feudal europe and japan post-classical period. feudal europe
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Feudal Europe and Japan
Post-Classical period
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Feudal Europe
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Fall of Rome
• 476 AD Rome invaded
• Adios to:– centralized gov’t– Loss of Greek and
Roman learning – common language– Transportation and
communication halts
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Long-Term Effects
• Constant warfare and invasions
• Cities abandoned as economic and political centers
• Population becomes mostly rural• Political, economic, and cultural face
of Europe changes• Feudalism develops
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The 4 Stages of Middle Ages in Europe
• Stage 1 (476-750) – – Several smaller
kingdoms form after Rome:
• Franks in France• Visigoths in Spain• Saxons in Germany
– No unity.
• Stage 2 (750-814) – Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne defeats Muslims who had invaded France through Spain.
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Stage 3 and 4
• Stage 3 (815-1050) – – Carolingian Empire falls
apart – Feudal system.
• Stage 4 (1050-1300) – – Rise of national monarchs– First agricultural revolution
allows for population increase.
– Trade resumes – Cities repopulated.
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Origins of European Feudal System
• Central economic feature of Medieval Europe: strong agricultural base for a warrior society
• Charles Martel (Carolingian Dynasty)– grants nobles rights over tracts of land, to yield the
income with which they can provide fighting men for his army
– requires an oath of loyalty in return (8th C)
• Full-fledged European system by the end of the 10th C.
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What exactly is Feudalism anyway?
• System of land holding that dominated Western Europe
• Essential part of the political organization: militarily and economically
• Appears to have origins in Germanic tribesFrankish?
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European Feudal System
• System at the top:• King owned the
land (manors); contracted to noblemen (lords/vassals)– Fielty (aka Oath of
Fidelity)– Fief
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Feudalism for the Uppercrust
Relationship based on:1. Regular supply of
troops (Castle Guard)2. Financial aid in
exchange for the lands (from the vassals to the lord)
3. Advice and participation in judgments (court service to the lord)
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Manorialism
• Large estates that were able to meet all of their own needs
• Smaller farmers ceded land to nobles for protection
• Made up of fields, a small town with a mill and workshops, a church, and a castle
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Feudalism for the masses
• Seignoralism: Relationship between vassals and serfs– They worked the vassal’s land and owed
him a percentage of their food. Sometimes, they had to work 1-5 weeks a year in the manor, among other duties.
– He provided military protection.
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Feudal Social Pyramid• Above all
these, is the POPE
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Growth of Towns
• Late Middle Ages• Developed near monasteries• Formed by artisans,
craftsmen, merchants (beginning of guilds): protection
• Formed near junctions of: rivers, roads, portsTRADE
• Created the Bourgeoisie
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NOT THE DARK AGES!
•
Purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial in Suffolk, England, ca. 625
Chi-rho-iota page, folio 34 recto of the Book of Kells, 8th or 9th century
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NOT THE DARK AGES!
•
Gospel of St. John title page, Lindisfarne Gospels, Northumbria, England, ca. 698-721
Saint Matthew, folio 18 verso of the Ebbo Gospels, Hautvillers, France, ca. 816-835
Initial R with knight fighting a dragon, folio 4 verso of the Moralia in Job, Citeaux, France, ca. 1115-1125
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NOT THE DARK AGES!
Scene One, Bayeux Tapestry, Bayeux Cathedral, Bayeux, France, ca. 1070-1080.
Ambrogio, Lorenzetti, Peaceful City, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy, 1338-1339
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Feudal Japan
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In Japan
• Not much is known about Japan until around the 5th C. CE
• The evolution of SHINTO (the way of the spirits)—native Japanese religion; name adopted to distinguish it from Chinese influences
• Around the 5th/6th C, rapid adoption of Chinese influences in Japan
• Beginning around 1165, the feudal epochShogun Period (Kamakura Period)
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Feudal Japan
• DECLINE of centralized government by the 11th C– Bakufu
• Emperors still reigned, but didn’t rule: provincial lords named shoguns had power
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More about feudal Japan
• After the 11th C, the warrior-elite gave out land in exchange for gathering groups of retainers who owed loyalty & service to the lords– Samurai
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Shogunates
• Controlled the ineffective/puppet emperors
• Regional leaders’ families; hereditary titles
• Reciprocal relationships with daimyos b/c of loyalty oaths and obligations
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Three Successive Shogunates
• 1st (Kamakura Bakufu) was weakened by Mongolians & fell
• 2nd (Ashikaga Bakufu) became weakened by regional wars from 1467-1568
• 3rd (Tokugawa) after initial strengthening fell into total decline and ended by the 18th C.
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Feudal Japan
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Feudal Codes
• Bushido (Japan)– Stressed:
• Self-denial• Indifference to
adversity• Generosity to the
less fortunate
• Chivalry (Europe)– Stressed:
• Honesty• Courtesy• Defense of the
helpless
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What are similarities between the two regions?
• Europe: • Japan: