb{5 .
s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;+If]kdf tn JofVof ul/Psf 5g\ -
cfrfo{, @)!#Ù www.uwex.edu, 2015_ M
!_ cfTdaf]w (Self awareness)
cfk\mgf] JolQmTjsf] af/]df k|i6 wf/0ff jf 1fg x'g' g} cfTdaf]w jf
cfTd hfu?stf xf] . cfTdaf]w x'g' eg]sf] cfk\mgf] Ifdtf,
sdhf]/L, ;an kIf, ;f]r, ljrf/, ljZjf;, dfGotf, pTk|]/0ff tyf
cfj]zx¿af/] 1fg x'g' xf] . cfTdaf]wn] c?nfO{ a' \́gsf ;fy}
cfk'm Pj+ cfk\mgf k|j[lQ tyf cfk\mgf] Jojxf/af/] c¿x¿sf] wf/0ff
a'e\mg d2t u5{ . cfTdaf]wsf] ljsf;n] xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] ;f]r
ljrf/, a'emfO{, k|j[lQx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5 . cfk\mgf]
a'emfO{df kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsof] eg] cfk\mgf cfj]zx¿nfO{ klg
;DxfNg Pj+ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ ;kmntfsf] lglDt
cfTdaf]w dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] . cfk\mgf] JolQmTj / afgL÷Jojxf/df
cfk\mgf] Wofg s]Gb|Lt ug]{ cEof;af6 cfTdaf]wsf] ljsf; ug{
;lsG5 . cfTdaf]wn] c?nfO{ :jLsfg{ / c?sf] cfb/ ug]{ afgL
a;fNg d2t u5{ . Ps csf{sf] cl:tTj / ljleGgtfnfO{ :jLsfg{
;Sg] agfpF5 . c?nfO{ cfb/ ug'{ Pj+ :jLsfg'{ eg]sf] pgLx¿sf]
ljrf/ ;'Gg', efjgfsf] sb/ ug'{, pgLx¿sf] ;+:s[lt, ;Lk, k|ltef,
;do tyf ef}lts kl/j]zsf] ;d]t sb/ ug'{ xf] . cyf{t\ c?af6
cfFk'mn] h:tf] cfb/, efj, sb/, :jLsf/f]lQmsf] ck]Iff /fVb5f}+
c?nfO{ klg cfk'mn] ;f]lx ug]{5f}+ .
-%_ -$_ -$_
;du| (Generic Skills)
;fIf/tf sfo{qmdx¿df ljifoj:t'x¿ l;sfpg] / 1fg lbg] cEof;
oy]i6 dfqfdf kfO{G5 . tL ljifoj:t'x¿ ;fGble{s tyf
cTofjZos klg x'G5g\ . t/ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f k|fKt
hfgsf/L tyf 1fgnfO{ Jojxfl/s hLjgdf ptf/]sf] sd} dfq
kfO{G5 . of] ;Gtf]ifhgs s'/f xf]Og . o;f] x'g'sf sf/0f ;fIf/tf
sfo{qmdn] s'g} Ps jf b'O{j6f ;LknfO{ dfq Wofg lbg] / csf]{
;LknfO{ Wofg glbg] ugf{n] klg x'g] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . h:t}M
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;fIf/tf dfq} jf ;fIf/tf / ;fGble{s
;Lkx¿nfO{ dfq} a9L k|d'vtf lbP/ ;du| ;LknfO{ sd Wofg
lbPsf] kfO{G5 . ;du| ;Lkdf Wofg sd lbgfn] l;s]sf s'/f
Jojxf/df cfpg ;Sb}g . kmn:j?k l;s]sf s'/fsf] b}lgs
hLjgdf sd pkof]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{, ;fIf/tf tyf
;fGble{s ;Lkx? ;+u} ;du| ;LknfO{ klg ;dfof]hg u/]/ nUg'
cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
;du| ;Lk ljljw cj:yf / ;Gbe{df cfjZos kg]{ ;Lkx¿ x'g\ .
of] ljifout eGbf Jojxf/hGo x'G5 . cj:yf x]/]/ Ps eGbf a9L
;du| ;Lkx¿ Ps} k6s pkof]udf cfPsf klg x'G5g\ . To;} u/]/
Pp6} ;Gbe{df klg Ps eGbf a9L ;du| ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg klg
;lsG5 . sIffx¿df ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;r]t eP/ p2]Zok"0f{ ?kn]
hf]l8Psf] rfFlx x'g}kb{5 .
s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;+If]kdf tn JofVof ul/Psf 5g\ -
cfrfo{, @)!#Ù www.uwex.edu, 2015_ M
!_ cfTdaf]w (Self awareness)
cfk\mgf] JolQmTjsf] af/]df k|i6 wf/0ff jf 1fg x'g' g} cfTdaf]w jf
cfTd hfu?stf xf] . cfTdaf]w x'g' eg]sf] cfk\mgf] Ifdtf,
sdhf]/L, ;an kIf, ;f]r, ljrf/, ljZjf;, dfGotf, pTk|]/0ff tyf
cfj]zx¿af/] 1fg x'g' xf] . cfTdaf]wn] c?nfO{ a' \́gsf ;fy}
cfk'm Pj+ cfk\mgf k|j[lQ tyf cfk\mgf] Jojxf/af/] c¿x¿sf] wf/0ff
a'e\mg d2t u5{ . cfTdaf]wsf] ljsf;n] xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] ;f]r
ljrf/, a'emfO{, k|j[lQx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5 . cfk\mgf]
a'emfO{df kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsof] eg] cfk\mgf cfj]zx¿nfO{ klg
;DxfNg Pj+ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ ;kmntfsf] lglDt
cfTdaf]w dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] . cfk\mgf] JolQmTj / afgL÷Jojxf/df
cfk\mgf] Wofg s]Gb|Lt ug]{ cEof;af6 cfTdaf]wsf] ljsf; ug{
;lsG5 . cfTdaf]wn] c?nfO{ :jLsfg{ / c?sf] cfb/ ug]{ afgL
a;fNg d2t u5{ . Ps csf{sf] cl:tTj / ljleGgtfnfO{ :jLsfg{
;Sg] agfpF5 . c?nfO{ cfb/ ug'{ Pj+ :jLsfg'{ eg]sf] pgLx¿sf]
ljrf/ ;'Gg', efjgfsf] sb/ ug'{, pgLx¿sf] ;+:s[lt, ;Lk, k|ltef,
;do tyf ef}lts kl/j]zsf] ;d]t sb/ ug'{ xf] . cyf{t\ c?af6
cfFk'mn] h:tf] cfb/, efj, sb/, :jLsf/f]lQmsf] ck]Iff /fVb5f}+
c?nfO{ klg cfk'mn] ;f]lx ug]{5f}+ .
-%_ -$_ -$_
@_ lhDd]jf/L (Responsibility)
lhDd]jf/L clwsf/ eGbf cufl8 cfpg] tTj xf] . oBlk lhDd]jf/L
clwsf/sf] k"/s xf] . t;y{ lhDd]jf/Lkgn] csf{sf] clwsf/sf]
sb/ ub}{ cfk\mgf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug]{ eGg] hgfpF5 . cfk\mgf]
lhDd]jf/L s] xf], To;sf] dxTj, To;sf] ;fy{s lgjf{x / gu/]df
kg]{ c;/ af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg] / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] x'g' kb{5 .
#_ cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ (Interpersonal
relation and communication)
cGt/a}olQms ;Lk o:tf] hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk xf] h'g xfdL x/]s
lbg cGo JolQm jf ;d"x;+u 3/, kl/jf/, ahf/, sfof{no,
;fd'bflos s[ofsnfk, OToflbdf s'/fsfgL, ;+jfb jf cGt/s[of
ubf{ k|of]u u5f}+ . t;y{ of] geO gx'g] ;Lk xf] / xfdL;+u of] x'G5
g} . aRrfa]nf b]lv g} cr]tgf d} xfdL leq of] ;Lksf] ljsf;
eO/x]sf] x'G5 . t/ cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ ;Lk s:tf]
x'g' kg]{ xf] < eGg] k|Zg klg ;+w} g} /lx/xG5 .
cGt/a}olQms ;Lk /fd|f] x'g] JolQmsf] Jofj;flos Pj+ JolQmut
hLjg ;kmn x'g] ;Defjgf a9L g} /xG5 . cGt/a}olQms ;Lk
leq ljleGg tTjx¿ kb{5g\ lsgls o;n] JolQmsf] hLjgsf] 7"n}
lx:;f ;d]6\5 . h:t} xfd|f] cGt/a}olQms ;~rf/ (Interpersonal
communication) sf] u'0f:t/n] w]/} dfqfdf cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw
(Interpersonal relation) sf] u'0f:t/nfO{ lgwf{/0f u5{ .
cGt/a}olQms ;Lk cGtu{t kg]{ d"Vo d"Vo kIfx¿ lgDg x'g\ .
s_ df}lvs ;~rf/ M d}n] s] eg]+ < s;/L eg]+ <
v_ cdf}lvs ;~rf/ M d}n] gaf]lnsg} jf zAbsf] k|of]u
gul/sg} d]/f] cfFvf jf z/L/sf] xfpefpaf6 s] ;+jfb
u/]+ <
u_ ;'gfO ;Lk M c?n] df}lvs jf cdf}lvs dfWodaf6
lbPsf] ;'rgf jf ;+b]znfO{ s;/L a'e]+m <
3_ ;Demf}tf jftf{ M d}n] ;a} -d / csf]{ kIf÷JolQm_ nfO{
dfGo x'g] kl/0ffd glthf k|fKt ug{ c?;+u 5nkmn jf
;+jfb u/]+ .
ª_ ;d:of ;dfwfg M ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug{, ;d:ofnfO{
kl/eflift ug{ / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ c? -JolQm jf
;d"x_ ;+u} a;]/ sfd u/]+ .
r_ lg0f{o Ifdtf M ;lx lg0f{o lngsf lglDt ljsNkx¿sf]
vf]lh u/]+ .
-^_ -&_ -^_
@_ lhDd]jf/L (Responsibility)
lhDd]jf/L clwsf/ eGbf cufl8 cfpg] tTj xf] . oBlk lhDd]jf/L
clwsf/sf] k"/s xf] . t;y{ lhDd]jf/Lkgn] csf{sf] clwsf/sf]
sb/ ub}{ cfk\mgf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug]{ eGg] hgfpF5 . cfk\mgf]
lhDd]jf/L s] xf], To;sf] dxTj, To;sf] ;fy{s lgjf{x / gu/]df
kg]{ c;/ af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg] / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] x'g' kb{5 .
#_ cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ (Interpersonal
relation and communication)
cGt/a}olQms ;Lk o:tf] hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk xf] h'g xfdL x/]s
lbg cGo JolQm jf ;d"x;+u 3/, kl/jf/, ahf/, sfof{no,
;fd'bflos s[ofsnfk, OToflbdf s'/fsfgL, ;+jfb jf cGt/s[of
ubf{ k|of]u u5f}+ . t;y{ of] geO gx'g] ;Lk xf] / xfdL;+u of] x'G5
g} . aRrfa]nf b]lv g} cr]tgf d} xfdL leq of] ;Lksf] ljsf;
eO/x]sf] x'G5 . t/ cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ ;Lk s:tf]
x'g' kg]{ xf] < eGg] k|Zg klg ;+w} g} /lx/xG5 .
cGt/a}olQms ;Lk /fd|f] x'g] JolQmsf] Jofj;flos Pj+ JolQmut
hLjg ;kmn x'g] ;Defjgf a9L g} /xG5 . cGt/a}olQms ;Lk
leq ljleGg tTjx¿ kb{5g\ lsgls o;n] JolQmsf] hLjgsf] 7"n}
lx:;f ;d]6\5 . h:t} xfd|f] cGt/a}olQms ;~rf/ (Interpersonal
communication) sf] u'0f:t/n] w]/} dfqfdf cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw
(Interpersonal relation) sf] u'0f:t/nfO{ lgwf{/0f u5{ .
cGt/a}olQms ;Lk cGtu{t kg]{ d"Vo d"Vo kIfx¿ lgDg x'g\ .
s_ df}lvs ;~rf/ M d}n] s] eg]+ < s;/L eg]+ <
v_ cdf}lvs ;~rf/ M d}n] gaf]lnsg} jf zAbsf] k|of]u
gul/sg} d]/f] cfFvf jf z/L/sf] xfpefpaf6 s] ;+jfb
u/]+ <
u_ ;'gfO ;Lk M c?n] df}lvs jf cdf}lvs dfWodaf6
lbPsf] ;'rgf jf ;+b]znfO{ s;/L a'e]+m <
3_ ;Demf}tf jftf{ M d}n] ;a} -d / csf]{ kIf÷JolQm_ nfO{
dfGo x'g] kl/0ffd glthf k|fKt ug{ c?;+u 5nkmn jf
;+jfb u/]+ .
ª_ ;d:of ;dfwfg M ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug{, ;d:ofnfO{
kl/eflift ug{ / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ c? -JolQm jf
;d"x_ ;+u} a;]/ sfd u/]+ .
r_ lg0f{o Ifdtf M ;lx lg0f{o lngsf lglDt ljsNkx¿sf]
vf]lh u/]+ .
-^_ -&_ -^_
$_ cfj]z tyf tgfjnfO{ ;DxfNg' jf Joj:yfkg ug'{ (Coping
with emotions and stress)
cfk\mgf lzIffyL{x¿÷;xeflux¿sf cfj]z, ;f]r, larf/ tyf
s[ofsnfkx¿af/] vf]lh u/]df pgLx¿sf] cfj]z tyf tgfjnfO{
Joj:yfkg ug{ d2t ug{ ;lsG5 . cfj]z tyf tgfjsf sf/0fx¿
x'G5g\ . lagf sf/0f sf]xL klg cfj]zdf cfpFb}gg\ jf tgfau|:t
x'Fb}gg\ . t;y{ ;xhstf{n] tL sf/0fx¿ kQf nufpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
cfk\mgf ;xefuLx¿sf cfj]z tyf tgfjsf sf/0fx¿ a'́ \g
pgLx¿;+u /fd|f] cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ sfod ug{
;Sg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ klg tL ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;f]
u/]df pgLx¿df lglxt cfj]z tyf tgfjx¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds
tj/af6 Joj:yfkg u/fpg ;lsG5 .
/fd|f] cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/sf] lglDt cfk'mdf k|efjsf/L
cGt/a}olQms ;Lksf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g' k5{ . t;y{ cfk'm jf
cfk\mgf ;xeflusf] cfj]z / tgfjaf/] a' \́g lgDg k|Zgsf
pQ/x¿sf] vf]hL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
s_ s] n] d÷ltdL÷tkfFO{+nfO{ tgfju|:t agfof] <
v_ d÷ltdL÷tkfFO{+nfO{ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ?kdf s:tf]
cg'e"lt eO/x]5 -nflu/x]5_ <
u_ tgfju|:t x'Fbf d}n]÷ltdLn]÷tkfFO{+n] s:tf] Jojxf/
b]vfpF5'÷b]vfpF5f}+÷b]vfpg'x'G5 < -cyf{t\ tgfju|:t
x'Fbf s] s] ul/G5 <_
3_ cfFk'mnfO{ cfglGbt kfg{ s] u/]+÷u¥of}+÷ug'{eof] <
gsf/fTds cfj]z jf ;+j]u jf dgf]efj cfk\mgf]
b}lglsnfO{ g} c;/ kfg]{ u/L clgolGqt x'Fbf ;+j]ufTds
tgfj pTkGg x'G5 . ;+j]ufTds tgfj lgDg ! jf !
eGbf a9L gsf/fTds cfj]z÷;+j]u;+u ;DalGwt x'G5 M
!_ 8/ @_ alxisf/ #_ lrGtf÷kL/ $_ /L;
%_ Oiof{ ^_ cfnf]rgf &_ 3d08 jf cx+sf/ -c?n]
cfk\mg} u'0fufg ufpg\ / cfk'mnfO{ g} :jLsf?g\ eGg]
cfbt_ / *_ 3[0ff֌]if .
%_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg tyf lg0f{o Ifdtf (Critical
thinking and decision making)
cfk\mgf ljrf/, egfO, hjfkm, OToflbnfO{ ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg
ug]{ / sf/0f ;lxt lg0f{o lng] cEof; jf snfnfO{
;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg eg]/ a'lemG5 . cfk\mgf ;f]r, ljrf/,
egfO, pQ/ OToflbnfO{ ;'wfg{ ltgsf] ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg
ul/G5 . cfk\mgf ;f]r, ljrf/, tyf egfOx¿sf] ljZn]if0f /
d"NofÍgn] …s'g} klg ljrf/ lsg cfP <Ú …pQm ljrf/sf] kl/0ffd
-*_ -(_
$_ cfj]z tyf tgfjnfO{ ;DxfNg' jf Joj:yfkg ug'{ (Coping
with emotions and stress)
cfk\mgf lzIffyL{x¿÷;xeflux¿sf cfj]z, ;f]r, larf/ tyf
s[ofsnfkx¿af/] vf]lh u/]df pgLx¿sf] cfj]z tyf tgfjnfO{
Joj:yfkg ug{ d2t ug{ ;lsG5 . cfj]z tyf tgfjsf sf/0fx¿
x'G5g\ . lagf sf/0f sf]xL klg cfj]zdf cfpFb}gg\ jf tgfau|:t
x'Fb}gg\ . t;y{ ;xhstf{n] tL sf/0fx¿ kQf nufpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
cfk\mgf ;xefuLx¿sf cfj]z tyf tgfjsf sf/0fx¿ a'́ \g
pgLx¿;+u /fd|f] cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ sfod ug{
;Sg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ klg tL ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;f]
u/]df pgLx¿df lglxt cfj]z tyf tgfjx¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds
tj/af6 Joj:yfkg u/fpg ;lsG5 .
/fd|f] cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/sf] lglDt cfk'mdf k|efjsf/L
cGt/a}olQms ;Lksf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g' k5{ . t;y{ cfk'm jf
cfk\mgf ;xeflusf] cfj]z / tgfjaf/] a' \́g lgDg k|Zgsf
pQ/x¿sf] vf]hL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
s_ s] n] d÷ltdL÷tkfFO{+nfO{ tgfju|:t agfof] <
v_ d÷ltdL÷tkfFO{+nfO{ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ?kdf s:tf]
cg'e"lt eO/x]5 -nflu/x]5_ <
u_ tgfju|:t x'Fbf d}n]÷ltdLn]÷tkfFO{+n] s:tf] Jojxf/
b]vfpF5'÷b]vfpF5f}+÷b]vfpg'x'G5 < -cyf{t\ tgfju|:t
x'Fbf s] s] ul/G5 <_
3_ cfFk'mnfO{ cfglGbt kfg{ s] u/]+÷u¥of}+÷ug'{eof] <
gsf/fTds cfj]z jf ;+j]u jf dgf]efj cfk\mgf]
b}lglsnfO{ g} c;/ kfg]{ u/L clgolGqt x'Fbf ;+j]ufTds
tgfj pTkGg x'G5 . ;+j]ufTds tgfj lgDg ! jf !
eGbf a9L gsf/fTds cfj]z÷;+j]u;+u ;DalGwt x'G5 M
!_ 8/ @_ alxisf/ #_ lrGtf÷kL/ $_ /L;
%_ Oiof{ ^_ cfnf]rgf &_ 3d08 jf cx+sf/ -c?n]
cfk\mg} u'0fufg ufpg\ / cfk'mnfO{ g} :jLsf?g\ eGg]
cfbt_ / *_ 3[0ff֌]if .
%_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg tyf lg0f{o Ifdtf (Critical
thinking and decision making)
cfk\mgf ljrf/, egfO, hjfkm, OToflbnfO{ ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg
ug]{ / sf/0f ;lxt lg0f{o lng] cEof; jf snfnfO{
;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg eg]/ a'lemG5 . cfk\mgf ;f]r, ljrf/,
egfO, pQ/ OToflbnfO{ ;'wfg{ ltgsf] ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg
ul/G5 . cfk\mgf ;f]r, ljrf/, tyf egfOx¿sf] ljZn]if0f /
d"NofÍgn] …s'g} klg ljrf/ lsg cfP <Ú …pQm ljrf/sf] kl/0ffd
-*_ -(_
jf c;/ s] x'g]5 <Ú eGg] h:tf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]H5 . o:tf
pQ/x¿n] cfTdaf]w u/fpg] sfd klg u5{ / sf/0f ;lxt ;xL
lg0f{o lng klg d2t u5{ . t;y{ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg / lg0f{o
IfdtfaLr ;sf/fTds ;DaGw x'G5 .
;+j]ufTds tgfjn] ;lx lg0f{o lng ;Sg] Ifdtfdf x«f;
NofOlbG5 . ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg k|s[of Tolta]nf dfq ;an
x'G5 h'ga]nf JolQm tgfa /lxt x'G5 . t;y{ k|efjsf/L lg0f{o
lng] ;Lksf] lglDt ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]r tyf tgfa /lxt
dgl:ylt b'j}sf] cfjZostf k5{ . lg0f{o lng' eg]sf] ! eGbf a9L
ljsNkx¿af6 s'g} ! jf ! eGbf a9L ljsNk 5fGg' xf] . o;/L
5fGg' kbf{ x/]s ljsNksf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿af/]
yfxf kfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . tL ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿sf] ef/
tf}ng' kg]{ x'G5 . ltgsf] ;DefJo kl/0ffdx¿ cfFsng ug{ ;Sg]
x'g' k5{ . o;nfO{ s;}n] hf]lvd d"NofÍg klg eGb5g\ . oL ;a}
ul/;s] kl5 pQd ljsNk /f]Hg ;lsG5 . cyf{t\ ;lx lg0f{o lng
;lsG5 . of] ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg s} Ps kf6f] klg xf] .
^_ åGb Joj:yfkg / ;d:of ;dfwfg (Conflict resolution
and problem solving)
;d:of cfk'mn] rfx]sf] cj:yf / x'g uO/x]sf] jf eO /x]sf]
cj:yf ljrsf] leGgtf xf] . cyf{t\ s] eof] / s] x'g' kYof]{ eGg]
ljrsf] leGgtf . leGg leGg cfjZostf ljr åGb l;h{gf x'g
;Sb5 . c;xdlt eGbf åGb cem uxg xf] .
åGb k|foM a}rfl/s leGgtf xf] . åGb JolQm JolQm jf ;d"x
;b:ox¿aLrsf] cGt/a}olQms ;DaGwsf] Pp6f kIf klg xf] .
xfdLx¿ s'g} klg ljifo jf d'2fnfO{ cf–cfk\mgf wf/0ffx¿sf
cfwf/df ;+jf]wg u5f}{+ . o;y{ ;a}hgf jf b'O hgf JolQmx¿ klg
Pp6} ljrf/df ;xdt x'G5g\ eg]/ eGg ;ls+b}g . t;y{ åGb
;fdfGo s'/f] xf] . t/ åGbnfO{ j]jf:tf ug{ x'Fb}g . j]jf:tf ub}{ uof]
eg] åGb rls{b}+ hfG5 . åGbn] gsf/fTds Pj+ s8f cfj]zx¿nfO{
pAhfOlbG5 . cGttM o;n] ;fdflhs jftfj/0f, ;DaGw Pj+
cj:yf gsf/fTds agfpFb} n}hfG5 . t;y{ åGb Joj:yfkg h?/L
x'G5 . oBlk åGb ;'wf/ Pj+ k|ultsf] lglDt cj;/ klg xf] .
;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ qmddf klg ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgn] ;xof]u
u5{ . lsgls ;d:ofnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;d:of JolQmdf jf cGo
st} 5 ls < jf JolQmsf] 3d08 jf cx+sf/df kf] ;d:of 5 ls <
OToflb k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]lhG5 h;n] ;d:ofsf] r'/f] kQf
nufpg d2t u5{ . ;fy} ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] lglDt cfjZos kg]{
;|f]t tyf ;fwg sxfF pknAw 5g\ / tL s;/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5
eGg] klg ;d:ofaf/] ulxl/P/ ljrf/ ljdz{ u¥of] eg] kQf
nfUb5 . t;y{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ qmddf cfk\mgf ;an / b'a{n
kIfx¿, pknAw cj;/x¿, / ;DefJo cK7]/fx¿af/] ljZn]if0f ug]{
-!)_ -!!_
jf c;/ s] x'g]5 <Ú eGg] h:tf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]H5 . o:tf
pQ/x¿n] cfTdaf]w u/fpg] sfd klg u5{ / sf/0f ;lxt ;xL
lg0f{o lng klg d2t u5{ . t;y{ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg / lg0f{o
IfdtfaLr ;sf/fTds ;DaGw x'G5 .
;+j]ufTds tgfjn] ;lx lg0f{o lng ;Sg] Ifdtfdf x«f;
NofOlbG5 . ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg k|s[of Tolta]nf dfq ;an
x'G5 h'ga]nf JolQm tgfa /lxt x'G5 . t;y{ k|efjsf/L lg0f{o
lng] ;Lksf] lglDt ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]r tyf tgfa /lxt
dgl:ylt b'j}sf] cfjZostf k5{ . lg0f{o lng' eg]sf] ! eGbf a9L
ljsNkx¿af6 s'g} ! jf ! eGbf a9L ljsNk 5fGg' xf] . o;/L
5fGg' kbf{ x/]s ljsNksf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿af/]
yfxf kfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . tL ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿sf] ef/
tf}ng' kg]{ x'G5 . ltgsf] ;DefJo kl/0ffdx¿ cfFsng ug{ ;Sg]
x'g' k5{ . o;nfO{ s;}n] hf]lvd d"NofÍg klg eGb5g\ . oL ;a}
ul/;s] kl5 pQd ljsNk /f]Hg ;lsG5 . cyf{t\ ;lx lg0f{o lng
;lsG5 . of] ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg s} Ps kf6f] klg xf] .
^_ åGb Joj:yfkg / ;d:of ;dfwfg (Conflict resolution
and problem solving)
;d:of cfk'mn] rfx]sf] cj:yf / x'g uO/x]sf] jf eO /x]sf]
cj:yf ljrsf] leGgtf xf] . cyf{t\ s] eof] / s] x'g' kYof]{ eGg]
ljrsf] leGgtf . leGg leGg cfjZostf ljr åGb l;h{gf x'g
;Sb5 . c;xdlt eGbf åGb cem uxg xf] .
åGb k|foM a}rfl/s leGgtf xf] . åGb JolQm JolQm jf ;d"x
;b:ox¿aLrsf] cGt/a}olQms ;DaGwsf] Pp6f kIf klg xf] .
xfdLx¿ s'g} klg ljifo jf d'2fnfO{ cf–cfk\mgf wf/0ffx¿sf
cfwf/df ;+jf]wg u5f}{+ . o;y{ ;a}hgf jf b'O hgf JolQmx¿ klg
Pp6} ljrf/df ;xdt x'G5g\ eg]/ eGg ;ls+b}g . t;y{ åGb
;fdfGo s'/f] xf] . t/ åGbnfO{ j]jf:tf ug{ x'Fb}g . j]jf:tf ub}{ uof]
eg] åGb rls{b}+ hfG5 . åGbn] gsf/fTds Pj+ s8f cfj]zx¿nfO{
pAhfOlbG5 . cGttM o;n] ;fdflhs jftfj/0f, ;DaGw Pj+
cj:yf gsf/fTds agfpFb} n}hfG5 . t;y{ åGb Joj:yfkg h?/L
x'G5 . oBlk åGb ;'wf/ Pj+ k|ultsf] lglDt cj;/ klg xf] .
;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ qmddf klg ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgn] ;xof]u
u5{ . lsgls ;d:ofnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;d:of JolQmdf jf cGo
st} 5 ls < jf JolQmsf] 3d08 jf cx+sf/df kf] ;d:of 5 ls <
OToflb k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]lhG5 h;n] ;d:ofsf] r'/f] kQf
nufpg d2t u5{ . ;fy} ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] lglDt cfjZos kg]{
;|f]t tyf ;fwg sxfF pknAw 5g\ / tL s;/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5
eGg] klg ;d:ofaf/] ulxl/P/ ljrf/ ljdz{ u¥of] eg] kQf
nfUb5 . t;y{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ qmddf cfk\mgf ;an / b'a{n
kIfx¿, pknAw cj;/x¿, / ;DefJo cK7]/fx¿af/] ljZn]if0f ug]{
-!)_ -!!_
ul/G5 . cGtdf sf/0f ;lxt pQd ljsNk 5fg]/ ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg ul/G5 .
&_ pTkfbsTj / ;kmntfsf] lglDt nIf lgwf{/0f (Goal
setting for productivity and success)
s'g} klg kfl/jfl/s, JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs cj:yfnfO{ Ps
7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF k'¥ofpg nIf lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . cyf{t\ eO /x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofP/ /fd|f] cj:yfdf k'Ug kl/jf/ jf JolQm jf
;d"x jf ;+u7gn] sxfF k'Ug] jf s:tf] cj:yfdf k'Ug] eGg] lgSof}{n
ub{5 . ;f] lgSof}{n g} nIf xf] . elgG5 hlt pRr nIf /fVof] Tolt
g} pRr ;kmntf kfOG5 lsgls pQm nIf k|flKtsf lglDt x/bd
k|oTgzLn xf]OG5 . ;fy} pRr nIf k|flKtsf] lglDt ul/g] k|oTg
klg s8f g} x'G5 . lkmtnf] k|oTgn] pRr nIf xflzn ug{
;ls+b}g .
nIf lgwf{/0fn] ;Gtf]if lbG5 . k|oTgn] ;'wf/ pGd'v u/fpF5 .
;'wf/ b]lv+b} uPkl5 pTk|]/0ffsf] tx a9\b} hfG5 . of] qmdn]
lg/Gt/tf kfpg' eg]sf] pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 x'g' xf] . rfx] Tof]
cfk\mgf] sfd ug]{ z}nL xf];\ jf sfddf lbg] ;do xf];\ jf s'g}
j:t'sf] pTkfbg . pTkfbsTj a9]kl5 ;kmntf klg xfl;n x'G5 .
JolQmut txdf nIf lgwf{/0f ug'{ eGbf ;fd"lxs ?kdf nIf
lgwf{/0f ug'{ s]xL hl6n x'G5 . ToxfF ;a} ;b:osf rf;f],
OR5fx¿nfO{ Ps h'6 agfpg' kg]{ x'Fbf nIf lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf
hl6ntf ylkG5 . t;y{ åGb Joj:yfkg / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
;Lkx¿ k|of]u u/]/ g} hl6ntfx¿nfO{ ;DxfNg] jf ;'Nemfpg] ug'{
kg]{ x'G5 . o;y{ hLjgf]kof]uL ;du| ;Lkx¿ h'g;'s} a]nf hxfF
klg k|of]u x'G5g\ . cyf{t\ tL Ps csf{;+u k|foM ufFl;g
cfOk'U5g\ .
nIfsf klg cfk\mgf ljz]iftfx¿ x'G5g\ . h:t} xfdLn] lgwf{/0f ug]{
nIf k|i6 jf r':t x'g'k5{ . hl6n g} 5 eg] klg xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]
klg x'g'k5{ . ;d"x jf ;+u7gdf xf] eg] nIf ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'g]
x'g'k5{ . nIf dfkg ug{ ;lsg] x'g' k5{ . nIf xfl;n ug{ k|oTg/t
x'Fbf ljr ljrdf k[i7kf]if0f ul/lbg] JolQm jf ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf
x'g'k5{ / To;df cfjZostf cg';f/ k'g/fjnf]sg klg x'g h?/L
5 .
nIf k|efjsf/L ta x'G5, ha o;nfO{ d"NofÍgsf] sl8sf] ?kdf
k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fy} ;do lgwf{/0f u/]/ sfd u/]df klg nIf a9L
k|efjsf/L x'G5 . ;a} eGbf k|d'v tTj nIf lgwf{/0fdf c7f]6 jf
arga4tf xf] .
*_ hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o (Informed decision)
s'g} lg0f{odf k'Ug' cufl8 /fd|f] g/fd|f], kmfObf a]kmfObf tyf
lg0f{oaf6 cfOkg{ ;Sg] c;/ af/] ljrf/ u/]/ dfq} lg0f{o lnOPdf
-!@_ -!#_
ul/G5 . cGtdf sf/0f ;lxt pQd ljsNk 5fg]/ ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg ul/G5 .
&_ pTkfbsTj / ;kmntfsf] lglDt nIf lgwf{/0f (Goal
setting for productivity and success)
s'g} klg kfl/jfl/s, JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs cj:yfnfO{ Ps
7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF k'¥ofpg nIf lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . cyf{t\ eO /x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofP/ /fd|f] cj:yfdf k'Ug kl/jf/ jf JolQm jf
;d"x jf ;+u7gn] sxfF k'Ug] jf s:tf] cj:yfdf k'Ug] eGg] lgSof}{n
ub{5 . ;f] lgSof}{n g} nIf xf] . elgG5 hlt pRr nIf /fVof] Tolt
g} pRr ;kmntf kfOG5 lsgls pQm nIf k|flKtsf lglDt x/bd
k|oTgzLn xf]OG5 . ;fy} pRr nIf k|flKtsf] lglDt ul/g] k|oTg
klg s8f g} x'G5 . lkmtnf] k|oTgn] pRr nIf xflzn ug{
;ls+b}g .
nIf lgwf{/0fn] ;Gtf]if lbG5 . k|oTgn] ;'wf/ pGd'v u/fpF5 .
;'wf/ b]lv+b} uPkl5 pTk|]/0ffsf] tx a9\b} hfG5 . of] qmdn]
lg/Gt/tf kfpg' eg]sf] pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 x'g' xf] . rfx] Tof]
cfk\mgf] sfd ug]{ z}nL xf];\ jf sfddf lbg] ;do xf];\ jf s'g}
j:t'sf] pTkfbg . pTkfbsTj a9]kl5 ;kmntf klg xfl;n x'G5 .
JolQmut txdf nIf lgwf{/0f ug'{ eGbf ;fd"lxs ?kdf nIf
lgwf{/0f ug'{ s]xL hl6n x'G5 . ToxfF ;a} ;b:osf rf;f],
OR5fx¿nfO{ Ps h'6 agfpg' kg]{ x'Fbf nIf lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf
hl6ntf ylkG5 . t;y{ åGb Joj:yfkg / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
;Lkx¿ k|of]u u/]/ g} hl6ntfx¿nfO{ ;DxfNg] jf ;'Nemfpg] ug'{
kg]{ x'G5 . o;y{ hLjgf]kof]uL ;du| ;Lkx¿ h'g;'s} a]nf hxfF
klg k|of]u x'G5g\ . cyf{t\ tL Ps csf{;+u k|foM ufFl;g
cfOk'U5g\ .
nIfsf klg cfk\mgf ljz]iftfx¿ x'G5g\ . h:t} xfdLn] lgwf{/0f ug]{
nIf k|i6 jf r':t x'g'k5{ . hl6n g} 5 eg] klg xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]
klg x'g'k5{ . ;d"x jf ;+u7gdf xf] eg] nIf ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'g]
x'g'k5{ . nIf dfkg ug{ ;lsg] x'g' k5{ . nIf xfl;n ug{ k|oTg/t
x'Fbf ljr ljrdf k[i7kf]if0f ul/lbg] JolQm jf ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf
x'g'k5{ / To;df cfjZostf cg';f/ k'g/fjnf]sg klg x'g h?/L
5 .
nIf k|efjsf/L ta x'G5, ha o;nfO{ d"NofÍgsf] sl8sf] ?kdf
k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fy} ;do lgwf{/0f u/]/ sfd u/]df klg nIf a9L
k|efjsf/L x'G5 . ;a} eGbf k|d'v tTj nIf lgwf{/0fdf c7f]6 jf
arga4tf xf] .
*_ hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o (Informed decision)
s'g} lg0f{odf k'Ug' cufl8 /fd|f] g/fd|f], kmfObf a]kmfObf tyf
lg0f{oaf6 cfOkg{ ;Sg] c;/ af/] ljrf/ u/]/ dfq} lg0f{o lnOPdf
-!@_ -!#_
lg0f{o plrt x'g hfG5 . xtf/df / xr'jfdf lg0f{o lnFbf To;af6
;f]r] h:tf] nfe gx'g] dfq} xf]Og ls slxn]sfxL+ pN6f] c;/ kg{
klg hfG5 . o;}n] lg0f{o lnbf To;af/] hfgsf/L lng],
cg'ejLx¿;+u ;/;Nnfx ug]{ / cfk}mn] dgg u/]/ dfq} lg0f{o
lng'kb{5 . lnOg] lg0f{o hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o x'g' kb{5 / To:tf]
lg0f{o lng'df cfFk'm To;sf sf/0f af/] ljZj:t x'g' kb{5 .
(_ cg'e"lt (Empathy): o;df xfdLx¿n] c? JolQmx¿sf]
cj:yf, ;d:of, efjgf, rfxgf af/] ;+j]bgzLn x'g / To;af/]
yfxf kfpg] k|of; ug'{ kb{5 . c?sf af/]df ;+j]bgzLn eP/
k|ltlqmof lbg ;s]df pgLx¿sf] kL/dsf{ sd ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug'sf
;fy} hfgcGhfgdf c?sf] efjgfdf rf]6 k'¥ofpg] sfd sd x'G5 .
o;sf nflu cfk'mnfO{ klg pQm JolQmsf] :yfgdf /fv]/, pQm
;d:of cg'ej u/]/ a' \́g] / To:tf] cj:yf cfFk'mnfO{ cfOk/]sf]
eP s] x'GYof] xf]nf ljrf/ u/]df c?k|lt ;+j]bzLn eP/ Jojxf/
ug{ d2t k'Ub5 . cfFk'mnfO{ c?sf] v'§fdf pEofP/, efjgfTds
?kdf hf]l8P/ ul/g] Jojxf/ g} cg'e"lt xf] .
!)_ ;fd"lxs sfo{ / ;xof]u (Teamwork and
Cooperation)
;dfhsf] pTyfg / JolQmut ljsf;sf nflu klg ;d"xdf sfd
ug{ / Ps cfk;df ;xof]u ug{ ;Lk cfjZos x'G5 . ;femf
p2]Zo klxrfg ug]{, p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu sfo{ ljefhg ug]{,
cfk'mnfO{ k/]sf] s'/f -cfly{s jf >d_ pknAw u/fpg], Pscfk;df
;~rf/ / ;dGjo ug]{ / pknAwL cfk;df afF8kmFf8 ug'{ kb{5 .
o;df Pscfk;df ljZjf;, åGb Joj:yfkg tyf Tofusf] efjgf
klg cfjZos x'G5 .
!!_ cfk;L ;Ddfg (Mutual respect)
;dfgtf / Ps cfk;df ;Ddfg ;'v / cfgGbsf] >f]t xf] / o;n]
åGb / Sn]z klg sd ub{5 . Ps csf{nfO{ lje]b ug]{, hftkft,
wd{, wgL ul/a, 7"nf] ;fgf] h:tf s'/fnfO{ uf}0f dfg]/ Ps
cfk;df s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . ;dfhdf
x/]s JolQmsf] e"ldsf / b]g, ljljwtf k|lt hfgsf/L /fVg] /
To;nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{, Pscsf{af6 l;Sg] h:tf s'/fn] ;dfhdf
zfGtL / pGgtLtk{m 8f]¥ofpg d2t k'¥ofpF5 .
!@_ k}/aL (Advocacy)
;dfhnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ 1fg / ;Lk, ;dfhdf Nofpg' kg]{ ;'wf/
cflbsf nflu ;xL s'/f c?nfO{ a'emfpg] / To;nfO{ a'e]m/
cfFk'mnfO{ kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . c?nfO{ cfk\mgf]
s'/f a'emfP/ pgLx¿df kl/jt{g Nofpg jf s'g} s'/f ckgfpg
nufpg] lqmofsnfk k}/aL÷jsfnt xf] . s'g} s'/fsf] k}/aL ug'{
cl3 cfFk'm To;af/] hfgsf/ eP/ To;af/] k"0f{?kdf ljZj:t eP/
dfq k}/aL ug'{ kb{5 gq unt s'/fsf] k|rf/ ubf{ c? / cfk'mnfO{
klg xfgL k'Ub5 . o;}n] s] s'/fsf] k}/aL ug]{ xf], To;af6
-!$_ -!%_
lg0f{o plrt x'g hfG5 . xtf/df / xr'jfdf lg0f{o lnFbf To;af6
;f]r] h:tf] nfe gx'g] dfq} xf]Og ls slxn]sfxL+ pN6f] c;/ kg{
klg hfG5 . o;}n] lg0f{o lnbf To;af/] hfgsf/L lng],
cg'ejLx¿;+u ;/;Nnfx ug]{ / cfk}mn] dgg u/]/ dfq} lg0f{o
lng'kb{5 . lnOg] lg0f{o hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o x'g' kb{5 / To:tf]
lg0f{o lng'df cfFk'm To;sf sf/0f af/] ljZj:t x'g' kb{5 .
(_ cg'e"lt (Empathy): o;df xfdLx¿n] c? JolQmx¿sf]
cj:yf, ;d:of, efjgf, rfxgf af/] ;+j]bgzLn x'g / To;af/]
yfxf kfpg] k|of; ug'{ kb{5 . c?sf af/]df ;+j]bgzLn eP/
k|ltlqmof lbg ;s]df pgLx¿sf] kL/dsf{ sd ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug'sf
;fy} hfgcGhfgdf c?sf] efjgfdf rf]6 k'¥ofpg] sfd sd x'G5 .
o;sf nflu cfk'mnfO{ klg pQm JolQmsf] :yfgdf /fv]/, pQm
;d:of cg'ej u/]/ a' \́g] / To:tf] cj:yf cfFk'mnfO{ cfOk/]sf]
eP s] x'GYof] xf]nf ljrf/ u/]df c?k|lt ;+j]bzLn eP/ Jojxf/
ug{ d2t k'Ub5 . cfFk'mnfO{ c?sf] v'§fdf pEofP/, efjgfTds
?kdf hf]l8P/ ul/g] Jojxf/ g} cg'e"lt xf] .
!)_ ;fd"lxs sfo{ / ;xof]u (Teamwork and
Cooperation)
;dfhsf] pTyfg / JolQmut ljsf;sf nflu klg ;d"xdf sfd
ug{ / Ps cfk;df ;xof]u ug{ ;Lk cfjZos x'G5 . ;femf
p2]Zo klxrfg ug]{, p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu sfo{ ljefhg ug]{,
cfk'mnfO{ k/]sf] s'/f -cfly{s jf >d_ pknAw u/fpg], Pscfk;df
;~rf/ / ;dGjo ug]{ / pknAwL cfk;df afF8kmFf8 ug'{ kb{5 .
o;df Pscfk;df ljZjf;, åGb Joj:yfkg tyf Tofusf] efjgf
klg cfjZos x'G5 .
!!_ cfk;L ;Ddfg (Mutual respect)
;dfgtf / Ps cfk;df ;Ddfg ;'v / cfgGbsf] >f]t xf] / o;n]
åGb / Sn]z klg sd ub{5 . Ps csf{nfO{ lje]b ug]{, hftkft,
wd{, wgL ul/a, 7"nf] ;fgf] h:tf s'/fnfO{ uf}0f dfg]/ Ps
cfk;df s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . ;dfhdf
x/]s JolQmsf] e"ldsf / b]g, ljljwtf k|lt hfgsf/L /fVg] /
To;nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{, Pscsf{af6 l;Sg] h:tf s'/fn] ;dfhdf
zfGtL / pGgtLtk{m 8f]¥ofpg d2t k'¥ofpF5 .
!@_ k}/aL (Advocacy)
;dfhnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ 1fg / ;Lk, ;dfhdf Nofpg' kg]{ ;'wf/
cflbsf nflu ;xL s'/f c?nfO{ a'emfpg] / To;nfO{ a'e]m/
cfFk'mnfO{ kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . c?nfO{ cfk\mgf]
s'/f a'emfP/ pgLx¿df kl/jt{g Nofpg jf s'g} s'/f ckgfpg
nufpg] lqmofsnfk k}/aL÷jsfnt xf] . s'g} s'/fsf] k}/aL ug'{
cl3 cfFk'm To;af/] hfgsf/ eP/ To;af/] k"0f{?kdf ljZj:t eP/
dfq k}/aL ug'{ kb{5 gq unt s'/fsf] k|rf/ ubf{ c? / cfk'mnfO{
klg xfgL k'Ub5 . o;}n] s] s'/fsf] k}/aL ug]{ xf], To;af6
-!$_ -!%_
;dfhnfO{ s] kmfObf x'G5, o;n] c?x¿df s] c;/ kfg{ ;Snf
h:tf s'/fdf ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
!#_ g]t[Tj (Leadership)
/fi6« / ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xL g]t[Tj cfjZos kb{5 . ;xL
JolQmaf6 /fd|f] g]t[Tj x'g' kb{5 . g]t[Tjn] ;fd"lxs kmfObfsf nflu
pko'Qm af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg]Ù cfk\mgf] JolQmTjsf cfwf/df ;fd"lxs
nIo k|fKt ug]{Ù tyf ;d"xnfO{ Pstfj4 ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . g]t[Tj
ug]{ JolQmdf nIo x'g' kb{5Ù c?nfO{ pTk|]/0ff ug]{ IfdtfÙ ;~rf/
;Lk, ;fd"lxs PSoj4tfÙ of]hgfj4 ?kdf sfd ug]{Ù ljljwtf ljr
Pstf agfpg]Ù >f]t h'6fpg] Ifdtfx¿ cfjZos x'G5 .
!$_ ;Demf}tf (Negotiation)
;dfhdf cfk'mn] eg]sf] s'/f dfq} nfu' x'g' kb{5 eGg] x'Fb}g .
leGgtf / åGb Joj:yfkgsf nflu s]xL lng] / s]xL 5f]8\g] u/]/
;Demf}tf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . lng] lbg] s'/fdf JolQmut :jfy{ eGbf
;fd"lxs kmfObf, cfk;L ;b\efj, cg'e"ltnfO{ hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . Ps
csf{sf] kIf ;'Gg] / a' \́g], ;dfhdf c?x¿sf] ;/;Nnfx lng],
tTsflng / bL3{sflng Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'/fx¿ ;Demf}tf leq
kb{5g\ .
!%_ gsfg]{ (Refusal)
sltko cj:yfdf c?sf], ;flyefOsf] s/sfkdf yfxf kfP/ klg
unt sfd ug{ k'luG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;se/ To:tf JolQm;+u
;+ut gug]{Ù To:tf] cj:yf cfOkg]{ l:ylt aGg yfn] kl5 cfk'm
ToxfFaf6 hfg]Ù cfk\mgf] ts{ b[9 ?kdf /fVg]Ù / cfk'mn] gfO{ eg]sf]
s'/f gug]{ ug'{ kb{5 . ljz]if u/]/ s'ntÙ unt sfo{Ù c?nfO{ xfgL
k'Ug]Ù ;dfhdf abgfd x'g] s'/fdf b[9 eP/ gsfg]{ ;Lk cfjZos
x'G5 .
!^_ k'g:yf{kg (Resiliency)
b'Mv, lk8f, ljgfz, ljkb\ ;a}nfO{ cfOk5{ . o;af6 tgfj, ;d:of,
sl7gfO ;a}nfO{ x'G5 . tgfj hltsd ;do /x\Øf],
;d:of÷sl7gfO{af6 p7\g] sfd hlt l56f] ug{ ;lsof], Tolt g}
/fd|f] xf] . cfOk/]sf] b'Mv, lk8f, ;d:ofaf6 ;fdfGo cj:yfdf
cfpg ;Sg' k'g:yf{kg ;Lk xf] . o;df ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{Ù
;dfwfg lt/ cu|;/ x'g]Ù cfk\mgf lk/dsf{ c?x¿;+u cfbfg–k|bfg
ug]{Ù cfzfjfbL x'g]Ù nlrnf] x'g]Ù b[9 lgZroL x'g] h:tf Jojxf/n]
;d:ofaf6 l56f] pDsg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
-!^_ -!&_
;dfhnfO{ s] kmfObf x'G5, o;n] c?x¿df s] c;/ kfg{ ;Snf
h:tf s'/fdf ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
!#_ g]t[Tj (Leadership)
/fi6« / ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xL g]t[Tj cfjZos kb{5 . ;xL
JolQmaf6 /fd|f] g]t[Tj x'g' kb{5 . g]t[Tjn] ;fd"lxs kmfObfsf nflu
pko'Qm af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg]Ù cfk\mgf] JolQmTjsf cfwf/df ;fd"lxs
nIo k|fKt ug]{Ù tyf ;d"xnfO{ Pstfj4 ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . g]t[Tj
ug]{ JolQmdf nIo x'g' kb{5Ù c?nfO{ pTk|]/0ff ug]{ IfdtfÙ ;~rf/
;Lk, ;fd"lxs PSoj4tfÙ of]hgfj4 ?kdf sfd ug]{Ù ljljwtf ljr
Pstf agfpg]Ù >f]t h'6fpg] Ifdtfx¿ cfjZos x'G5 .
!$_ ;Demf}tf (Negotiation)
;dfhdf cfk'mn] eg]sf] s'/f dfq} nfu' x'g' kb{5 eGg] x'Fb}g .
leGgtf / åGb Joj:yfkgsf nflu s]xL lng] / s]xL 5f]8\g] u/]/
;Demf}tf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . lng] lbg] s'/fdf JolQmut :jfy{ eGbf
;fd"lxs kmfObf, cfk;L ;b\efj, cg'e"ltnfO{ hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . Ps
csf{sf] kIf ;'Gg] / a' \́g], ;dfhdf c?x¿sf] ;/;Nnfx lng],
tTsflng / bL3{sflng Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'/fx¿ ;Demf}tf leq
kb{5g\ .
!%_ gsfg]{ (Refusal)
sltko cj:yfdf c?sf], ;flyefOsf] s/sfkdf yfxf kfP/ klg
unt sfd ug{ k'luG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;se/ To:tf JolQm;+u
;+ut gug]{Ù To:tf] cj:yf cfOkg]{ l:ylt aGg yfn] kl5 cfk'm
ToxfFaf6 hfg]Ù cfk\mgf] ts{ b[9 ?kdf /fVg]Ù / cfk'mn] gfO{ eg]sf]
s'/f gug]{ ug'{ kb{5 . ljz]if u/]/ s'ntÙ unt sfo{Ù c?nfO{ xfgL
k'Ug]Ù ;dfhdf abgfd x'g] s'/fdf b[9 eP/ gsfg]{ ;Lk cfjZos
x'G5 .
!^_ k'g:yf{kg (Resiliency)
b'Mv, lk8f, ljgfz, ljkb\ ;a}nfO{ cfOk5{ . o;af6 tgfj, ;d:of,
sl7gfO ;a}nfO{ x'G5 . tgfj hltsd ;do /x\Øf],
;d:of÷sl7gfO{af6 p7\g] sfd hlt l56f] ug{ ;lsof], Tolt g}
/fd|f] xf] . cfOk/]sf] b'Mv, lk8f, ;d:ofaf6 ;fdfGo cj:yfdf
cfpg ;Sg' k'g:yf{kg ;Lk xf] . o;df ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{Ù
;dfwfg lt/ cu|;/ x'g]Ù cfk\mgf lk/dsf{ c?x¿;+u cfbfg–k|bfg
ug]{Ù cfzfjfbL x'g]Ù nlrnf] x'g]Ù b[9 lgZroL x'g] h:tf Jojxf/n]
;d:ofaf6 l56f] pDsg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
-!^_ -!&_
!&_ l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg] (Learning to learn)
1fg, ;Lk eg]sf] ;+w} c?n] l;sfP/ l;Sg] / lglZrt JolQmn]
lglZrt ;do;Ldfdf l;sfpg] s'/f xf]Og . l;sfO eg]sf] lg/Gt/
x'G5 / cfk}mn] klg gofF s'/fx¿ l;Sb} hfg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu
cfjZos hfgsf/L, 1fg, ;Lk sxfFaf6 kfpg ;lsG5 hfgsf/L
/fVg]Ù To;nfO{ cfk'mn] l;Sg]Ù c?;+u 5nkmn ug]{Ù l;s]sf] s'/f
Jojxf/df k|of]u ug]{Ù To;sf] d"NofÍg / cfjZostf cg';f/
;'wf/ ug]{ k|lqmofaf6 klg l;sfOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsG5 .
l;Sgsf nflu cfk'm ;+w} v'nf / u|x0fzLn x'g' kb{5 .
sIffdf ;du| ;Lk ;dfj]z ug]{ tl/sf
kf7\Øqmd / kf7\Ø ;fdu|Ldf pNn]u gePsf ;du| ;Lkx¿ klg
sIff ;~rfng ubf{ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmddf
ljz]if u/]/ ;ft k|sf/sf ;fGble{s kIfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;Gbe{ / ;do;fk]If x'g] ePtfklg
;xhstf{÷;xof]uL sfo{stf{n] kf7sf] ljifo;Fu ldNg] u/]/ ;du|
;Lk ljsf; ug{ cfjZos kl/l:yltx¿ ;[hgf ug{ ;Sb5g\ h;df
ljifout l;sfO eO{/xFbf klg cGt/lqmofsf qmddf ;du| ;Lksf]
l;sfO eO{/x]sf] x'G5 . o;}n] ljifout ?kdf lgDg ;du| ;Lkx¿
;dflji6 ug{ ;xh x'G5 M
!_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;kmfO M ljZn]if0f, lg0f{o, ;fd"lxs
sfo{, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg, ;d:of ;dfwfg,
cGt/JolQm ;~rf/ .
@_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg M cGt/JolQm ;~rf/, ;d:of
;dfwfg, ljZn]if0f, cg'e"lt, lg0f{o, dgf]efj atfpg],
tgfj Joj:yfkg, k'g:yf{kg, gsfg]{ .
#_ cfo cfh{g tyf s[lif M ljZn]if0f, lg0f{o, ;d:of
;dfwfg, hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o .
-!(_ -!*_
!&_ l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg] (Learning to learn)
1fg, ;Lk eg]sf] ;+w} c?n] l;sfP/ l;Sg] / lglZrt JolQmn]
lglZrt ;do;Ldfdf l;sfpg] s'/f xf]Og . l;sfO eg]sf] lg/Gt/
x'G5 / cfk}mn] klg gofF s'/fx¿ l;Sb} hfg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu
cfjZos hfgsf/L, 1fg, ;Lk sxfFaf6 kfpg ;lsG5 hfgsf/L
/fVg]Ù To;nfO{ cfk'mn] l;Sg]Ù c?;+u 5nkmn ug]{Ù l;s]sf] s'/f
Jojxf/df k|of]u ug]{Ù To;sf] d"NofÍg / cfjZostf cg';f/
;'wf/ ug]{ k|lqmofaf6 klg l;sfOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsG5 .
l;Sgsf nflu cfk'm ;+w} v'nf / u|x0fzLn x'g' kb{5 .
sIffdf ;du| ;Lk ;dfj]z ug]{ tl/sf
kf7\Øqmd / kf7\Ø ;fdu|Ldf pNn]u gePsf ;du| ;Lkx¿ klg
sIff ;~rfng ubf{ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmddf
ljz]if u/]/ ;ft k|sf/sf ;fGble{s kIfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;Gbe{ / ;do;fk]If x'g] ePtfklg
;xhstf{÷;xof]uL sfo{stf{n] kf7sf] ljifo;Fu ldNg] u/]/ ;du|
;Lk ljsf; ug{ cfjZos kl/l:yltx¿ ;[hgf ug{ ;Sb5g\ h;df
ljifout l;sfO eO{/xFbf klg cGt/lqmofsf qmddf ;du| ;Lksf]
l;sfO eO{/x]sf] x'G5 . o;}n] ljifout ?kdf lgDg ;du| ;Lkx¿
;dflji6 ug{ ;xh x'G5 M
!_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;kmfO M ljZn]if0f, lg0f{o, ;fd"lxs
sfo{, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg, ;d:of ;dfwfg,
cGt/JolQm ;~rf/ .
@_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg M cGt/JolQm ;~rf/, ;d:of
;dfwfg, ljZn]if0f, cg'e"lt, lg0f{o, dgf]efj atfpg],
tgfj Joj:yfkg, k'g:yf{kg, gsfg]{ .
#_ cfo cfh{g tyf s[lif M ljZn]if0f, lg0f{o, ;d:of
;dfwfg, hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o .
-!(_ -!*_
$_ gful/s ;r]tgf M ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg, cGt/JolQm
;~rf/, lg0f{o, g]t[Tj, l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg], ;Demf}tf .
%_ dlxnf ljsf;÷n}lËs ;dfgtf M cGt/JolQm ;~rf/,
k}/aL÷jsfnt, b[9tf, cg'e"lt, ljZn]if0f, ;d:of
;dfwfg, tgfj Joj:yfkg, ;Demf}tf .
^_ ;+:s[lt tyf rfnrng M cg'e"lt, ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg,
cfk;L ;Ddfg, ;xof]u, ljZn]if0f, cGt/JolQm
;~rf/ .
&_ :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f M ljZn]if0f, cGt/JolQm ;~rf/,
hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o .
;du| ;Lkx¿ sIffdf ;dflji6 ug{sf nflu 5nkmn ul/g]
;fGble{s ljifo, 5nkmnsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/g] jf x'g;Sg]
jftfj/0f / To;df ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsg] ;du| ;Lk jf/] ljrf/
u/]/ sIff of]hgf agfpg' kb{5 -gd"gf sIff of]hgfx¿ clGtddf
lbO{Psf] 5_ . ;du| ;Lkx¿ lglZrt vfnsf ljlw ckgfP/ jf
sIffdf pko'St jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/]/ cEof; u/fpg ;lsG5 .
tL ljlwx¿ / tL ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] ;du|
;Lkx¿ oxfF JofVof ul/Psf 5g\ .
!_ o;n] d]/f] nflu s] cy{ /fV5 <
s'g} rLh, hfgsf/L, 36gf, syf cflbsf] cfwf/df ;xefuLx¿nfO{
cfTdjf]w, lhDd]jf/L cflb ;Lklt/ k|ToIfLs/0f x'g] u/L k|Zg /fVb}
5nkmndf ;xefuL u/fpg] ljlw xf] . o;df pQm rLh, hfgsf/L,
36gf jf syfsf] laifon] …o;n] d]/f] nflu s] cy{ /fV5 <Ú eGg]
s'/f ;xeflux?n] ;f]Rg], ljZn]if0f ug]{ ug{' kb{5 .
@_ clego
pko'Qm kl/j]z lbP/ ;xefuL÷;xefuLx¿nfO{ To;nfO{ cYof{pg]
u/L clegoaf6 ;~rf/ ug{ nufpg] . o;af6 ;~rf/, cg'e"lt,
k}/aL÷jsfnt, dgf]efj, tgfj Joj:yfkg h:tf ;Lklt/
8f]¥ofpg ;lsG5 .
#_ zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg
lbOPsf] syf, n]v jf 36gf k9\g nufpg] jf k9fpg' cl3 To;sf
%÷^ d'Vo zAb÷zAbfjnL lbP/ lbOPsf] ;do -a9Ldf % ldg6_
leq cf–cfk\mgf] syf jf n]vf}6 tof/ kfg{ nufpg] . pQm
syf÷n]vf}6 klxn] hf]l8df / To;kl5 s]lx hf]8L dWo]af6 ;a}nfO{
;'gfpg nufpg] . o;af6 ljZn]if0f, hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o h:tf
;Lklt/ 8f]¥ofpg ;lsG5 .
-@)_ -@!_
$_ gful/s ;r]tgf M ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg, cGt/JolQm
;~rf/, lg0f{o, g]t[Tj, l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg], ;Demf}tf .
%_ dlxnf ljsf;÷n}lËs ;dfgtf M cGt/JolQm ;~rf/,
k}/aL÷jsfnt, b[9tf, cg'e"lt, ljZn]if0f, ;d:of
;dfwfg, tgfj Joj:yfkg, ;Demf}tf .
^_ ;+:s[lt tyf rfnrng M cg'e"lt, ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg,
cfk;L ;Ddfg, ;xof]u, ljZn]if0f, cGt/JolQm
;~rf/ .
&_ :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f M ljZn]if0f, cGt/JolQm ;~rf/,
hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o .
;du| ;Lkx¿ sIffdf ;dflji6 ug{sf nflu 5nkmn ul/g]
;fGble{s ljifo, 5nkmnsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/g] jf x'g;Sg]
jftfj/0f / To;df ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsg] ;du| ;Lk jf/] ljrf/
u/]/ sIff of]hgf agfpg' kb{5 -gd"gf sIff of]hgfx¿ clGtddf
lbO{Psf] 5_ . ;du| ;Lkx¿ lglZrt vfnsf ljlw ckgfP/ jf
sIffdf pko'St jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/]/ cEof; u/fpg ;lsG5 .
tL ljlwx¿ / tL ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] ;du|
;Lkx¿ oxfF JofVof ul/Psf 5g\ .
!_ o;n] d]/f] nflu s] cy{ /fV5 <
s'g} rLh, hfgsf/L, 36gf, syf cflbsf] cfwf/df ;xefuLx¿nfO{
cfTdjf]w, lhDd]jf/L cflb ;Lklt/ k|ToIfLs/0f x'g] u/L k|Zg /fVb}
5nkmndf ;xefuL u/fpg] ljlw xf] . o;df pQm rLh, hfgsf/L,
36gf jf syfsf] laifon] …o;n] d]/f] nflu s] cy{ /fV5 <Ú eGg]
s'/f ;xeflux?n] ;f]Rg], ljZn]if0f ug]{ ug{' kb{5 .
@_ clego
pko'Qm kl/j]z lbP/ ;xefuL÷;xefuLx¿nfO{ To;nfO{ cYof{pg]
u/L clegoaf6 ;~rf/ ug{ nufpg] . o;af6 ;~rf/, cg'e"lt,
k}/aL÷jsfnt, dgf]efj, tgfj Joj:yfkg h:tf ;Lklt/
8f]¥ofpg ;lsG5 .
#_ zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg
lbOPsf] syf, n]v jf 36gf k9\g nufpg] jf k9fpg' cl3 To;sf
%÷^ d'Vo zAb÷zAbfjnL lbP/ lbOPsf] ;do -a9Ldf % ldg6_
leq cf–cfk\mgf] syf jf n]vf}6 tof/ kfg{ nufpg] . pQm
syf÷n]vf}6 klxn] hf]l8df / To;kl5 s]lx hf]8L dWo]af6 ;a}nfO{
;'gfpg nufpg] . o;af6 ljZn]if0f, hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o h:tf
;Lklt/ 8f]¥ofpg ;lsG5 .
-@)_ -@!_
$_ lgb]{lzt ;'gfO lrGtg lqmofsnfk
zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg lqmofsnfk kl5 d"n syf, 36gf jf
n]v Kof/f÷k+lQmut ?kdf k9]/ ;'gfpg] / s;sf] cg'dfg slQsf]
ldNof] 5nkmn u/fpg] . To;kl5 ca cufl8 s] xf]nf eg]/ gofF
cg'dfg u/fpg], To:tf] cg'dfg ug'{sf sf/0fdf 5nkmn ug]{ . o;
k|sf/n] cufl8 a9\g] . o;df x'g] 5nkmnaf6 ;dfnf]rgfTds
lrGtg, ;d:of ;dfwfg, cg'e"lt, ;Ddfg h:tf ;Lk ;dflji6
ug{ ;lsG5 .
%_ dfGotf /]vf
s'g} ljifo jf d'2fdf cf–cfk\mgf] JolQmut wf/0ff x'g' :jfefljs
xf] h'g k"0f{?kdf c;xdt, t6:y b]lv k"0f{?kdf ;dy{gsf] :s]ndf
/xg ;Sb5 . d'Vo s'/f dfGotf /]vfsf] s'g :yfgdf cfk'mnfO{
/fVg] xf] Tof] to ug]{ / pQm :yfgdf cfk'm x'g'sf sf/0f ;d]t
:ki6 kfg'{ kg]{ x'G5 . 5nkmn cGt/lqmofsf qmddf pQm :yfg
sf/0f lbP/ kl/jt{g ug{ klg ;lsG5 . o; ljlwaf6
;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg, ljZn]if0f, k}/aL, ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg,
lg0f{o, ;Demf}tf h:tf ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
^_ s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] <
rf6{df # sf]ndsf] -s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] <_ tflnsf agfP/
5nkmnsf a'Fbfx¿ l6Kb} hfg] . …s] <Ú df ;d:of÷d'2fx¿ /
To;af6 kg]{ c;/x¿ l6Kg] . …To;f] eP s] <Ú df ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿ 5nkmn ub}{ l6Kb} hfg] . …ca s] <Ú df ;d:of
;dfwfgsf nflu ;xeflux¿n] tTsfn} ug]{
sfo{of]hgf÷lqmofsnfk to ug{ nufpg] . o; ljlwaf6 ;d:of
;dfwfg, ljZn]if0f, ;fd"lxs sfo{, lg0f{o, k'g:yf{kg, ;Demf}tf
h:tf ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
&_ hfg]sf], l;Sg rfx]sf] / l;s]sf]
rf6{df …hfg]sf]Ú, …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú / …l;s]sf]Ú # j6f sf]nd
agfpg] . sIffsf] ljifodf 5nkmn u/fpFb} ;xeflun] klxn] g}
hfg]sf s'/f …hfg]sf]Ú sf]nddf / To; ljifok|lt k|Zg, lh1f;f
eP …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú sf]nddf /fVg] . l;Sg' kg]{ cfjZos s'/f
k|Zgsf] ?kdf ;xhstf{n] cfk}mn] klg …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú sf]nddf
yKg] . …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú k|Zg, lh1f;fsf] cfwf/df tL s'/f l;Sg],
l;sfpg] k|lqmofaf6 ca l;s]sf s'/f …l;s]sf]Ú sf]nddf /fv]/
l;sfOnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] . o;af6 l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg], hfgsf/Lo'Qm
lg0f{o, ;d:of ;dfwfg h:tf ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
-@@_ -@#_
$_ lgb]{lzt ;'gfO lrGtg lqmofsnfk
zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg lqmofsnfk kl5 d"n syf, 36gf jf
n]v Kof/f÷k+lQmut ?kdf k9]/ ;'gfpg] / s;sf] cg'dfg slQsf]
ldNof] 5nkmn u/fpg] . To;kl5 ca cufl8 s] xf]nf eg]/ gofF
cg'dfg u/fpg], To:tf] cg'dfg ug'{sf sf/0fdf 5nkmn ug]{ . o;
k|sf/n] cufl8 a9\g] . o;df x'g] 5nkmnaf6 ;dfnf]rgfTds
lrGtg, ;d:of ;dfwfg, cg'e"lt, ;Ddfg h:tf ;Lk ;dflji6
ug{ ;lsG5 .
%_ dfGotf /]vf
s'g} ljifo jf d'2fdf cf–cfk\mgf] JolQmut wf/0ff x'g' :jfefljs
xf] h'g k"0f{?kdf c;xdt, t6:y b]lv k"0f{?kdf ;dy{gsf] :s]ndf
/xg ;Sb5 . d'Vo s'/f dfGotf /]vfsf] s'g :yfgdf cfk'mnfO{
/fVg] xf] Tof] to ug]{ / pQm :yfgdf cfk'm x'g'sf sf/0f ;d]t
:ki6 kfg'{ kg]{ x'G5 . 5nkmn cGt/lqmofsf qmddf pQm :yfg
sf/0f lbP/ kl/jt{g ug{ klg ;lsG5 . o; ljlwaf6
;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg, ljZn]if0f, k}/aL, ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg,
lg0f{o, ;Demf}tf h:tf ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
^_ s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] <
rf6{df # sf]ndsf] -s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] <_ tflnsf agfP/
5nkmnsf a'Fbfx¿ l6Kb} hfg] . …s] <Ú df ;d:of÷d'2fx¿ /
To;af6 kg]{ c;/x¿ l6Kg] . …To;f] eP s] <Ú df ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿ 5nkmn ub}{ l6Kb} hfg] . …ca s] <Ú df ;d:of
;dfwfgsf nflu ;xeflux¿n] tTsfn} ug]{
sfo{of]hgf÷lqmofsnfk to ug{ nufpg] . o; ljlwaf6 ;d:of
;dfwfg, ljZn]if0f, ;fd"lxs sfo{, lg0f{o, k'g:yf{kg, ;Demf}tf
h:tf ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
&_ hfg]sf], l;Sg rfx]sf] / l;s]sf]
rf6{df …hfg]sf]Ú, …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú / …l;s]sf]Ú # j6f sf]nd
agfpg] . sIffsf] ljifodf 5nkmn u/fpFb} ;xeflun] klxn] g}
hfg]sf s'/f …hfg]sf]Ú sf]nddf / To; ljifok|lt k|Zg, lh1f;f
eP …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú sf]nddf /fVg] . l;Sg' kg]{ cfjZos s'/f
k|Zgsf] ?kdf ;xhstf{n] cfk}mn] klg …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú sf]nddf
yKg] . …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú k|Zg, lh1f;fsf] cfwf/df tL s'/f l;Sg],
l;sfpg] k|lqmofaf6 ca l;s]sf s'/f …l;s]sf]Ú sf]nddf /fv]/
l;sfOnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] . o;af6 l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg], hfgsf/Lo'Qm
lg0f{o, ;d:of ;dfwfg h:tf ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
-@@_ -@#_
*_ lyÍ k]o/ ;]o/
s'g} ljifodf JolQmut ljrf/ ;f]Rg÷n]Vg nufpg], To;nfO{
;+u}sf] ;fyL;+u hf]8Ldf cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ / s]xL ;xefuLsf]
ljrf/ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpg nufpg] ljlw xf] . o;af6 cGt/JolQm
;~rf/, ;Ddfg h:tf ;Lkx¿ ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
(_ lgb]lz{t k9fO lqmofsnfk
k9\g' kg]{ kf7sf] cg'R5]b cg';f/ @÷# j6f k|Zg klxn] g} lbg],
;xefuLx¿n] cg'R5]b k9]/ k|Zgsf pQ/ n]Vb5g\ / clg To;af/]
5nkmn u/fpg] . o;af6 ljZn]if0f, hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o h:tf
;Lkx¿ ljsf; ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .
!)_ ldS; lk|mh k]o/
o;df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s'g} cg'ejhGo jf ;/n ljifodf Ps
cfk;df ljrf/ cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ nufO{G5 h;sf nflu
;xefuLx¿nfO{ v'nf 7fpFdf cfpg nufpg], otfptf 3'Dg
nufpg], /f]Sg] / glhssf] ;fyL;+u hf]8L agfpg] / cfk\mgf s'/f
cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ nufO{G5 . o;af6 ;~rf/, ;DaGw, ;Ddfg
h:tf ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
!!_ @ hf]8 @
5nkmnsf qmddf c?sf] ljrf/df l6Kk0fL ubf{ of] ljlw ckgfpg'
pko'Qm x'G5 . o; ljlwdf l6Kk0fL ug]{ JolQmn] k"j{ jStfn] /fv]sf]
ljrf/df @ j6f /fd|f] s'/f / @ j6f ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/fsf ?kdf
cfk\mgf] s'/f /fVg' kb{5 . o;af6 c?sf] ljrf/ a' \́g], ;Ddfg
ug]{, cGt/JolQm ;~rf/, ljZn]if0f, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg h:tf
;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
!@_ ca d]/f] kfnf]
$÷% hgfsf] ;d"x agfP/ lbOPsf] ljifodf ;a}nfO{ lbOPsf]
;dodf cf–cfk\mgf ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ug{ nufO{G5 . lbOPsf]
;do;Dd x/]sn] af]Ng} kg]{ x'G5 . o;af6 ;~rf/, g]t[Tj, b[9tf
h:tf ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg d2t k'Ub5 .
!#_ clGtd kfnf] d]/f]
5nkmn, ljjfb 6'Ëfpg clGtd jQmfsf] ljrf/af6 cGTo ug]{ ljlw
xf] . …clGtd kfnf] d]/f]Ú df 5nkmnsf nflu cfk\mgf] ljrf/ /fv]/
z'?jft ug]{ JolQmn] 5nkmn kZrft cfk\mgf] ljrf/ /fv]kl5
5nkmn ;dfKt ul/G5 . o;af6 b[9tf, ;Ddfg, g]t[Tj, ;~rf/
h:tf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
-@$_ -@%_
*_ lyÍ k]o/ ;]o/
s'g} ljifodf JolQmut ljrf/ ;f]Rg÷n]Vg nufpg], To;nfO{
;+u}sf] ;fyL;+u hf]8Ldf cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ / s]xL ;xefuLsf]
ljrf/ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpg nufpg] ljlw xf] . o;af6 cGt/JolQm
;~rf/, ;Ddfg h:tf ;Lkx¿ ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
(_ lgb]lz{t k9fO lqmofsnfk
k9\g' kg]{ kf7sf] cg'R5]b cg';f/ @÷# j6f k|Zg klxn] g} lbg],
;xefuLx¿n] cg'R5]b k9]/ k|Zgsf pQ/ n]Vb5g\ / clg To;af/]
5nkmn u/fpg] . o;af6 ljZn]if0f, hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o h:tf
;Lkx¿ ljsf; ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .
!)_ ldS; lk|mh k]o/
o;df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s'g} cg'ejhGo jf ;/n ljifodf Ps
cfk;df ljrf/ cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ nufO{G5 h;sf nflu
;xefuLx¿nfO{ v'nf 7fpFdf cfpg nufpg], otfptf 3'Dg
nufpg], /f]Sg] / glhssf] ;fyL;+u hf]8L agfpg] / cfk\mgf s'/f
cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ nufO{G5 . o;af6 ;~rf/, ;DaGw, ;Ddfg
h:tf ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
!!_ @ hf]8 @
5nkmnsf qmddf c?sf] ljrf/df l6Kk0fL ubf{ of] ljlw ckgfpg'
pko'Qm x'G5 . o; ljlwdf l6Kk0fL ug]{ JolQmn] k"j{ jStfn] /fv]sf]
ljrf/df @ j6f /fd|f] s'/f / @ j6f ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/fsf ?kdf
cfk\mgf] s'/f /fVg' kb{5 . o;af6 c?sf] ljrf/ a' \́g], ;Ddfg
ug]{, cGt/JolQm ;~rf/, ljZn]if0f, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg h:tf
;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
!@_ ca d]/f] kfnf]
$÷% hgfsf] ;d"x agfP/ lbOPsf] ljifodf ;a}nfO{ lbOPsf]
;dodf cf–cfk\mgf ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ug{ nufO{G5 . lbOPsf]
;do;Dd x/]sn] af]Ng} kg]{ x'G5 . o;af6 ;~rf/, g]t[Tj, b[9tf
h:tf ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg d2t k'Ub5 .
!#_ clGtd kfnf] d]/f]
5nkmn, ljjfb 6'Ëfpg clGtd jQmfsf] ljrf/af6 cGTo ug]{ ljlw
xf] . …clGtd kfnf] d]/f]Ú df 5nkmnsf nflu cfk\mgf] ljrf/ /fv]/
z'?jft ug]{ JolQmn] 5nkmn kZrft cfk\mgf] ljrf/ /fv]kl5
5nkmn ;dfKt ul/G5 . o;af6 b[9tf, ;Ddfg, g]t[Tj, ;~rf/
h:tf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
-@$_ -@%_
!$_ k|Zg÷;d:of -es'08f] ljlw_
o;df ;xeflun] s'g} k|Zg jf ;d:of k|:t't ub{5g\ / To;
lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfg÷pQ/sf nflu cfk'm;+u ePsf] sfuhsf]
es'08f] s'g} Pp6f ;xefuLlt/ k\mofFS5g\ . es'08f] kfpg]
;xefuLn] cfk\mgf] ljrf/ /fVg] / yk k|Zg÷lh1f;f /fVg] /
es'08f] csf]{ ;xefuLnfO{ lbg] sfd ub{5g\ . o; ljlwaf6 ;d:of
;dfwfg, ;~rf/, ;Ddfg h:tf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u
k'Ub5 .
sIff ;~rfngsf Jofjxfl/s ;Lkx¿
sIffx¿ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu s]xL Jofjxfl/s
;Lkx¿ lgtfGt cfjZos x'G5g\ . tL ;Lkx¿ x'g\ M
!_ sIff ;+of]hg
sIff ;~rfng ubf{ tTsfn} kf7sf] ljifodf l;w} k|a]z gul/sg
;xefuLx¿n] hfg]sf, cg'ejsf s'/fx¿af6 klxn] kf7sf] nflu
tof/L ug]{Ù To;kl5 kf7sf] ljifo k|:t'lts/0f / cGTodf kf7sf]
p2]Zo k"0f{ ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ u/L ltg r/0fx¿df sIffsf]
;+of]hg ug'{ kb{5 . cyjf sIff÷kf7sf] ;+of]hg tof/L,
k|:t'lts/0f / ;'b[l9s/0f u/L ltg r/0fx?df x'g' kb{5 .
@_ ;fOgkf]i6 / 6«flGh;g
sIffdf ljifoj:t' k|:t't ul//xFbfv]/L Psgf;n] ljifoj:t' k|:t't
gul/sg ;xefuLx¿n] ljifoj:t' u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] ul/sg ljleGg
efux¿df afF8\g' kb{5 . Pp6f efu k|:t't u/]kl5 To; efusf]
ljifoj:t'÷hfGg'kg]{ s'/f 5f]6s/Ldf atfOlbg] ug'{ kb{5 . o;nfO{
;fOgkf]i6 elgG5 . h:t} æxfdLn] clxn] cfdfsf] b"wn] aRrfnfO{
kf]if0f lbg] / /f]u;+u aRg d2t ubf]{ /x]5 eg]/ yfxf kfof}+=====Æ .
o;/L ;fOgkf]i6 u/]kl5 To;};+u 5f]6s/Ldf cfpg] ljifoj:t' klg
hf]8\g ;lsG5 h;nfO{ 6«flGh;g elgG5 . h:t} æ=========== ca
-@^_ -@&_
!$_ k|Zg÷;d:of -es'08f] ljlw_
o;df ;xeflun] s'g} k|Zg jf ;d:of k|:t't ub{5g\ / To;
lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfg÷pQ/sf nflu cfk'm;+u ePsf] sfuhsf]
es'08f] s'g} Pp6f ;xefuLlt/ k\mofFS5g\ . es'08f] kfpg]
;xefuLn] cfk\mgf] ljrf/ /fVg] / yk k|Zg÷lh1f;f /fVg] /
es'08f] csf]{ ;xefuLnfO{ lbg] sfd ub{5g\ . o; ljlwaf6 ;d:of
;dfwfg, ;~rf/, ;Ddfg h:tf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u
k'Ub5 .
sIff ;~rfngsf Jofjxfl/s ;Lkx¿
sIffx¿ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu s]xL Jofjxfl/s
;Lkx¿ lgtfGt cfjZos x'G5g\ . tL ;Lkx¿ x'g\ M
!_ sIff ;+of]hg
sIff ;~rfng ubf{ tTsfn} kf7sf] ljifodf l;w} k|a]z gul/sg
;xefuLx¿n] hfg]sf, cg'ejsf s'/fx¿af6 klxn] kf7sf] nflu
tof/L ug]{Ù To;kl5 kf7sf] ljifo k|:t'lts/0f / cGTodf kf7sf]
p2]Zo k"0f{ ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ u/L ltg r/0fx¿df sIffsf]
;+of]hg ug'{ kb{5 . cyjf sIff÷kf7sf] ;+of]hg tof/L,
k|:t'lts/0f / ;'b[l9s/0f u/L ltg r/0fx?df x'g' kb{5 .
@_ ;fOgkf]i6 / 6«flGh;g
sIffdf ljifoj:t' k|:t't ul//xFbfv]/L Psgf;n] ljifoj:t' k|:t't
gul/sg ;xefuLx¿n] ljifoj:t' u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] ul/sg ljleGg
efux¿df afF8\g' kb{5 . Pp6f efu k|:t't u/]kl5 To; efusf]
ljifoj:t'÷hfGg'kg]{ s'/f 5f]6s/Ldf atfOlbg] ug'{ kb{5 . o;nfO{
;fOgkf]i6 elgG5 . h:t} æxfdLn] clxn] cfdfsf] b"wn] aRrfnfO{
kf]if0f lbg] / /f]u;+u aRg d2t ubf]{ /x]5 eg]/ yfxf kfof}+=====Æ .
o;/L ;fOgkf]i6 u/]kl5 To;};+u 5f]6s/Ldf cfpg] ljifoj:t' klg
hf]8\g ;lsG5 h;nfO{ 6«flGh;g elgG5 . h:t} æ=========== ca
-@^_ -@&_
xfdLx¿ aRrfnfO{ cfdfn] b"w v'jfpFbf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fsf
af/]df 5nkmn u5f}{+Æ .
#_ k|Zg
sIffdf k|Zgx¿ w]/} dfqfdf k|of]u ul/Psf x'G5g\ . k|Zg ;f]Wg]
tl/sf, k|Zgsf :t/, qmda4tf, pQ/ lng] tl/sf af/]df Wofg
lbg' kb{5 .
k|Zg ;f]Wbf klxn] ;a} ;xefuLn] ;'Gg] / Wofg lbg] u/]/
;f]Wg' k5{ . ;a}n] k|Zg a'e]msf] lglZrt ePkl5
;xefuLx¿nfO{ pQ/ af/] ;f]Rg cfjZos ;do lbPkl5
s'g} Pshgfaf6 pQ/ vf]Hg' kb{5 . o:tf] k|Zg ;f]wfOnfO{
…;d"xdf k|Zg JolQmut pQ/Ú elgG5 . k|Zg ;f]wfO{
slxn]sfxL+ …JolQmut k|Zg JolQmut pQ/Ú / …;d"xdf
k|Zg ;d"xaf6 pQ/Ú klg x'g ;Sb5g\ t/ o:tf k|Zg
;f]wfO{ sd dfqfdf x'g' /fd|f] xf] .
k|Zg ;f]Wbf x'jx' k':tssf] pQ/ eGg' kg]{, s07 u/]/
bf]x¥ofpg' kg]{ eGbf cfk'mn] l;s]sf] s'/f Jojxf/df s;/L
ptfg]{, To;af6 s] l;Sg ;lsG5, kmfObf s] xf]nf,
;dfhdf s] k|efj knf{, lsg h:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ l;s]sf
s'/f Jojxf/df ptfg]{ k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
k|Zg ;f]Wbf ljifout qmda4tf ldnfP/ ;f]Wbf l;sfOdf
;xhtf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
k|Zgsf] pQ/ tTsfn} cfPgg\ eg] klg s]xL j]/ kv{g],
cfjZos k/] k|Zg bf]x¥ofO{lbg], k|ZgnfO{ ;/n efiffdf
a'emfpg] jf s'g} ;Í]t lbP/ a' \́gnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfd
ug'{ kb{5 .
k|Zg s]xL hfGg] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ dfq ;f]Wg] gul/sg
;a}nfO{ kfnf] kg]{ u/]/ ;f]Wg] .
k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;xhstf{ cfk}mn] glbP/ ;se/
;xefuLx¿af6} pQ/ lgsfNg] .
$_ ;do tf]s]/ sfd u/fpg]
;xefuLx¿nfO{ JolQmut, hf]8L jf ;d"xdf s'g} lqmofsnfk
u/fO{Psf] 5 eg] ;do tf]s]/ ;do leq sfd ug]{ afgL a;fNg'
kb{5 .
%_ a;fO{ Joj:yf
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;w} Pp6} k|sf/n] a;fO{ Joj:yf gul/sg sIffsf]
p2]ZonfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ul/sg ljljlws/0f ug{ ;lsG5 h;df
nx/], cw{ uf]nfsf/, o"–cfsf/, uf]nfsf/, ;fgf ;d"x cflb a;fO{
Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
-@*_ -@(_
xfdLx¿ aRrfnfO{ cfdfn] b"w v'jfpFbf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fsf
af/]df 5nkmn u5f}{+Æ .
#_ k|Zg
sIffdf k|Zgx¿ w]/} dfqfdf k|of]u ul/Psf x'G5g\ . k|Zg ;f]Wg]
tl/sf, k|Zgsf :t/, qmda4tf, pQ/ lng] tl/sf af/]df Wofg
lbg' kb{5 .
k|Zg ;f]Wbf klxn] ;a} ;xefuLn] ;'Gg] / Wofg lbg] u/]/
;f]Wg' k5{ . ;a}n] k|Zg a'e]msf] lglZrt ePkl5
;xefuLx¿nfO{ pQ/ af/] ;f]Rg cfjZos ;do lbPkl5
s'g} Pshgfaf6 pQ/ vf]Hg' kb{5 . o:tf] k|Zg ;f]wfOnfO{
…;d"xdf k|Zg JolQmut pQ/Ú elgG5 . k|Zg ;f]wfO{
slxn]sfxL+ …JolQmut k|Zg JolQmut pQ/Ú / …;d"xdf
k|Zg ;d"xaf6 pQ/Ú klg x'g ;Sb5g\ t/ o:tf k|Zg
;f]wfO{ sd dfqfdf x'g' /fd|f] xf] .
k|Zg ;f]Wbf x'jx' k':tssf] pQ/ eGg' kg]{, s07 u/]/
bf]x¥ofpg' kg]{ eGbf cfk'mn] l;s]sf] s'/f Jojxf/df s;/L
ptfg]{, To;af6 s] l;Sg ;lsG5, kmfObf s] xf]nf,
;dfhdf s] k|efj knf{, lsg h:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ l;s]sf
s'/f Jojxf/df ptfg]{ k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
k|Zg ;f]Wbf ljifout qmda4tf ldnfP/ ;f]Wbf l;sfOdf
;xhtf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
k|Zgsf] pQ/ tTsfn} cfPgg\ eg] klg s]xL j]/ kv{g],
cfjZos k/] k|Zg bf]x¥ofO{lbg], k|ZgnfO{ ;/n efiffdf
a'emfpg] jf s'g} ;Í]t lbP/ a' \́gnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfd
ug'{ kb{5 .
k|Zg s]xL hfGg] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ dfq ;f]Wg] gul/sg
;a}nfO{ kfnf] kg]{ u/]/ ;f]Wg] .
k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;xhstf{ cfk}mn] glbP/ ;se/
;xefuLx¿af6} pQ/ lgsfNg] .
$_ ;do tf]s]/ sfd u/fpg]
;xefuLx¿nfO{ JolQmut, hf]8L jf ;d"xdf s'g} lqmofsnfk
u/fO{Psf] 5 eg] ;do tf]s]/ ;do leq sfd ug]{ afgL a;fNg'
kb{5 .
%_ a;fO{ Joj:yf
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;w} Pp6} k|sf/n] a;fO{ Joj:yf gul/sg sIffsf]
p2]ZonfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ul/sg ljljlws/0f ug{ ;lsG5 h;df
nx/], cw{ uf]nfsf/, o"–cfsf/, uf]nfsf/, ;fgf ;d"x cflb a;fO{
Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
-@*_ -@(_
^_ cfjZos dfqfdf dfq} ;xof]u
;xhstf{n] ;se/ ;xefuL cfk}mn] cfk\mg} k|of;n] l;sf];\ eGg]
s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbP/ lqmofsnfkdf ljljwtf ckgfpg], km/s km/s
ljlw cKgfpg] ug]{ ug'{ kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/
lgsfNg] k|of;df xtf/ u/]/ ;a} s'/f cfk}mn] atfpg] jf ;d:of
xn ul/lbg] ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;xhstf{n] ;xefuLnfO{ l;Sg ;xof]u ug'{
kb{5, t/ cfjZos dfqfdf dfq} .
&_ ;d"x lgdf{0f
;fIf/f]Q/ sIffdf ;d"xdf sfd u/fpg' kb{5, t/ ;se/ ;d"xsf
;b:ox¿ Ps k6s b]lv csf]{ k6sdf km/s km/s kg'{ kb{5 .
;d"x lgdf{0f ubf{ km/s km/s ;b:ox¿ k/f];\ eg]/ uGtLaf6,
lr¶faf6, gfdsf] cIf/, ?rL ;d"x cflb tl/sfn] ;d"x agfpg]
ug'{ kb{5 .
*_ cfbfg–k|bfg / k|:t'tLs/0f
sIffdf cfk\mgf s'/f cfbfg–k|bfg tyf ;d"xsf] k|:t'tLs/0f ubf{
s]xL s'/fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
Ps k6sdf PshgfnfO{ Pp6f dfq} s'/f eGg lbg] h;n]
ubf{ w]/} hgfn] ;xefuL x'g] df}sf kfpg ;Sb5g\ .
c?n] eg]sf s'/f gbf]xf]¥ofO{sg, gofF s'/f yKg nufpg] .
sIffdf ;xefuL gePsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xhstf{ cfFk}mn]
pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
cfPsf dxTjk"0f{ s'/fnfO{ ;xhstf{n] bf]xf]¥ofpg], :ki6
kfg]{ sfd ug]{ .
;d"x sfo{df klg ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:o ;xefuL ePsf]
;'lglZrt ug]{ .
(_ ;xefuLx¿sf] k|of;nfO{ k|z+;f ug]{, pgLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ug]{ .
!)_ ;xefuLx¿sf] ;lqmo ;'gfO / a'emfO ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
;xhstf{n] cfk'm klg Pp6f l;sf? / ;+w} l;Sgdf pT;'s /x]sf]
s'/f :ki6 kfb}{ ;fIf/f]Q/ sIffdf ;a}n] Ps csf{af6 l;Sg]
jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{ ;Sg' kb{5 . Pp6fn] csf]{sf] efjgf a' \́g],
;Ddfg ug]{, Ps cfk;df ;xof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg' kb{5 .
o;af6 ;fIf/tf ;Lk, ;fGble{s ;Lk / ;du| ;Lk l;s]/ tL
;Lkx?sf] pkof]u u/]/ ;xL ?kdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 .
-#)_ -#!_
^_ cfjZos dfqfdf dfq} ;xof]u
;xhstf{n] ;se/ ;xefuL cfk}mn] cfk\mg} k|of;n] l;sf];\ eGg]
s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbP/ lqmofsnfkdf ljljwtf ckgfpg], km/s km/s
ljlw cKgfpg] ug]{ ug'{ kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/
lgsfNg] k|of;df xtf/ u/]/ ;a} s'/f cfk}mn] atfpg] jf ;d:of
xn ul/lbg] ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;xhstf{n] ;xefuLnfO{ l;Sg ;xof]u ug'{
kb{5, t/ cfjZos dfqfdf dfq} .
&_ ;d"x lgdf{0f
;fIf/f]Q/ sIffdf ;d"xdf sfd u/fpg' kb{5, t/ ;se/ ;d"xsf
;b:ox¿ Ps k6s b]lv csf]{ k6sdf km/s km/s kg'{ kb{5 .
;d"x lgdf{0f ubf{ km/s km/s ;b:ox¿ k/f];\ eg]/ uGtLaf6,
lr¶faf6, gfdsf] cIf/, ?rL ;d"x cflb tl/sfn] ;d"x agfpg]
ug'{ kb{5 .
*_ cfbfg–k|bfg / k|:t'tLs/0f
sIffdf cfk\mgf s'/f cfbfg–k|bfg tyf ;d"xsf] k|:t'tLs/0f ubf{
s]xL s'/fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
Ps k6sdf PshgfnfO{ Pp6f dfq} s'/f eGg lbg] h;n]
ubf{ w]/} hgfn] ;xefuL x'g] df}sf kfpg ;Sb5g\ .
c?n] eg]sf s'/f gbf]xf]¥ofO{sg, gofF s'/f yKg nufpg] .
sIffdf ;xefuL gePsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xhstf{ cfFk}mn]
pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
cfPsf dxTjk"0f{ s'/fnfO{ ;xhstf{n] bf]xf]¥ofpg], :ki6
kfg]{ sfd ug]{ .
;d"x sfo{df klg ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:o ;xefuL ePsf]
;'lglZrt ug]{ .
(_ ;xefuLx¿sf] k|of;nfO{ k|z+;f ug]{, pgLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ug]{ .
!)_ ;xefuLx¿sf] ;lqmo ;'gfO / a'emfO ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
;xhstf{n] cfk'm klg Pp6f l;sf? / ;+w} l;Sgdf pT;'s /x]sf]
s'/f :ki6 kfb}{ ;fIf/f]Q/ sIffdf ;a}n] Ps csf{af6 l;Sg]
jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{ ;Sg' kb{5 . Pp6fn] csf]{sf] efjgf a' \́g],
;Ddfg ug]{, Ps cfk;df ;xof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg' kb{5 .
o;af6 ;fIf/tf ;Lk, ;fGble{s ;Lk / ;du| ;Lk l;s]/ tL
;Lkx?sf] pkof]u u/]/ ;xL ?kdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 .
-#)_ -#!_
gd"gf kf7 of]hgf
!_ hfgsf/Ld"ns kf7 h:t} s[lif, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO{ .
kf7sf] z'?jft
lyÍ k]o/ ;]o/ M ;DalGwt lrq cWoog ug{ lbP/ ;xhstf{n]
lgb]{zg lbg], æo; lrqdf tkfO{+x¿n] s] s] b]Vg'x'G5 < o; lrqn]
s] ;Gb]z lbg vf]h]sf] xf]nf < -;do tf]s]/_ cfk'm cfk}mn] ––––
ldg]6 ;f]r]/ cfk\mgf] ljrf/ agfpg] jf n]Vg' xf]nf .Æ
;do ;dfKt ePkl5 ;xhstf{n] lgb]{zg lbg], ætkfO{+x¿n]
;f]r]sf]÷n]v]sf] s'/f ;+u}sf] ;fyL;+u hf]8L agfP/ Ps cfk;df
cfbfg–k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .Æ
kf7 k|:t'tLs/0f
s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] < M hf]8Lsf] sfd l;l4Pkl5
;xefuLaf6 Pp6f Pp6f t/ km/s–km/s ljrf/ k|:t't ug{
nufpg] . cfPsf ljrf/ ;xhstf{n] ldnfP/ …s] <Ú / …To;f] eP
s] <Ú sf]nddf l6kf]6 ub}{ hfg] . ;xefuLaf6 ljifoj:t' ;+u
;DalGwt s'/fx¿ cfO;s]kl5 yk gofF s'/fsf nflu …lgb]{lzt
k7g lqmofsnfkÚ, …k7g ;f/f+z k|ZgÚ h:tf ljlw ckgfP/
l;sfOnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] . cfPsf yk s'/f ;DalGwt sf]nddf
/fVg] . …s] <Ú / …To;f] eP s] <Ú sf]nd k"/f ePkl5
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d"xdf afF8]/ ;d:of ;dfwfg jf kfPsf] 1fgnfO{
s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 t'?Gt} nfu' ug]{ of]hgf agfpg nufpg]
h'g of]hgf …ca s] <Ú sf]nddf /fVg] .
kf7 ;'b[l9s/0f
…ca s] <Ú sf]nddf tof/ kf/]sf] of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg
ug]{ .
@_ syf, 36gfdf cfwfl/t kf7
kf7sf] z'?jft
zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg M ;xhstf{n] ;f]Wg], ætkfO{+x¿n] syf
;'Gg', k9\g' ePsf] 5 < n]Vg' ePsf] 5 <Æ
æn cfh xfdL syf n]Vg]÷eGg] x} . tkfO{sf] syfdf d}n] lbPsf]
zAb÷zAbfjnL k/]sf] x'g'k5{ .Æ -;'gfpg] syf jf 36gfaf6 $÷%
j6f d'Vo zAb÷zAbfjnL lems]/ lbg] ._
lbOPsf] ;dokl5 lgb]{zg lbg], æca xfdL #÷$ hgfsf] syf
;'G5f}+=== To;kl5 d syf eGg] 5' .=== d}n] eg]sf] syf /
tkfO{x¿n] eg]sf] syf slQsf] ldNg] 5 bfFh]/ klg x]5f}{+ .====Æ
-#@_ -##_
gd"gf kf7 of]hgf
!_ hfgsf/Ld"ns kf7 h:t} s[lif, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO{ .
kf7sf] z'?jft
lyÍ k]o/ ;]o/ M ;DalGwt lrq cWoog ug{ lbP/ ;xhstf{n]
lgb]{zg lbg], æo; lrqdf tkfO{+x¿n] s] s] b]Vg'x'G5 < o; lrqn]
s] ;Gb]z lbg vf]h]sf] xf]nf < -;do tf]s]/_ cfk'm cfk}mn] ––––
ldg]6 ;f]r]/ cfk\mgf] ljrf/ agfpg] jf n]Vg' xf]nf .Æ
;do ;dfKt ePkl5 ;xhstf{n] lgb]{zg lbg], ætkfO{+x¿n]
;f]r]sf]÷n]v]sf] s'/f ;+u}sf] ;fyL;+u hf]8L agfP/ Ps cfk;df
cfbfg–k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .Æ
kf7 k|:t'tLs/0f
s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] < M hf]8Lsf] sfd l;l4Pkl5
;xefuLaf6 Pp6f Pp6f t/ km/s–km/s ljrf/ k|:t't ug{
nufpg] . cfPsf ljrf/ ;xhstf{n] ldnfP/ …s] <Ú / …To;f] eP
s] <Ú sf]nddf l6kf]6 ub}{ hfg] . ;xefuLaf6 ljifoj:t' ;+u
;DalGwt s'/fx¿ cfO;s]kl5 yk gofF s'/fsf nflu …lgb]{lzt
k7g lqmofsnfkÚ, …k7g ;f/f+z k|ZgÚ h:tf ljlw ckgfP/
l;sfOnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] . cfPsf yk s'/f ;DalGwt sf]nddf
/fVg] . …s] <Ú / …To;f] eP s] <Ú sf]nd k"/f ePkl5
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d"xdf afF8]/ ;d:of ;dfwfg jf kfPsf] 1fgnfO{
s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 t'?Gt} nfu' ug]{ of]hgf agfpg nufpg]
h'g of]hgf …ca s] <Ú sf]nddf /fVg] .
kf7 ;'b[l9s/0f
…ca s] <Ú sf]nddf tof/ kf/]sf] of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg
ug]{ .
@_ syf, 36gfdf cfwfl/t kf7
kf7sf] z'?jft
zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg M ;xhstf{n] ;f]Wg], ætkfO{+x¿n] syf
;'Gg', k9\g' ePsf] 5 < n]Vg' ePsf] 5 <Æ
æn cfh xfdL syf n]Vg]÷eGg] x} . tkfO{sf] syfdf d}n] lbPsf]
zAb÷zAbfjnL k/]sf] x'g'k5{ .Æ -;'gfpg] syf jf 36gfaf6 $÷%
j6f d'Vo zAb÷zAbfjnL lems]/ lbg] ._
lbOPsf] ;dokl5 lgb]{zg lbg], æca xfdL #÷$ hgfsf] syf
;'G5f}+=== To;kl5 d syf eGg] 5' .=== d}n] eg]sf] syf /
tkfO{x¿n] eg]sf] syf slQsf] ldNg] 5 bfFh]/ klg x]5f}{+ .====Æ
-#@_ -##_
kf7 k|:t'tLs/0f
lgb]{lzt ;'gfO lrGtg lqmofsnfk M ;xefuLn] ;'gfPsf jf tof/
kf/]sf syf;+u ;xhstf{ cfk'mn] ;'gfPsf] syfsf] efu÷c+z;+u
s;sf] cg'dfg ldNof] < s] km/s eof] < h:tf k|Zg /fv]/
5nkmn ug]{ . To;kl5 clxn];Dd ;'g]sf] syfsf] cfwf/df …ca s]
xf]nf <Ú -syf s;/L cufl8 a9\nf <Ú h:tf k|Zg ;f]w]/ gofF
cg'dfg ug{ nufpg], gofF cg'dfg ug'{sf cfwf/x¿ eGg nufpg]
h:tf lqmofsnfkaf6 syf cufl8 a9fpg] .
olb sIffsf] cGTodf dfGotf/]vf ljlw ckgfpg] xf] eg] …syfdf
ePsf] s'/f l7s xf] jf a]l7s xf], lsg <Ú eGg] klg 5nkmn ub}{
l7s / a]l7sdf dfGotf/]vf klg agfpFb} hfg] .
kf7sf] cGTo
syf÷36gf k"/f ePkl5 To;af6 …s] l;Sg' eof] <Ú, …o;n]
tkfO{sf] hLjgdf s] cy{ /fV5 <Ú, …s] s'/f ug'{ plrt xf]nf <Ú
h:tf k|Zg /fVg] .
olb dfGotf/]vf k|of]u ug]{ eP To;df 5nkmn u/fP/ ;qsf]
cGTo ug]{ .
=========== ===========
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
CERID. (2006). Life Skill Education: Nature of the Issues and
their Linkage to System Provision. Kathmandu: Author.
Parry, C. and Nomikou, M. 2014. Life Skills – Developing Active
Citizens. UK: British Council.
UNESCO. (2004). Report of the Inter-Agency Working Group
on Life Skills in EFA, UNESCO, Paris, 29-31 March
2004; Paris: Author.
UNESCO. (2012). Regional Handbook on Life Skills
programmes for Non-Formal Education. Bangkok:
Author.
WHO. (NA). Skills for Health: Skills-based health education
including life skills -- An important component of a Child-
Friendly/Health-Promoting School, Information series on
school health, document 9.
http://www.uwex.edu/ces/4h/educators/documents/ListofLifeSkil
lsandComponents.pdf (downloaded 1 August 2015).
cfrfo{, ;';g= -@)!#_= hLjgf]kof]uL l;k tflndsf nflu tof/
kfl/Psf] n]vf}6 . o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+ .
-#$_ -#%_
kf7 k|:t'tLs/0f
lgb]{lzt ;'gfO lrGtg lqmofsnfk M ;xefuLn] ;'gfPsf jf tof/
kf/]sf syf;+u ;xhstf{ cfk'mn] ;'gfPsf] syfsf] efu÷c+z;+u
s;sf] cg'dfg ldNof] < s] km/s eof] < h:tf k|Zg /fv]/
5nkmn ug]{ . To;kl5 clxn];Dd ;'g]sf] syfsf] cfwf/df …ca s]
xf]nf <Ú -syf s;/L cufl8 a9\nf <Ú h:tf k|Zg ;f]w]/ gofF
cg'dfg ug{ nufpg], gofF cg'dfg ug'{sf cfwf/x¿ eGg nufpg]
h:tf lqmofsnfkaf6 syf cufl8 a9fpg] .
olb sIffsf] cGTodf dfGotf/]vf ljlw ckgfpg] xf] eg] …syfdf
ePsf] s'/f l7s xf] jf a]l7s xf], lsg <Ú eGg] klg 5nkmn ub}{
l7s / a]l7sdf dfGotf/]vf klg agfpFb} hfg] .
kf7sf] cGTo
syf÷36gf k"/f ePkl5 To;af6 …s] l;Sg' eof] <Ú, …o;n]
tkfO{sf] hLjgdf s] cy{ /fV5 <Ú, …s] s'/f ug'{ plrt xf]nf <Ú
h:tf k|Zg /fVg] .
olb dfGotf/]vf k|of]u ug]{ eP To;df 5nkmn u/fP/ ;qsf]
cGTo ug]{ .
=========== ===========
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
CERID. (2006). Life Skill Education: Nature of the Issues and
their Linkage to System Provision. Kathmandu: Author.
Parry, C. and Nomikou, M. 2014. Life Skills – Developing Active
Citizens. UK: British Council.
UNESCO. (2004). Report of the Inter-Agency Working Group
on Life Skills in EFA, UNESCO, Paris, 29-31 March
2004; Paris: Author.
UNESCO. (2012). Regional Handbook on Life Skills
programmes for Non-Formal Education. Bangkok:
Author.
WHO. (NA). Skills for Health: Skills-based health education
including life skills -- An important component of a Child-
Friendly/Health-Promoting School, Information series on
school health, document 9.
http://www.uwex.edu/ces/4h/educators/documents/ListofLifeSkil
lsandComponents.pdf (downloaded 1 August 2015).
cfrfo{, ;';g= -@)!#_= hLjgf]kof]uL l;k tflndsf nflu tof/
kfl/Psf] n]vf}6 . o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+ .
-#$_ -#%_
UNESCO O�ce in KathmanduPO Bix 14391Sanepa-2, Lalitpur, NepalTel: +977 1 5554396Fax: +977 1 5554450Email: [email protected]/kathmandu