fermilab fermilab-pub-05-078-e april 2005 · fermilab fermilab-pub-05-078-e april 2005.0/ 13254647...

47
Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005

Upload: others

Post on 09-May-2020

10 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005

���������� � ����� �������� � �������������� ���"!$#!&% �(')' ���*� � �� �+�-, .0/ 13254647�����869�4: �<;

=?>�@BADCFE)GIHKJMLONQPQ>�@SR�CFTVU�WYXDJ[Z\�>^]$>�@_TV`�X)Cba�JMLdcB=?>�@Be?`�X)CfEgWhJ[cjiB=?>�@BelkVU�WYkmJonpZrq$>�@_s�kVthWDWvuwJonjiyx*>�@BszGgCfEDJ{L]|>�@B}~CfT�TVkVs�HFXgk�J Ldc PQ>�@BX)kVEgHba�H*Jo�j�B@�>~@_X)GgkVtFCbu~J LjL�� >�@BEg�*e�HFs*Egt�HFEDJ nQ� >�@_�Y�dHFXYJ c�NQ� >�@B�Y�DkM�p��HFAYAI��WYG)GIH*J c �

��>���HFAYAI��WYG)GIH*J c ��� ><��HFAI��HFADCf��J n�N � >���HhU��fWYG)G�J Ldc @�><��HhXg`�HFX)Ch��]�HFT�G�kVWYXgk�J n�NS� >[��>���HFX)s�WDEYJ cj��B>o@�>���HFX)s�WYG)G�J ngL_� >���HhXgCfkVHFszG�J � \ >w��HFXgCfs*WFJ L � ]|>���HF��WYXDJ nji � >���WYU�WDE)AI��kmJ cpZ�� >���WY��HFX)kmJ ngLr� >~��WYT��OCfX�G�WhJ N�Z� > � ><��WYTVTmJ L�Z ]|>��(WDTVT�WYG)G�kVs*kmJ cpZ x*>��(WDTVT�kVs��FWDXDJ � L =?>���WDs �gHFe¡k�s�J Ldn @�>���WDX)WYGguhHFEYJ Ldc @�>�����HhG)G�k�J N�L

\�>~��kVs*t¢T�WY£FJ Ldc =?>���kVE)WDTVT�C�J c �B\ >w�(kVEg��HFkmJ LdcB¤ >[�r>~��TVHFkVXYJ n_¥ >~��T�CKAIthWDXDJ N q|>~��T�CKCfe¦J npZ �_>���TV��elWDsK�OWDTVU�J ngL@�>���C¢ADAYkmJ N�L @�>���CKU*WDt�J N � ]$>��(CfTVTVH*J cj� @�>���CfT�Eg��Cbu~J nji =?>���CfX�G�CfT�WYGgGgC�J cj� x*>��(Cf��U�X)W�HF��J cj§ ¥ >~��X)Cfe?`~WDX)��J nj§�r>*��Xg�*`�HFtFWYXDJ n�N x*>*����U�Hh�fCbuwJ LjL � > � >��(��U�U�J N �Sq$>*����X)tFWYG)G�J Ldc ]$>*����EgWvGgGgC�J c �Sq|>[¨�>*�(£¢Xg��e¦J n � > ¥ HF`*XgWDXgH*J Ldn\�> ¥ HFel}�`~WDTVT�J npZ�� > ¥ HFX)k�G��*WDXgEYJ n�N =?> ¥ HFXgT�Egelk�Gg��J[� L @�> ¥ HhE)G�X)C�J c =?> ¥ HF���hJ N�Z @�> ¥ WDX)Xgk�J n�N ¨�> ¥ WYXgX)k�G�C*J n �

x*> ¥ ��HF}*e�HFs�J npZy¥ > ¥ ��WYs�J cji�© > ¥ > ¥ ��WDs�J L \�> ¥ ��WYX)G�CFt~Jo��]$> ¥ ��kªHhXgWDT�TVk�J cpZ ]$> ¥ ��TªHhAI��kVU��YWFJ Ldc� > ¥ ��T�WD`�HFs�H*J Ldc \ >^¨5> ¥ �«��J L x*> © > ¥ �«��s*��J cjnQ� >¬� � > ¥ �«��s��*J[� Lr© > � > ¥ �¢�*s���J N � ¥ >o­I> ¥ k�Cf`�HFs«��J n �

@�>®]|> ¥ TªHhXgt�J Ldi \�> ¥ C¢A�H*J N �B@�> ¥ Cfs�s�CFTVT�£FJ n�N \�> ¥ CFs«uFWDX�£fJ N�L x*> ¥ Cfsza�H�£FJ Npc \ > ¥ CfXgU�WYTVT�kmJ L �Bx*> ¥ XgHFs�E)��H�a�J N �¤ > ¥ ��TV`~WDX�G�E)Cfs�J Ldc =?>�=QHF�FWDs���HhX)G�J N � >~=?¯[@_��XgkVH*J L�Zr� >�U�W���HFXg`�HhXgC�J N � � >�=W ¥ WYADAYC�J Npn � >~=WDTVT�¯[@_�fs�WYTVTVC*J L �\�>�=WYTVT�¯®°XgE)C�J cpZ � >w=WDelWDX)EDJ N �Q¨5>�=WYe¡CfX�G�k�WDXDJ N�L \�>�=WYs�kVs*s�C�J c =?>~=W � WYU�kVEYJ Npn�� > � >w=WYX)a(WDszG�J Ldc¥ >�=k�Cfs�k�EgkmJ Npn x*> ¤ >�=k�GgGge�HFs*s�J Ldc @�>w=CfelkVs��F��WD�hJ n�N � >�=CFs�HhG�k�J cpZ \�>w=?¯®°s�CF�OX)kVC�J Ldi PQ>w=CfX)kV�fC�J c ��y>w�5U�UK£fJ n � ¤ >��5Xg`�HFAI��WDXYJ Ldc =?>~�5XgX)WDU�WhJ n � � >~��X)XgWYU�WFJ n � ¤ >��5��E)WD`�k�J N � � > � HhXgXgk�s��FGgCfs�J L�Z_¤ >®]|> � WDk�TVU�Jo� nx*> � > � WYXgs�Hhs�U�WD�hJ cj�y¥ > � WDX)XgWvGgG�k�J npZ_¤ >[=?> � kVWYTVU�J LON ­I> � kVCfX)kmJ cpZ �B> � TVHF���f�*WDXDJ Ldc ¨5> ¤ > � T�CfXgWYE�� ¥ HFE)GgkVTVT�C�J cj§]$> � > � CFE)G�WYXDJ{LdcQ\�> � X�HFs*t¢T�kVs�J{Ld§Bx*> � X)kVWDU*e�HFs�J[njiS­I> � �*XgkVAhJ[nji\�>w]yHhTVTVk�s�HFX)C�JoN�L�\ >�]�HFXgAYkªH�� � ADk�ufWYXgWDEYJ[n�N@�> � >~]yHhX)±�s�thWDT�J cj�¥ >�]�H�£fJo� n =?> � >~]�WYXgU�WYEDJ npZ ��>~]�WYXgE�G�WDk�s�J � � >w]QkªHF�f��J NpnS� >w]QkªHFs*s�WYG)G�kmJ cpZ q|>~]�k�CfTVC�J cj�\�>�]QkVCfX)U�HFs�k�J N�Z � >�]�k�XgCfelkVs*kmJ L � � >w]�TVHF�fCfT�WYu~J LjL =?>w]QTVWDs*�DkVs*Egt«kmJ Ldc \�>�]QCfTVU�J c � �y>w]�CfT�U�EgAI�*e¡k�U*G�J npZx*><]QCfTVU*E)G�WYkVs�J c�N ]|><]QCfelWD�FJ § \�>�]�CFs�AI��HFX)C u~J NjN ­I>�]�CFXgWDT�CbuwJ c � @�>[PQ>�]QCfE)��H�a�J Ldn © >�]�ChG�X�HKJ cj§

q|>�]QCf��T�kªHFs*CfEDJ N�L @�>�]QXgWYEgWYTVWFJ c ¥ >�]�X)CfEgE)Ch� � k�TVAI��WYXDJ L � \�>�]���WYszG���WYXDJ cj� x*>�]Q��k�e�HFXgHFWDErU�H ¥ CfE)G�H*J Ld§¥ > � Hh`wWYXDJ n�N � > ¤ > � Hh��s�J Ldc ��> � HFT�t¢kVHFU�HFt«k�EDJ N � ¤ > � HFs*U�TVWYXDJo� L� > � HF}�}�HFAI�*WDXDJ L �?q|> � HFXgH*J Np§

¤ >®\ > � HFXgX)kVEDJ Ldc � > � HFX)Gge�Hhs�s�J njn q|> � HhGIHhtFWY£fHFe¡H*J N�L x*> � HF��EgWYXDJ i x*> � WDk�s�Xgk�AI��J cji \�> � WDs*s�WDAIthWFJ njn\�> � WDX)s�U�Cfs�J ngL_¥ > � k�TVT�J Z @�> � CKAIthWDXDJ N ��q|>^=?> � CFRwe�HFs�J L � � > � Cf��J L �_>[PQ> � �*Rwe¡HFs�J c�NQ¤ > � ���f�*WDEDJ cjnx*> � ��E)GgCfs�J nj§ x*>«­js�A�Hhs�U�WDTVH*J Z ]$>z­jszGgXgCf�Y�DkmJ cpZ \�>«­jCfX)kmJ Npn�¥ >«­jEgE)WYuFWDXDJ Z @�>«­�uhHFs�Cbu~J N � © >«­�a�H�GIH*J Ld� �B>«­�£¢�*G�k�s�J nji

²

Page 2: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

��>�xfHFe¡WYEDJ Ldc \�>�xFCfs�WYEDJ cj� PQ>wqyHhe¡Cfs�J NjN x*>~qyHhs���J npZ \�>wq�HFX�HF�FCf�y³_s�WYTmJ cgLS� >~q�HFX)G�HFTmJ Ldc � >wqyHhEg��H*J � n© >wq�HhGgC�J cjcB¤ >^=?>�q�WYs�s�WYU*£fJ Ldc�¤ >�qQWY}���HFX�G�J Ldc �B>�qQkVT�e¡k�s�E)GgWDXYJ N �r=?> � >�qQkVe¦J njc � > � >wqQk�e´J n �_\�>®x*>~qQkVe¦J �� >^�_>�qQkVe¦Jonjc � > � >�q�k�e´JµNp§BPQ> � >wqQkVe¦J[nji © >[q|>�qQkVe¦J{L � \�>�q�k�Xg`z£fJ{LdnQ¨5>wq�k�XgE)AI��JoN � >�qQTVk�e¡WYs�tFC*JMLON� >~qQC¢WD��s�J cjn q|>~q�CFs�U�C�Jo�j��x*>wq�CFs�kV�fE)`wWYXg��J LON @�>�qQCfX)s�J nji @�>wqQCfX)£«G�Cbu~J LON x*>wqQX)CfTVT�J cji \�>�qQX)��EgWhJ Ldn� >~qQXg�*GgWDT�£fCbu~J NjN � >^��>wq��*��TVe¡HFs�s�J n ��>~qQ���Ds�WvG�E)C uhH*J Ldc @�>oPQ>~¨�HfHFE�Hhs�WDs�J cj� � >w¨�HFelkmJ N�L � >w¨�HFelelWDTmJ Ldcx*>�¨�HFs�ADHFE)GgWDXYJ Ldn \ >�¨¶Hhs�A�HFE�G�WYXDJ n � ¤ >�¨�HFs*U�WDXYJ � q$>�¨¶Hhs�s�Cfs�J cjn @�>�¨�HhG���J Npc ]|>�¨�HhG�k�s�C�J c � PQ>w¨<W ¥ Cfe¡}KG�WFJ n© >w¨�WhJ ngL x*>w¨<WDWhJ N � � > � >w¨�WYWFJ NjN ��>w¨<WDCfs�HhXgU�C�J nji � >w¨<WDCfs*WFJ cpZ x*>^=?>~¨<WYark�EDJ Ldc q$>w¨<kmJo� nQ¥ > � >w¨�k�s�J Ldc

\�>�¨<k�s�U��fX)WDs�J i PQ>^\�>~¨<kVE)EDJ n �B=?>^°?>�¨<k�Ggu¢k�s«GgEgWvuwJ Ldc PQ>�¨<k���J Ldc ��> � >�¨<C¢AIt«£FWDXYJ cji @�>�¨<Cf�fkVs*C u~J nj� \ >�¨�CFXgWYGgkmJ c �=?>�¨<��ADAI�*WDEgk�J c � � >~¨<��tFWYs�EDJ Ldc ¨5>�¨<£FCfs�EYJ c�N x*>�¨�£¢EDJ n�N ¤ >~\·HFU�XgHFt�J Ld§ q|>~\·HFWDE)��kVe¡H*J Ldc � >~\·HFt«Egk�e¡Cbu¢kVAhJ ngL¨�>~\´HFT��OWYXgX�HhXgkmJ c \�>~\·Hhs��zHFs�C*J cpZ ]$>�\´HFs�A�HKJ c�N \�>~\·HFX)kVCFG)G�kmJ c �S\�>~\·HhX)G�k�s�J ngL @�>~\·HFX)GgkVs�Jo� n � >~\·HhX)G�k�s�J cgL\�>w\·HFX)G�¸¹ s�WY�FJ LdcB� >~\·HF�Y��HFszG�k�J c q|> � >~\¦A � HFXgTVHFs�U�J N � � >~\´AY­js«Gj£¢X)WFJ NjN \�>~\´WDs*�f���D�DHhG�C*J c �@�>~\´WDs*�DkVCFs�WFJ cpZ� >w\´WYXgthWDTmJ Ldcy¥ >�\´WDE)XgCf}�kVHFs�J N�L @�>�\´Wv£fWDXYJ Ldc PQ>�\´kVHFC�J Ldc x*> � >�\¦kVTVT�WDXYJ npZS¤ >w\´k�TVT�WDXDJ nj§ � >�\¦kVEgAYWYG)G�kmJ L �]$>�\´k�G�EgWYTVe¡HFt«��WDXYJ LON �y><\´CF�f�fkmJ cQ¤ >�\¦CKCfX)WFJ Ldc PQ><\´Cf�*TVkVt�J cj� @�>�\´��t«��WYXO�)WDWhJ^º»>�\´��TV�*W�HFX)s�J njiPQ>�\´��T�TVWDXYJ njn @�>�\´��s�HhXDJ cji � >�\´��X�H�G�J Ldc x*>��_HFAI�zG�e¡HFs�J Ldc�� >w�BHF�*s�J � n ­I>~�_HFt�HFs�C�J Ld� ¤ >��_HF}wCFX�H*J ngL¥ >��_WYTVE)Cfs�J Ldc PQ>��_WYTVE)Cfs�J Ldcy¥ >��_WY��J cjn \ > � >��_WD�*`�HF��WYXDJ nji�¥ >��SWYare¡HFsK� � CfT�e¡WYEYJ Ldc�� >��SkVWYTVTmJ npZ

PQ>��_k��fe�Hhs�CbuwJ cj§ ¨�>��_C¢U���TVe¡HFs�J n_� > � >~°��J Ldn © >^=?>~°��J njc PQ>~°��E)���fk�J Ld� PQ>~°t¢�*E�H�a�HKJ cjc � >~°X)Wp�)��U�CFEDJ n�N¥ > � HF�fTVkVHFXgCFs�WFJ cpZr� > � HFT�e¡Cfs�HFXgk�J cpZr¤ > � HFCfT�WYG)G�kmJ cpZ � > � HF}�HFU�kVelk�GgXgk�Cf��J N �Sx*> � HhG�X)kVAIt�J Ldc ]|> � HF��T�WYGgG�H*J N�Z\ > � HF��TVk�s�kmJ � PQ> � HF��T�£FJ c�N ¥ > � HF��EDJ nji =?> � WYTVTVWvGgGDJ � @�> � WYs��DC�J N�Z PQ>®x*> � ��kVT�TVk�}�EDJ Ldn ]|> � kªHFAYWDszG�k�s�C�J cpZx*> � kVWDU*X�H*J § q|>[PQ> � k�G)G�EDJ n �Q@�> � Cfe¡}~C*¼EYJ cj� ¨5> � Cfs�U*XgCfe¦J[� L ]$> � CF}wWhJ cj§ °?> � Cf��thCbuwJ LjL PQ> � X�H�GgG�J c�N� > � XgCFtFCfE)��kVs�J{LjLx*> � X)Cf��U*�OC¢CFG�Jon � > � G�Cf�*CfEDJ{L � ]$> � ��s��Dk�J[cpZ�x*> ¤ HhU�WDe¡HFAItFWYXDJoc�Ny@�> ¤ HFt«k�G�kVs*WFJonji

� > ¤ HhGgs�kVthC u~J Npc � > ¤ H�£fJ npZ @�> ¤ WDk�AI��CfT�U�J c�N� > ¤ WDszG�Cfs�J c�N \ > ¤ WDE)ADk��fs�C�J Npn� > ¤ kVelCfs�U*kmJ c ¨5> ¤ kVE�G�CfX)kmJ cpZ� >®x*> ¤ CF`wWYX)G�E)Cfs�J Ldn PQ> ¤ C¢U�X)kV�fC�J § � > ¤ CfT�TVk�J Np� ¨5> ¤ CfE)WDs�E)Cfs�J njiQ¤ > ¤ CfE)WDXDJ LdcQ¤ > ¤ CfE)Egk�s�J c � ¥ > ¤ CFG)G�J cj�@�> ¤ Cb£fJ cj� @�> ¤ ��k��FJ § =?> ¤ £zHFs�J Np� @�> � Hh�OCfs�Cbu~J � ¤ > � GD>~=WDs�k�EDJ L�Z � >[q$> � Hht¢�*e¡CFGgC�J N � =?> � HFT�G��D`~WDX)��J i¥ > � HFs�AI��WY�FJ cjn @�> � HFs�E)Cfs�kmJ L ��¨5> � HFszGgkmJ N�Z � > � HFX)t�HFXDJ Npn�� > � HbuhHFX)U�J Npi @�> � H�ufCb£z�p�_H�uFHhXgXgC*J Ldc

� > � AI��TVHF`�HFAI��J Ldc ��>[�r> � AI��elkVUKG�J Ldc \�> � > � AI��elkVUKG�Jo� n \�> � AI��elk�G)G�J cgL ¨5> � ADC¢U�WYTVTªHhXgC�J c �_@�> � ADX)kV`�HFs*C�J cpZ@�> � WYU�CbuwJ cj�y� > � WYkVU�WYTmJ c � © > � WDk�£zH*J Np§ @�> � WDelWDs�Cbu~J LjL � > � WDelWDX)kªH*J c \�>^=?> � ��HF}�kVX)C�J n�N � > � > � ��WD}�HhXgU�J cj§

PQ> � ��kV`�H�£fHFe�HKJ Np§ \�> � ��kVelC��)kVe¡H*J Np§ \�> � ��C¢AI��WYGDJ L ��@�> � kVU�CFGgkmJ c �Q@�> � kVTVT�J N � � > � kVs�WYX)ufC*J Npi@�>^x*> � TªHh���f�zG�WYXDJo� n q|> � T�k�a�H*J Np�B� >[=?> � s*kVU�WYXDJ LdcB¤ > � s�k��¢�*XDJ n �\�> � }wWY�D�Dk��zH*J N �¨5> � }*kVWD�FWDTmJ Ldc_� > � }�k�s�WDT�TªH*J cpZ

\ > � }*kVXgCF}���TV��J Z @�> � GgWY�dHFs*kVs�k�J cpZ x*> � GgXgCfT�Cf�zHFEYJ c �Q=?> � Gg��HFX)GDJ Z @�> � ��t«��HFs�Cbu~J LON q|> � ��e¡CFXgCft�J njiPQ> � ���D��t«k�J Np§B¤ >�P½HFt�HFE)��kVe¡H*J Ld� q|>�P½HFt«kVt�H�a�HKJ Np§ \�>�P+Hhs�HFt�H*J n \�>�P¶WDAYAI��kVC*J npZ� >^q|>�P¶WDs��*J L q|>�P½WYX�HFE)��kmJ N�L

¾

Page 3: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

¤ >^x*>�P¶WDE�HhXgWDt�J Ldc?� >�P¶WYG��*WDXDJ nji x*>�P���Cfe¦J Ldc @�> � >�P���CFe¡}�E)Cfs�J L�Z �r>�P���CfelEgCfs�J cjn � >wP�kV}*GgCfs�J N �� >~P�thHhAD�Y£¢t�J Ldc =?>~P½CF`�HFAIt�J NjN q|>~P½CfT�TVWv�OEgCfs�J nj§ =?>~P½CFs�WDT�TVkmJ cpZ \ >wPy¿Cfs*s�WDE)e�HFs*s�J nj§ � >�P¶C £FCKU�H*J cjc� >�P¶XgkVE)AI�«��t�JoNpi�x*>wP�E)WDs��*J[nji�=?>wP�E�£¢`«£¢AI��Wvu~JMLONl�y>�P¶��Xgk�s�kmJocpZ � >w³_thWD�zH�a�H*JoNp§yPQ><³Ss«uFWDX)��HF��J{L�Z

PQ> � HFkVAYkV��T�kVEYJ N ��@�> � HFXg�zHhs�CbuwJ npZ �r> � H�GIHF�zHKJ cpZ � > � Wj�)ADkVt�­g­g­IJ Ldc ]$> � WYTVWYu~J Ldc ]|> � WYX�HFelWDs�U*kmJ n�N¤ > � k�U�HFTmJ Ldc­I> � kVTVH*J §r¤ > � kVTVHFXDJ § ­I> � CfTVCF`wCf�*WYu~J n�N \�>�uFCfs´U*WDXB\´WY£FJ iB¤ >^]$> � HF�Fs�WDXYJ n_¤ >[¨5> � Hh�fs�WDXYJ Ldcr� > � HF�fs�WYXDJ njnÀ+> � HFs�J Npc ¥ > � HFs*��J Ldn \ >®x*> � Hhs���J LB� >®\ > � HFs���J LON �B> � HFX)U�J L�ZQ� > � HFE)AI��tFWhJ L�Z =?> � HhGgWDX)EDJ n �

PQ> � HhGgGgEDJ Npc \�> � WY`wWYXDJ n�N� > ¥ > � WDE�G�WYXB­g­)­IJ Ldc �B> � ��k�GgWD��CF��EgWhJ Np� @�>^�_> � kVAIt«TV��s*U�J n �r> � k�AIt«TV��s�U�J Ldc� > � > � k�TVT�kªHFelEDJ cji�� > � kVT�EgCfs�J Ldc �B>[¨�> � kVs*WDXDJ cjn � > � CfT�`wWYXgEDJ Ldc \�> � CfT�GgWDXYJ Np� � > � CfX)e´J Npc_Á > � ��J Ldi� > � ¿��X)Gg�za�WYkVs�J nji ³�>[q$> © HFs���J L � � > © HhC�J n�N ]|> � > © WY��J Ldc q|> © kmJ ngL x*> © CF��J Ldc PQ> © CfEg��k�U�H*J cjc­I> © ��J njc � > © ��J cji x*> ¥ > © ��s�J Ldc ¨�>�À�HFs�WYTVTVC*J Npn @�>�À�HFs�WvGgGgkmJ N�ZQ� ><À�WvGgG�k�J n�N Hhs�U � ><À���AYAI��WDT�TVk c

L�ªÃIĪŮÆoÅ®Ç)Å{È�É�Ê¢ËfÌ)ÍjĪÆ[Î�Ä�Ï�ÐKΪÑpÒpÈ�Ó�Æ[Ñ�ÔvÆoÃIÆ[ΪÑmÏ�ÕÖÑjÆ ×)È�ƬÏ�ÕÖÑjÆ[ØhÑjÃ6Ù�ÙpÚjÛ�ÜmÏzÝ«È�×ÖÇ�Þdß Æ[Î�É�Ê�àbÌ)ÆoÃÖÑn Ð*á^â�ÉjÃIÃÖÈ~ã�ÑjÅ®Æ[ÉjÃÖÑjßYäDÑ)Þ�Épá�ÑjÅ{ÉjáåÍmÏFÐ*á^â�ÉjÃIÃÖÈOÏhÂåßoß ÆoÃÖÉjÆ[ÄwæjçOèIé�Ü

c_ªĪŮÆoÅ®ÇgÅ{É�ã�ÑmêOÆ^ÉjÃÖÑjß È<ÒjÆ ëFÆoĪÆ[ΪÑ<ã�Ç�Îdß ÈªÑjá�ÈOÏ�ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®Í<É�Ê*îKÉpß ÉªâjÃÖÑmÏFÂåï[èÖçjÙjÛ�ð�îKÉpß ÉªâjÃÖÑmÏFÂåÅ®Ñpß ÍN î¢á�ÑjÃÖÒpÈ�ÆoĽì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏ~ñ3Ñjß ÅoÌ�ÑjÓ�Ïfò6ÑjĪÄåÑpÎOÌ)Ç)ÄåÈ�Å®Å^Ä~çjÛpÛ�Údè� ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®Í�É�Ê�àhÑjß Æ ÊåÉjáåÃIÆ^ѽÑpÅFó�Ñpí�Æ[Ä�Ïhó~Ñjí�Æ[Ä�Ï�à�Ñpß Æ ÊåÉjáåÃIÆ^ѶÜpÚ)æjÙ)æ

i ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®Í�É�Ê�àhÑjß Æ ÊåÉjáåÃIÆ^ѽÑpÅFäDÉjÄKÐ*Ã)â�Èdß È�Ä�ÏhäDÉjÄKÐ*Ã)â�È�ß È�Ä�Ï�à�Ñpß Æ ÊåÉjáåÃIÆ^ѶÜ�çpçjÛ�èZlì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆoÅ®Í<É�Ê�à�Ñjß Æ ÊOÉjáåÃIÆ[Ñ+ÑjÅhÔYÑjÃIÅ{Ñ<îKÑpádÞ�Ñpá�ÑmÏfÔYÑjÃIÅ{Ñ�îKÑjádÞVÑjá�ÑmÏ~à�Ñjß Æ ÊOÉjáåÃIÆ[Ñ+ÜpépÙ�ç)æ

§ ªÃIĪŮÆoÅ®ÇgŮɶÒpÈ�ëFÆoĪÆ[ΪÑ+ÒpȽà�ÑjÃIÅ{Ñ�ÞdáåÆ[ÑmÏ�à�Ô�Â�à�ïmìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®Í�É�Ê�à�ÑjÃIÅ{Ñ�ÞdáåÆ[ÑmÏ«épÜ�ç�çjÚ<ÔYÑpÃIÅ®ÑpÃÖÒpÈdáVÏfÔ�×gÑjÆoÃ�|à�ÑjáåÃÖÈMâpÆ[È~ò6Èdß[ß ÉpÃBìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏbË«ÆoŮŮÄOÞOÇgá^â�ÌpÏ�Ë¢È�ÃIÃIÄVÍjß í�ÑjÃIÆ[ѽÙpÚjÛ�Ùpé

L �ô ÃIáåÆ^ÎVÉ�ë�È�áåÓwƠªÃIĪŮÆoÅ®ÇgÅ®ÈOÏ�ì ÃIÆoí�È�áåÄVÆ[Å®Í�ÉVÊ<à�ÌgÆ[ΪÑ�â�ÉmÏ�àbÌ)Æ[ΪÑ�â�ÉmÏFªß[ß Æ[ÃÖÉjÆoÄwæjç)æ�é)ðLjL_õ)ÉjÆ[ÃIÅhªÃIĪŮÆoÅ®ÇgÅ®ÈzÊåÉpá�ã�Ç�Î�ß ÈªÑjá�Ý«È�ĪȪÑjá�ÎåÌpÏfÝ�ì ï�ÙdèIÙ�Üpö�ç�ó�Ç�ÞdÃÖÑmÏ�Ý¢ÇgĪĪÆ[Ñ

LdnBó�Çp÷pÈ5ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏ�ó�ÇgáVÌgÑjÓ~Ïhã�ÉjáåÅ[Ì�à�Ñpá�Éjß ÆoÃÖÑ+ÛgðpðjçpöLdc_ë�È�áåÓ�Æ ã�ÑjÅ®Æ[ÉjÃÖÑpßÖÐKΪΪÈdß È�á�ÑjÅ{Éjá�ä�Ñ�ÞVÉjá�ÑjÅ{ÉjáåÍmÏfîKÑjÅ{ÑjímÆ[ÑmÏhªß[ß Æ[ÃÖÉjÆoÄ�æjçjÚpÙ�ç

LON�ì ÃIÆoí�È�áåÄVÆ[Å®Í�É�Ê¢ëFß ÉjáåÆ^ÒpÑmÏ~ø«ÑjÆ[ÃÖÈdĪímÆoßoß ÈOÏ ëFß ÉjáåÆ[Ò�Ñ+épÛgæ�ÙpÙL � äDÑ)Þ�Épá�ÑjÅ{ÉjáåÆFã�Ñ�êdÆ[ÉjÃÖÑjß ÆzÒjÆ ëDá�ÑjÄåΪÑjŮƬÏhªĪŮÆoÅ®ÇgÅ®É<ã�ÑmêOÆ^ÉjÃÖÑjß È<ÒjÆ�ëfÆoĪÆ[ΪÑ�ã�Ç�Îdß ÈªÑjá�ÈOÏ�Âåï�çpçpçdèpè5ëDá�ÑjÄåΪÑjŮƬÏhªÅ{Ñjß Í

Ldi�ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®Í<É�Ê�ø«ÈdÃÖÈ�ímÑ�Ï�à�ù�ï�ÙjÛ)ÙpÙ�ø«È�ÃÖÈdí�ÑwègÏhÔvØhÆoÅoê�Èdáåß ÑjÃÖÒL�Z?øzß ÑjÄ�â�ÉjØlìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏ*øzß ÑjÄ�âpÉpØ�ø«ÙpÛ½öIú�úFÏ~ìbÃIÆ[ŮȪÒ<û~ÆoÃ)â�ÒpÉjÓLd§ù�ÑpáåímÑjá�Ò�ì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆ[Å^ÍmÏ*à�ÑjÓ<ÞOáåÆ^Ò�âpÈOÏFò�ÑpÄVÄåÑpÎOÌ)ÇgÄåÈdŮŮÄwç�Û�Ù�épöLd� ù�Æ[á�ÉjÄ�Ì)ÆoÓ�ÑrìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏ ù�Æ â�ÑjÄ�Ì)Æoï{ù�Æ[á�ÉjÄ�Ì)ÆoÓ�Ñ5ðmÛ�è)Ï«õ)ÑO×)ÑjÃn � ì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆoÅ®Í�É�ÊKªß[ß Æ[ÃÖÉjÆoÄ�Ï�ìbádÞVÑjÃÖÑ�Ï�Âåßoß ÆoÃÖÉjÆ[Ä�æ�Ùpö�çpÙ

ü

Page 4: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

ngL ÕDÌ�ÈwõgÉmÌ)ÃIÄ�ù�Éå×�÷jÆoÃIĽì ÃIÆoí�È�áåÄVÆ[Å®ÍmÏ îKÑjß Å^Æ[Ó�Épá�ÈåÏfò6ÑjáåÍjß ÑjÃÖÒ½Û�ÙjÛ�ÙpönjnBªÃIĪŮÆoÅ®ÇgÅÖÊYýÇ)á ôhþ ×)È�áåÆoÓ�ÈdÃIÅ{È�ßoß È~ûwÈdáåÃj×�ÌgÍjÄVƵ÷�Ï~ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅpýÑjÅhûwÑjáåß ÄªáåÇpÌgÈOÏKðpæ�ÙjÛ�ö¶ûwÑjáåß ÄªáåÇpÌ�ÈåÏ�ø«È�áåÓ�ÑjÃIÍ

njc à�ÈdÃIÅ{È�áhÊåÉjá�ù�ƬâmÌ ô ÃÖÈ�á^âpÍwËFÌ)ÍjĪÆ^ÎdÄOÿ¢û~ÍjÇgÃ)âå×gÉdÉm÷<ã�ÑjÅ®Æ[ÉjÃÖÑpßKìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏ*ÕÖÑpÈMâpÇ6ðjç�ÛpïVðpçjÙ��fÔYȪÉjÇ)ßDã�ÑjÅ®Æ[ÉpÃÖÑjߢìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏ ÔYȪÉjÇgß ÙpÚpÙjïVðOè�Û��KÑjÃÖÒÔvÇgÃ)âmû~ÍjÇgÃgû~ØhÑpÃBìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏ ÔvÇgØhÉjÃ3èpèÖç�ïªðåèvæ��fûwÉjá�ȪÑ

n�N ô áåÃÖÈdĪÅ��záåß ÑpÃÖÒpÉ<ä�ÑjØ�á�È�ÃÖΪÈwîKÈdáV÷pÈ�ß È�Íwã�ÑjÅ®Æ^ÉjÃÖÑjßDäDÑ�ÞVÉjá�ÑjÅ{ÉjáåÍmÏfîKÈdáV÷pÈdß È�ÍmÏKà�Ñjß Æ ÊOÉjáåÃIÆ[Ñ+ÜdèvðmÛgçn � ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®Í5à�Éjß[ß ÈMâ�È�äDÉpÃÖÒpÉjÃgÏfäDÉjÃÖÒpÉpÃñ�à�Ù ô ædîwÕDÏwìbÃIÆ[ŮȪÒ�û~Æ[Ã)âpÒ�ÉjÓnjiBò6ÑjĪÄåÑpÎåÌgÇ)ÄåÈ�Å^Å®ÄKÂåÃIÄVÅ®Æ[Å^ÇgÅ{È�É�Ê<ÕÖȪÎOÌ)ÃÖÉjß ÉVâpÍmÏ�à�ÑjÓ<ÞOáåÆ^Ò�âpÈOÏ�ò6ÑjĪÄåÑpÎOÌ)ÇgĪÈ�ŮŮÄwç�Û�Ùpé�Ü

npZlì ÃIÆoí�È�áåÄVÆ[Å®Í�ÉVÊ*ò�Æ[ÎOÌ)ƬâpÑjÃgÏ�Ð*ÃIÃ+Ð*ádÞVÉjáVÏFò�Æ[ÎOÌ)Æ â�ÑjýèÖöpÙ�çjÜnj§ ò�Æ^ÎåÌ)ƬâpÑpÃ3ÔvÅ{ÑjÅ{È3ì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆ[Å^ÍmÏ ô ÑjĪÅFäDÑpÃIÄVÆ[Ã)âmÏFò�Æ[ÎOÌ)Æ â�ÑjýèÖöpöjÛ�è

nj�ªÃIĪŮÆoÅ®Ç)Å®Æ^ÉjÃwÊåÉjá½ÕDÌgȪÉjá�È�Å®Æ[ΪÑjß ÑjÃÖÒ ôhþ ×)È�áåÆoÓ�È�ÃIÅ®ÑpßÖËfÌ)ÍjĪÆ[Î�Ä�Ï�ÂpÕ ô ËFÏfò6ÉjÄåΪÉjØBÙ�Ù)ðmÛ�ÚpÜ�ÏzÝ¢Ç)ĪĪÆ[Ñc � ì ÃIÆoí�È�áåÄVÆ[Å®Í�ÉVÊ*ã�ÈdØSò6È þ Æ[ΪÉmÏ�Ð*߬ÞOÇ��dÇ�È�á��dÇ�ÈOÏhã�ÈdØrò6È þ Æ[Ϊɶögð�ÙpépÙcgL�ã�ÉjáåÅ[Ì)ØFÈdĪÅ{ÈdáåÃìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏ ô ímÑjÃIĪÅ{ÉjÃgÏhªß[ß Æ[ÃÖÉjÆoÄ�æpç�Û)çjöcjn$Õ�ÌgÈ�FÌ)Æ[É<ÔvÅ®ÑpÅ®È5ì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏKàhÉjß ÇgÓ<ÞOÇgÄ�Ï�FÌgÆ[ÉwèÖéjÛ�Ù�çcjc �zÄåÑm÷jÑ6à ÆoÅ®Í6ì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏ��zĪÑ�÷jѽÚpöpömÏzõ)Ñå×gÑjÃ

c�N»ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®Í<É�Ê�� þ ÊåÉpá�ÒmÏ� þ ÊOÉjá�Ò��� ~Ù¶émÝKùKÏ~ìbÃIÆ[ŮȪÒ<û~ÆoÃ)â�ÒpÉjÓc � ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ{Ñ�ÒjÆ Ë«Ñ�ÒpÉjí�ÑmÏFªĪŮÆoÅ®Ç)Å{É<ã�Ñ�êdÆ^ÉjÃÖÑjß È<ÒjÆ�ëFÆ[ĪÆ[ΪÑ<ã�Ç�Îdß ÈªÑjá�ÈOÏhÔYÈåêdÆ[ÉjÃÖÈ�ÒjÆ Ë«Ñ�ÒpÉjí�ÑmÏFªï�épÚ�ÙpépÙ�Ë«Ñ�ÒpÉjí�ÑmÏFªÅ{Ñjß Í

cji�ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®Í<É�Ê*Ë«È�ÃIÃIĪÍjß í�ÑjÃIÆ[Ñ�Ï�ËfÌ)Æoß ÑpÒpÈ�ß ×�Ì)Æ[Ñ�ÏzË«È�ÃIÃIĪÍjß í�ÑjÃIÆ^ѶÙpÜpÙ)çOècpZ ÂåÄVÅ®Æ[Å^ÇgÅ{É�ã�Ñ�êdÆ[ÉjÃÖÑpß È<ÒjÆ ëFÆ[ÄVÆ^ΪÑ�ã�ÇgÎ�ß ÈªÑjá�ÈåÏwìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®Í�ÑjÃÖÒ<ÔYÎdÇ�Éjß Ñ<ã�ÉjáåÓ�Ñjß ÈwÔvÇm×)È�áåÆ[Épá�È<É�ʢ˫ÆoÄåÑmÏFÂåï�Ú)æ�Ù�ç�ç�Ë«ÆoÄåÑmÏhªÅ{Ñjß Í

cj§¡ì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆ[Å^Í<É�Ê*Ë«ÆoŮŮÄåÞdÇgá^âmÌ�Ï�Ë«ÆoŮŮÄOÞOÇgá^â�ÌpÏ�Ë¢È�ÃIÃIÄVÍjß í�ÑjÃIÆ[ѽÙpÚjÛgæjçcj� ËzÇgá�ÒjÇ�È6ì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏ�ñ5ÈdĪÅFäDÑ�ÊOÑjÍpÈ�Å^Å{ÈOÏbªÃÖÒpÆ[ÑjÃÖÑ<èvð�Ü)ç�ðN � ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®Í�É�ÊKÝ«ÉdÎOÌgÈ�ĪŮÈ�áVÏfÝzÉ�ÎåÌ�ÈdĪÅ{ÈdáVÏFã�ÈdØ��ÖÉjáV÷¶ÙdèYæmÛgðN�LrÝzÉ�Îå÷pÈ®ÊOÈdß[ß È�á½ì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏhã�È�Ø��vÉjáV÷mÏ�ã�ÈdØ��ÖÉpáV÷<Ù�ç�ç�Û�Ù

Npn ªÃIĪŮÆoÅ®ÇgÅ{É�ã�ÑmêOÆ^ÉjÃÖÑjß È<ÒpÈ�ëFÆoĪÆ^ÎVÑ<ã�Ç�Î�ß ÈªÑjá�ÈOÏfÔYȪêdÆ^ÉjÃÖÈwÒpÆ Ý«ÉjÓ�ÑmÏ�ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®Í<ÒjÆ Ý«ÉjÓ�Ñ�ÂVÏ��®äDÑ�ÔYÑå×vÆ[È�Ã)êdÑ�Ï���ªï�ç�çjÙpöpÚ�ÝzÉpÓ�ÑmÏFÂåÅ®Ñpß ÍNpcÝ¢Ç)Åoâ�ÈdáåĶì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆ[Å^ÍmÏ ËzÆ[ĪΪÑjÅ{ÑjØFÑjÍmÏfã�È�ØBõ)È�áåĪÈ�Ͷçjöpö�ÚpÚNjNlÕÖÈ þ ÑjÄKÐ��«ò ì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆ[Å^ÍmÏ*à�Éjßoß ÈMâpÈ~ÔvÅ{ÑjÅ®Æ[ÉpÃgÏ�ÕÖÈ þ ÑpÄ�ð�ð�ödèIéN � ÕÖÈ þ ÑjÄ�ÕÖȪÎOÌ�ì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏ ä�ÇIÞmÞ�É�Îå÷mÏ�ÕÖÈ þ ÑjÄ~ð�ÜdèvçjÜ

Npi_ÂåÃIĪÅ^Æ[Å®Ç)Å{È�É�ÊKË¢ÑjáåÅ®Æ[Î�ß È�ËfÌ)ÍjĪÆ[Î�Ä�Ï~ì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆ[Å^Í<É�ʶÕÖÉjá�ÉjÃIÅ{ÉmÏ~ÕÖÉjá�ÉjÃIÅ{É<ò�Ú�Ô�Ù�Ð�ðdÏ�àhÑjÃÖÑpÒpÑN�ZSÂåĪÅ^Æ[Å®Ç)Å{É�ã�Ñ�êdÆ[ÉpÃÖÑjß È<ÒpÆ�ëFÆ[ÄVÆ^ΪÑ<ã�ÇgÎ�ß ÈVÑpá�ÈåÏwì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆoÅ®Í<É�ʶÕIáåÆ[È�ĪÅ{È��Bì�ÒjÆ[ÃÖÈåÏhªÅ{Ñjß Í

Np§�ì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆ[Å^Í<É�ʶÕbĪÇ�÷�ÇIÞVÑmÏ�Õ ÄVÇ�÷jÇ�ÞVÑmÏFÂOÞVÑjá�Ñm÷�Æzé�çpÚmÏfõgÑå×)ÑpÃNp�lÕÖÇåÊåÅ^Ķì ÃIÆoí�ÈdáåĪÆ[Å^ÍmÏ�ò�ȪÒ�ÊOÉjá�ÒmÏfò6ÑjĪÄåÑpÎOÌ)Ç)ÄåÈ�Å®Å^Ä~çjÛ�ÙpÚpÚ

Page 5: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

�j� ñ3ÑjÄåȪÒpÑ�ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏ�ÕÖÉ�÷�ÍpÉ�Ùgæ�ÜmÏ«õ)Ñå×gÑjÃ� L$ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®Í<É�Ê+ñ+ÆoÄåΪÉjÃIĪÆoÃgÏFò6ÑpÒjÆoÄåÉjÃgÏ�ñ+Æ[ÄåÎVÉpÃIÄVÆ[Ã6Úpé)ðpç�æ� n �vÑjß È�ìbÃIÆ[ímÈ�áåĪÆoÅ®ÍmÏ ã�ÈdØSù�ÑpímÈ�ÃgÏ*à�ÉpÃIÃÖÈVÎ�Å®Æ[Î�Ç)Å«ç�æjÚjÛ)ç

����� �"!$#%#�&(')!$*+&-,�.�!$/021�354$687:9(4

;=<?>A@B<DCE<DF8G�HICEGBJAKALNM5O:GBP(<Q>A@BMRKAJAS�GBTUM�FVM5O�W � X H5FAK�Y � TZF�TZF(<D[�H5CEGBTZS]\^\_S�M�[Z[ZTZC`TUM�FACaHbG"c dbegfDhbi5iNH5FAK�j5kbimln<poJqCBTZF(rQKAHbGBHsS�M�[Z[U<DS�GE<DKut-LvGBP(<xwaynz{<�|R>�<p@`TZ}I<DF8G�HbG]GBP(<"z(<p@`}uTZ[�HbtN~�<p�bHbGE@BM�F���xFAH5[ULRCE<DC�M5O�W �X H5FAKuY � }�JA[UGBTU>q[�TZSpTUG�LH5FqKmGE@+H5FACE�5<p@`CE<Q}IM�}u<DF$GBJA}�KqTZCEGE@`TUt�J(GBTUM�FACp��H5Ca�<D[Z[�H5CaM5O�GBP(<QK(<p>�<DFAKA<DFASpTU<DC�M5O�GBP(<QHD�5<p@+Hbr5<�F8Jq}�t�<p@aH5FAK���\A�:�]M5OW �X H5FAK�Y � M�F�S`PAHb@`r5<DK�>qHb@BGBT�Sp[U<I}sJA[ZGBTU>q[ZTZSpTZG�L�Hb@B<u@`<p>�M5@`GE<DK�N�-L-CBGE<D}uHbGBTZSIS�M�}I>qHb@+TZCEM�FACQHb@B<I>�<p@BO�M5@`}I<DK{O�M5@?GBP(<O�JA[Z[�CBH5}I>q[Z<NM5O"T�F(<D[ZH5CEGBTZSNS�M�[Z[ZTZCBTZM�FACp��H5FAK�O�M5@vGBP(<�[UM)��H5FAK�PATZr�P�}IM�}u<DF$GBJA}�GE@`H5FqCEO�<p@ICBJAtqCBH5}I>q[Z<DCp�:HbGvGBP(<VG��M<DFA<p@Br�TU<DCp��~�P(<]\ � KqTZCEGE@`TUt�J(GBTUM�FAC:<�|RGE<DFAK�Hbt�M��5<nhvlx<po?�R�D�RCBP(M���TZF(rsHV��\ � �]PATUr�PA<p@]GBPAH5Fm>A@B<p�RTUM�JAC�}u<DH5CBJ(@B<D}I<DF8GBCp�~�P(<sK(<p>�<DFAKA<DFAS�<?M5O�GBP(<�}I<DH5F�W �X�� Y �)� \ � M�F�GBP(<�S+PAHb@Br5<DK�>qHb@BGBT�Sp[U<s}�JA[UGBTU>�[ZTZSpTUG�LNO�M5@"GBP(<�GBP(@B<p<vCBH5}I>�[U<DC�CBPAM)��CHut�<DPqHD�RTUM5@�H5FAH5[UM5r5M�JAC�GEMuGBPAHbG�M5O�S`PqHb@Br5<DK_>q@`TZ}uHb@BLNGE@`H5SB RCp�

¡(¢]£�¤�¥b¦�§�¨-©`ª�«+¬�­+®�¯ °�±�¯ ²�³(´R­+®$¯ °bµb¯ ¶�·

¸

Page 6: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

¹bº ¹p»�¼s½V¾u¿�À�Á�¼s¹Â¾I»

� HFU*XgCfs kVszG�WYX�HFAvG�k�Cfs�EyHFXgW|Ch�åG�WDs ADTVHFEgE)k�±�WYU HhEyWYk�Gg��WDX�Ã)��HhXgU�Ä CfX�Ã)E)CF�åG�ÄÆÅ ² J ¾5Ç >l@BT�G���CF���f� G���WYXgWlkVEQs�C�OCfXge¡HFT�U*WY±�s�k�G�k�Cfs �OCfX�WDk�G���WYXDJ*Gg��WG�WYXge Ã���HFXgU k�s«GgWDXgHFAYGgkVCfs�E+Ä|U�WDs*CFG�WYE_��k��f�»elCfe¡WYszG���e"G�X�Hhs�E)�OWYXS}�HFX)GgCfsK�}�HFX)GgCfs kVszGgWDX�HhAYG�k�Cfs�ESGj£K}*kVA�HhTVT�£´HFE)EgC¢ADkVHhG�WYU ark�G�� E)��AI� }���WDs*Cfe¡WYs�H»HFE(�)WvG�ECF�6��k��f� WDs*WDXg�h£·G�XgHFs�E�ufWDX)EgW|G�CG���W k�s�ADCFe¡k�s��·��HhU�XgCfs e¡CfelWDszG�HÉÈ�Ê �:Ë > P���WÌÃ�EgCF�åGÍÄ kVszG�WYX�HFAvG�k�Cfs ADCFe¡}~Cfs�WYs«G�WDs�AYCfel}�HFEgE)WDE$WYuFWDX�£¢Gg��kVs*�WDTVE)W�HFs�U»U�CFe¡k�s�HhG�WYE�G��*WQkVs�WYTªHFE�G�kVA_ADX)CfEgEp�jEgWYAYGgkVCfs�> � XgCFe H?G��*WDCfX)WYG�k�A�HFTw}wCFkVszG�CF��u¢kVWva�J�}wWYX)Gg��Xg`�H�G�k�uFWNÎ ¥ =}�XgCbu¢kVU�WYE H XgW�HhEgCfs�Hh`�TVW U*WDEgAYXgk�}*G�k�Cfs CF�y��kV�f�¢�BÊ � �)WvG»}�X)CKU��*AYG�k�Cfs�> � Cba�WvufWYXDJs�CFsK�j}~WDX�G���X)`�HhG�k�ufWÏÎ ¥ =?JXgWDT�WYuhHFszG?GgC TVCba��BÊ � ��HFU�X)Cfs�k�A }�XgC¢U���AvG�k�Cfs�J3k�E?s�CFG?a(WDT�T���s*U�WDX)E)G�C¢C¢U�> � CfelW�Î ¥ =_�jkVs*Eg}�k�XgWDU e¡C¢U�WDT�E=Å ¾$ÇHhGgGgWDel}*G�G�C$U�WYEgAYXgkV`~WQG���WYEgWy}�XgC¢ADWYEgE)WDES`«£�G���W�Eg�*}wWYXg}~CfEgk�G�kVCFs»CF�+e¡HFsz£ }�HFX)GgCfs kVszG�WYX�HFAvG�kVCFs�E�W)ТGgX�HF}~CfTªH�G�WDUG�C�uFWDX�£¡T�Cba0e¡CFe¡WYs«Gg��e G�XgHFs�E��OWDXgEY>5­�G�k�E(s*CFG�t«s�Cbars�JK��Cba�WvufWYXDJ�k���G��*WDEgW_CfX6CFG���WYX(AYCfTVT�WDAvG�k�uFW_e���T�Ggk��j}�HFX)GgCfs}�XgC¢ADWYEgEgWYE�HhXgW$HhGQa(CfXgt�>|P���WlW)ÐK}~WDX)kVelWDszGIHFT+E)G��*U�kVWYEyCh�(T�Cba��BÊ � k�s«GgWDXgHFAYGgkVCfs�E�HhXgW|��E)��HFTVT�£·}~WDX��OCfXgelWDU CfsU�HhGIH�ADCfT�TVWDAvG�WYU ��Egk�s��|elkVs�k�e?��e `�kVHFEIÈ�\·� Ë GgXgk��f�fWDX)EDJ¢ar��kVAI��J*kVU�WDHFTVT�£fJ«E�HFel}�T�W_WvufWDszGgE_k�s¡±�ÐKWDU }�X)Cf}~CfX)GgkVCfsG�C?G��*Wy}*XgC¢U���AYGgkVCfs»XgHhG�WsÑ kVs CFG��*WDX�a(CfXgU�EYJ�kVs Gg��WDk�X�Ã)s�HhGg��X�HhT�Ä|U�k�E)G�X)kV`��KG�kVCFs�>3¨�HFAIt«kVs*�¡H|AYCfe¡}*XgWD�*WDs�E)k�ufWU�WDE)ADXgk�}*G�k�Cfs?CF�*G���W�elkVAYXgCfE)ADCf}*kVA�}�XgC¢ADWYEgE)WDE�Å ü8Ç k�szufCfT�ufWDU|k�s�T�C a��EÊ � k�szG�WDXgHFAYGgkVCfs*EDJFCF��X+t«s�CbarTVWYU��fW�Ch��G���W�U�Wv�GIHFk�TVE5CF�<T�Cba G�XgHFs�E�ufWDX)EgWQelCfelWDszG���eÒÈZÓ �:Ë }�HFX�G�kVAYTVWr}�X)CKU��*AYG�k�CfslXgWDE�G�E(TªHFX)�fWDT�£|��}~Cfs�WYe¡}�k�Xgk�A�HFT�AYCfs�s�WYAYGgkVCfs�E`wWvGja�WYWDs }���WYs�CfelWDs�CfT�Cf�fk�A�HFT�elCKU�WYTVE(HFs�U»U�H�GIH�AYCfTVT�WDAYGgWDU�ark�G�� \´� G�Xgk��f�fWYXgE�H�G�e¡HFsz£¡AYWDszG�WYX���CF�ª�je¡HFEgE�WDsK�WDXg�FkVWDENÈ�Ê�Ô%Õ X Ë > � ��AI� ADCFe¡}�HhXgkVE)Cfs�E�s�WYADWYEgE�HhXgkVT�£��dHFAYWG���WQU*k�ÖlAD��T�Gj£ CF�¶k�EgCfTVHhG�k�s���WvufWDszGgE_CF�½H?}��*XgWDT�£×Ã)E)CF�åG�ÄCfX_Ã)��HFX)U�Ä$s�HhGg��XgWh>¥ Cfel}�HFX�H�G�k�uFW E)G��*U�kVWYE¦Ch��G��*W WvufWYs«G·E)GgXg��AvG���X)W Gg��XgCf�*�f� AYCfTVT�WDAvG�k�uFW uhHFXgkVHF`�TVWYE Eg�*AI� HFE»G���W AI��HhXg�fWYU

}�HFX)GgkVAYTVW e?�*T�G�k�}�TVk�ADk�Gj£ Hhs�U Gg��W»G�XgHFs�E)uFWDX)EgW·WYs�WDX)�F£ CF�SG���W¦WYuFWDszG�HFXgW kVel}~CfX)G�HFszG?G�C Cf��X|��s*U�WDX)E)GIHhs�U�kVs*�CF�_Gg��W»EgCh�åG¡}*XgC¢U���AYGgkVCfs elWDAI��HFs�kVE)e´> ­js H }�X)WYu¢kVCf�*E|}�HF}~WDX�Å � Ç J(H s�CbufWDTrHh}�}�XgCfHFAI� k�s HFU�U�X)WDE)EgkVs*� Gg��kVEkVEgE)��W|��E)kVs��»EgHFe¡}*TVWDEBCF��Ó"ØÓ ADCFTVTVk�Egk�Cfs�E_HhGVÙ Ú�Û ²bÜRÝRÝ HFs*UÆÞ üRÝ ]QW � AYCfTVT�WDAYGgWDU ark�G�� HFs \·�-GgXgkV�F�fWDXSa�HFEU�WDE)ADXgk�`wWYU�>�P��*W$HFs�HFT�£KE)kVEU*k�u¢kVU�WYU G���W��O��TVT3\·� E�HFel}�TVWYEkVszGgC�Gja�C¦Eg�*`�E�HFel}�T�WDEDJ�Cfs�W|��k��f��T�£¦WYs�Xgk�AI��WDU kVsEgCF�åG|k�szG�WDXgHFAYGgkVCfs*EDJ3G��*W CFG��*WDX|kVs ��HFXgU k�szG�WDXgHFAYGgkVCfs*ED> ¥ Cfel}�HFXgk�EgCfs*E�`~WYGja(WDWDs G��*W»Eg��`�EgHFel}�TVWYE$HFs�U HFE|H�O��s�AYGgkVCfs·CF�"Ê�Ô%Õ X a(WDXgW$}~WDX��OCfXgelWDU�>QP��*W|E�HFelW|HF}�}*XgCzHFAI� ��HhE`wWYWDs HF}�}*TVkVWYU ��WYXgW?G�C¡G���W|}�X)CKU*��AYGgkVCfs Ch�E)G�XgHFs��fW�}�HhX)G�k�ADT�WDED>��WDE)kVU�W��fTV��CFs�EHFs*U·G���W�TVkV�F�«GgWDX�ß«��HFXgt«E�à�HFs�U×áFJwE)GgX�HFs��FWVß«��HFX)t´}�X)CKU*��AYGgkVCfs k�ESGg��W?Cfs*T�£¦ADCfel}~Cfs�WDszG

CF��T�Cba���Ó � e?��T�G�k�}�HFX)GgkVAYTVWykVszG�WYX�HFAvG�kVCFs�EBar��k�AI��k�EQE)GIH�G�kVE�G�k�A�HFT�T�£¦Egk��fs�k�±�A�HFszG�HFs*U�WDÐ*}~WDX)kVelWDszGIHhTVT�£´HFAYADWYEgEgk�`�TVWark�G�� HFs \·� GgXgkV�F�fWDXY>3­�G�k�E�HFT�EgC|H�}*XgCf`~WB�OCfX(kVszufWYE)G�k��zHhGgkVs��yG���WBGgX�HFs*Egk�GgkVCfslCF��E)CF�åG���HFU*XgCfs k�szG�WDXgHFAYGgkVCfs*E(G�CG���WmÎ ¥ =��*kV�f�K��Ó � }wWYX)G��*Xg`�HhGgk�uFWQXgWD�FkVCfs�>P���kVE»}�HF}wWYX»U�WDE)ADX)kV`~WDE H E)Gg��U*£ Ch��â¦�X HFs*Uäã�� }�XgC¢U���AvG�k�Cfs0kVsåÓ�ØÓ k�szG�WDXgHFAYGgkVCfs*E»HhG»U�k�R�WYXgWYs«G2Ê?Ô%Õ X >

Þ

Page 7: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

­js�ADT���Egk�ufW�U*kVE)GgXgk�`��*G�k�Cfs�E�CF��Gg��W�e���T�GgkV}�T�kVADk�Gj£ Hhs�U G�XgHFs�E�ufWDX)EgW»elCfelWDszG���e�Ch��â �X HFs�UÆã � HhXgW�}*XgWDE)WDszG�WYU±�XgE�G�>5P���W_��kV�f�lE)G�HhG�k�E)GgkVADE6CF�wG���W_U�HhGIH�E�Hhe¡}�T�W_AYCfTVT�WDAvG�WDU¡HhG?Ù Ú�Û ²5ÜRÝ-Ý HFs*U{Þ üRÝ ]QW � HhTVTVCba HFs�WDТG�WDs*EgkVCFsCF�rG���W X�Hhs��fW»HFs*U }*XgWDAYkVE)kVCfs CF�rG��*WDEgW elW�HFE)��XgWYe¡WYszG�E|ark�Gg� X)WDE)}wWYAYG$G�C }�X)WYu¢kVCF��E$Cfs�WDEY> � Gg��U�kVWYE|CF�rG���WU�WD}~WDs�U*WDs�AYWSCh�~Gg��W�H�ufWYX�HF�FWaÓ � CF��â¦�X È�ã(� Ë HFs�U|Ch�~Gg��WDk�X+elW�HFs|s«��e�`wWYX3Cfs?G��*W�WYufWYszG(AI��HFXg�fWYU|e?��T�G�kV}*TVkVAYk�Gj£HFXgW�HFT�EgC$}�X)WDEgWYszG�WDU�>�=k�RwWDX)WDszGr`~WD��H�u¢kVCfX�Ch�½Gg��W���HFXgU¦HFs*U´E)CF�åGrEg��`*E�HFel}�TVWYErkVE�Cf`�E)WDX�ufWDU�JwAYCfs�Egk�E)GgWDszGrark�G��}�Xgk�CfX�XgWY}wCFX)G�ErCfs¦AI��HFX)�fWDU¦}�HFX�G�k�ADTVWYENÅ � Ç >

¹Â¹bº ¿mæQ¼aæçÁu¾uè�èésÁ�¼�¹Â¾u»

æ�º ¼sê�ë2Ás¿�ìä¿�ë$í�ë8î5í�ïqð

=QHhGIH EgHFe¡}*TVWDE|��HbuFW´`~WDWYs AYCfTVT�WDAYGgWDU ark�Gg� G���W ¥ = � U�WYGgWDAYGgCfXlHhG$G���W � WDX)e¡k�TªHF` P½WvuFH�G�XgCFs ¥ CfT�TVk�U�WDXY>P���W ¥ = � HF}�}�HhX�HhGg��E��HFEB`wWYWDs U�WDE)ADX)kV`~WDU WDT�EgWYar�*WDXgW�Å ¸�Ç�ñ ��WDX)W|Cfs�T�£´Gg��W?}�HFX�G�EQCF�5Gg��W|U�WvG�WDAvG�CfXQ�KG�kVT�kV�YWDU�OCfX�G��*WQ}�XgWYEgWDszGBHFs�HFT�£¢EgkVE�HFXgWQU�k�EgAY��EgE)WDU�>6P���W�ADC¢CfXgU*kVs�HhGgWE)£¢E�G�WDe kVE�U�Wv±�s�WDU ark�Gg�»XgWYEg}~WDAYGrGgC$Gg��WQ}�X)CFG�Cfs`wWDHFe U�k�XgWYAYG�k�Cfs�J5ar��k�AI� U�Wv±�s�WYElGg��W»}wCFEgk�Ggk�uFW�ò U�k�XgWYAYG�k�Cfs�J3ar��k�TVW Gg��W HF�Dk�e?�*Gg��HFT�Hhs��fTVW2ó k�E?elW�HFE)��XgWYUHFXgCf�*s�U G���WQ`~W�Hhe H$ÐKkVEY>5P���W�}wCFTªHFX(HFs��fT�WIô?kVE�e¡WDHFEg��X)WDU»ark�Gg�»XgWYEg}~WDAYGrGgC?G���WQ}~CfEgk�G�k�ufWIò|U�k�XgWDAvG�k�Cfs�>3P���W}�EgWY��U�CfXgHF}�kVU*k�Gj£fJöõ~J5kVE�CF�åG�WYs ��EgWYU HFs�U kVE�U�WY±�s*WDU HFE�õ×Ûø÷ TVs�ÈOG�HFs�ÅùôRú ¾$Ç Ë > P¶X�Hhs�E)uFWDXgE)W´AYCfel}wCfs*WDszG�E?Ch�}�HFX)GgkVAYTVWWYs�WDX)�F£ HFs�U elCfelWDszG���e HFXgWQAYCfszufWYs«GgkVCfs�HFTVT�£ U�Wv±�s�WDU´HFEr}�X)C��)WDAvG�kVCFs�E�CfszG�C|G��*Wy}*TªHFs�WGgX�HFs*E)ufWYXgE)WG�C|G���W�`~W�HFe TVkVs*WFJ�Ê � ÛûÊ Egk�ssô$HFs*U�Ó � Ûýü�þÓaüpEgk�s?ôK>=QHhGIH|a(WDXgW�ADCfT�TVWYAYG�WYU¦ark�G��·HFs \´��G�X)kV�f�FWDXSHhG ²5ÜRÝRÝ ]QW � U���X)kVs�� ¤ ��s*E ² @ÿÈ ²����z¾ � �fü Ë HFs*U ² � È ²���� � ��(¸ Ë J�Hhs�U H�G ²5ÜRÝRÝ HFs�UÏÞ ü-Ý ]QW � U��*XgkVs*� ¤ ��s ² ¥ È ²����R¸ � � Þ Ë >?P���k�EG�X)kV�f�fWYXQXgW�ߢ�*kVXgWYE�ADCfk�s�ADk�U�WDszG���k�G�E�kVs

EgADk�szG�kVT�TªHhGgCfX¶ADCf��szGgWDXgEYJKT�CKADHhG�WYUlHhG ¸ > Ü e �OXgCfe WDk�Gg��WDX5E)kVU�WrU�CbarslE)GgXgW�Hhe CF�wGg��W�s�CfelkVs�HFT*k�s«GgWDXgHFAYGgkVCfs$}~CfkVszGHFs�U¦ADCbufWYXgkVs*�lGg��W�}�EgWY��U�CfXgHF}�kVU*k�Gj£ k�szG�WDX�uhHFT ü��^¾�� ü õ�ü � ¸��� J�k�s¦AYCfkVs*ADkVU*WDs�AYW�ark�G��¦H|`wWDHFe|�jADX)CfEgE)kVs��*>P���W(HFs�HFT�£KE)kVE<��E)WDE½AI��HFXg�FWDU�G�X�HhAIt¢E¶XgWYADCfs*E)G�X)��AYGgWDU�ark�G���k�sQG���W ¥ WDszGgX�HFT«P¶X�HFAIt«kVs*� ¥ ��Hhe?`wWYX"È ¥ P ¥ Ë > P���W

¥ P ¥ k�E+HBAv£¢TVkVs*U�Xgk�A�HFT«U�X)k��åG3AI��HFe?`~WDX+AYCbufWDX)kVs���Hhs�õ�k�szG�WDX�uhHFTKCh�~HF`wCF�*G+Gg��XgWYW���s�k�G�E½ark�G��?�*kV�f�?W)ÖlADkVWYs�AY£y�OCfXü õ�ü� ² HFs�U�Ó � � Ý > � ]�W ����� >5P���WQk�s�s�WYX�X�HFU�k���E�CF��Gg��W ¥ P ¥ k�E ü*² > Ý ADe HFs�U»G��*WQCf�*G�WYX�X�HFU*kV��E�k�E ²büz¾ > ¸ADe¦>_P���W��O��TVT ¥ P ¥ ufCfT���elW�kVESADCFs«G�HFkVs*WDU k�s H¡E)��}wWYXgAYCfs�U���AvG�k�s��»EgCfT�WDs�CFkVU�HFT�e¡HF�fs�WvG_ar�*kVAI� Cf}~WDXgHhG�WYEHhG² > � P ÅùÞ Ç >+P���W ¥ P ¥ ��HhE Ü � E�HFel}�T�kVs��ark�XgWSTªH�£fWYXgEDJ¢CfX)�zHFs�k��DWDU¡kVs ¸ H�Ð*kVHFT~HFs�U � E�G�WDX)WDC Ã�Eg��}~WDX)TªH�£fWYXgEÍÄ=Å� Ç >@�ÐKkªHFT<E)��}~WDXgTVH�£fWDX)E��H�ufW ² ¾ XgHFU�kVHFTVT�£�E)WD}�HFXgHhG�WYU TªH�£FWDXgE_CF�3E)WDs�E)W�arkVX)WDEYJw}�HhX�HFT�TVWDTwG�C¡Gg��Wmò��pH$ÐKk�E�ÈåG���W�`wWDHFeH$ÐKkVE Ë J�G���H�G_elW�HhEg��X)WyGg��W�� �Bó }~CfE)k�G�k�Cfs»CF�3H$GgX�HFAIt�> � G�WDX)WDC¡Eg��}~WDX)TªH�£fWYXgES��H�ufW�Þ$EgWYs�EgWyarkVX)WyTVH�£fWDX)EDJ�ark�Gg�·H� ü�� E)G�WYXgWYC�HFs*�fTVWhJ*ar��kVAI�¦elW�HFE)��XgWyH|ADCfe�`�kVs�H�G�kVCFs CF��� �Bó·HFs�U�òl}~CfE)k�G�k�Cfs�EY>3P���W�E)GgWDXgWYC�Hhs��fTVWQU*kVXgWYAYGgkVCfsHFT�GgWDXgs�HhG�WYE+ark�Gg�lWDHFAI�$s�WDk��f�«`wCFXgkVs*�E)GgWDXgWYC�E)��}~WDXgTVH�£fWDXY>�\´WDHFEg��X)WDelWDszG�E��OXgCFe H$ÐKkVHFT�HFs*UlE�G�WYXgWDC�E)��}wWYXgTVHb£FWDX)E

Page 8: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

HFXgWAYCfe?`�k�s�WDU GgC?�OCfXge7H�G��*XgWDWÖ�jU�k�e¡WYs�Egk�Cfs�HFT�G�XgHFAIt�>�P���WQEg}�H�G�kªHhT�XgWYEgCfT��*G�k�Cfs CF�¶WDHFAI� }wCfk�szG�elW�HFE)��XgWYe¡WYs«GkVs$G���W ¥ P ¥ kVE�T�WDEgE�G���HFs ¾8ÝRÝ�� e ñ G��*WSGgX�HFs�E�ufWYXgEgW_e¡CFe¡WYs«Gg��e X)WDEgCFTV�*GgkVCfs�Jzk�s�ADT���U�k�s���e?��T�GgkV}�T�Wv��EgA�H�GgG�WYXgk�s��WYRwWDAYGgEDJ�kVE������ � Ó n� Ý�� Ý-Ýfü Èm]QW ����� Ë! L >­js�Egk�U�WQG���W ¥ P ¥ kVs�s�WYX�X�HFU*kV��EYJ�H?EgWvG_Ch�½GgkVelWv�j}*XgC��)WYAYG�k�Cfs AI��Hhe?`wWYXgEmÈ � P Á Ë Å Ü8Ç }�X)CbuKk�U�WDE"�b�Bò?G�XgHFAIt«kVs��

kVs*�OCfX)e�H�G�kVCFs�Cf�*GrGgC¡H|XgHFU�kV�*ESCh� ¾f¾ AYe �OCfX�ü õ�ü �0ü��^¾R¸ >5P��*W � P Á k�E���EgWYU·k�s G���k�E_Hhs�HFT�£¢E)kVE�G�C|±�s*U¦Gg��WNò}wCfE)k�GgkVCfs�E�Ch�5WYuFWDszGufWYX)GgkVADWYEDJ~U�WY±�s�WDU HhE_E)WYG�EBCF�+GgX�HFAIt«EBAYCfszufWYXg�fk�s��¡GgC¡G��*W�EgHFe¡Wy}~CfkVszG_HFTVCFs��|G���WVò��pH$ÐKk�ED>P���W�ADTVCFEgWDE�GrU�WYGgWDAvG�CfX�G�C?Gg��W�`wWDHFe|�j}�k�}wW_kVE�G��*W � kVT�kVADCFs � WDX�G�W)Ð � kVs�U*WDXuÈ �¢� Á Ë J���E)WDU G�C$XgWYADCfs*E)G�X)��AYGruFWDX��G�W)Ð�}~CfEgk�G�k�Cfs�E�kVs G���W$G�XgHFs�E)uFWDX)EgW u¢kVWva�> ¤ WDAYCfs�E�G�Xg�*AYG�WYU ufWYX)G�k�ADWYE|HFXgWlADTVHFEgE)k�±�WYU HFEyWDk�G���WYX Ã)}�X)kVe¡HFX)£qÄ CfXÃ)EgWYADCfs�U�HFX)£qÄ�`�HFEgWYU·��}~Cfs¦EgWYuFWDXgHFT½}�HFX�HFelWYGgWDX)E$#6HlelkVs*kVe?��e CF� � AYCfszufWYXg�fk�s��lGgX�HFAIt»E)WD�felWDszGgE_k�s×ü õ]ü �0üÈ�H G�X�HhAIt E)WD�felWDszG¡kVElH EgWÂß«��WYs�ADW Ch� � HFTVk��fs�WDU ��k�G�E Ë J(Gg��W G�CFG�HFT�s«��e?`~WDXlCF�Q��k�G�E$��EgWYU G�C �OCfX)e H�E)WD�h�e¡WYs«GDJ��OCfX)a�HFX)UK�j`�HhAIt«a�HFX)U E)£¢ele¡WvG�X)£»HFs�U ufWDX�G�WDзk�EgCfTVHhG�k�Cfs�>3­jE)CfTªH�G�WDU�J���kV�f�*WDX�e?��T�G�k�}�TVk�ADk�Gj£$uFWDX)GgkVAYWDErark�G����kV�f�*T�£$E)£¢ele¡WvG�X)kVA_GgCf}~CfTVCf�FkVWDE6HFX)WBGj£¢}�kVADHFTVT�£$ADTVHFEgE)k�±�WYU»HFE�}�X)kVe¡HFX)£ ñ TVCba(WDX�e���T�GgkV}�T�kVADk�Gj£fJz��k��f��T�£lHFE)£¢ele¡WvG)�XgkVA_ufWDX�G�k�ADWDEYJ�CfX�Gg��CfEgWark�G�� �OWva ��k�G�E�k�s G���WQX)WDAYCfs�E)GgXg��AvG�WYU¦GgX�HFAIt«EDJ�HhXgWGj£¢}�kVADHFTVT�£lADTªHhEgEgk�±�WDU¦HFE�EgWDAYCfs�U�HhX)£f>� £¢E)G�WYe�H�G�kVAS��s�AYWDX�GIHFk�s«GgkVWYE(k�s«GgXgC¢U���AYWDU�`z£$G��*W_ufWYX)GgW)СADTVHFEgE)k�±�ADHhG�k�Cfs¡E)AI��WDelWHhXgWSU�kVE)AD��E)EgWDU»k�s � WYAYGgkVCfs � ­I>P���W´GgX�HFs*E)ufWYXgE)W WDs�WYXg�F£&%���Ð k�E¡elW�HhEg��X)WDU `z£ H�ADHFTVCFXgkVelWYGgWDX|E�£KE�G�WYe Å �8Ç ADCbufWYXgk�s��ûü õ]ü� � > ¾ > P���W

A�HFT�CfXgk�e¡WvG�WDX�AYCfs�Egk�E)GgE�CF��Gg��XgWYWEg��`¢�jE)£¢E�G�WDelEDJ�WDHFAI� ark�Gg� EgWY}�HFXgHhG�WWYTVWYAYG�X)Cfe¡HF�fs�WvG�kVASHFs*U»��HFU�X)Cfs�kVASADCFe¡}~Ch�s�WDszG�E'#�Gg��W$ADWDszGgX�HFT�A�HhTVCfX)kVelWYG�WYXDJ�AYCbufWDX)kVs��¦G���W$XgHFs��fW ü õ�ü ��² > ²Rñ G���WlWDs�U¢�j}�T�����J<ADCbuFWDXgk�s�� ² > ²�� ü õ�ü �_¾ > � ñHFs�U G��*W?�OCfX)a�HFXgU ADHFTVCfX)kVelWYGgWDXDJ~ADCbuFWDXgk�s�� ¾ > ¾�� ü õ�ü � � > ¾ >��5s�WDX)�F£ elW�HFE)��XgWYe¡WYszG�E�HFX)W|e�HFU*W�ark�Gg��kVs }*XgCh��)WDAYGgk�uFW=Ã�GgC a(WDX)EÍÄ�Gg��HhG(Eg}�Hhs Ý > ² ��s�k�G�E6CF��õlHFs*U ²�¸�� È ¸�� Ë kVs�ó»ark�G���k�slGg��WBAYWDszG�XgHFTÈdWDs*UK�j}�T�����HFs�U��OCfX�a�HhXgU ËA�HFT�CfXgk�e¡WvG�WDXY>

(Vº ¼sê�ë�¿�)(í*) +ë$íP���W ²5ÜRÝ-Ý ]QW � \·� U�HhGIH EgHFel}�TVW¦ADCfs*EgkVE�G�E»CF��E)��`�EgHFe¡}*TVWDE�ADCfT�TVWDAvG�WYU U���X)kVs�� G���X)WDW U�k�R�WYXgWDszG¡G�kVelW

}wWYXgkVC¢U�EY> @B}�}*XgCbÐKkVe¡HhG�WYT�£ ² >,�.- ²5Ý i WvufWYs«GgE¦a(WDX)W�AYCfTVT�WDAvG�WDU k�s ¤ ��s ² @ H�G¦HFs�HbuFWDXgHF�fW TV��elkVs*CfEgk�Gj£ Ch�ü > ü - ²5Ý c � E L ADe n J ² > ¸ - ²bÝ i kVs ¤ ��s ² �0HhG�HFs HbuFWDXgHF�fWQTV�*e¡k�s�CfEgk�Gj£|CF� � > ² - ²5Ý c � E L ADe n HFs�U ² > Ý Þ/- ²5Ý �kVs ¤ �*s ² ¥ HhGSHFs´H�ufWDXgHF�fW�TV�*e¡k�s�CfEgk�Gj£�Ch� � > Ý - ²5Ý c �SE L AYe n >�P���WmÞ üRÝ ]QW � U�HhG�H|EgWYG_ADCFs�Egk�E)G�ErCF�+HF`~Cf�*G¾ > Þ0- ²5Ý i WvufWDszGgE_X)WDADCFXgU�WYU·U���X)kVs�� ¤ ��s ² ¥ H�GBHhs´H�uFWDX�Hh�fW�T���elkVs�CfE)k�Gj£lCF� ² > ü - ²bÝ c �_E L ADe n >@BU�U*k�G�k�Cfs�HFT½WYuFWDszG?E)WDTVWYAYGgkVCfs ADCFs�U���AvG�WDU C�1lkVs*WlX)WDelCbufWDU G��*W$�OCFTVTVCbark�s���WvufWDszGgE$#=ÈOk Ë WvufWYs«GgE�k�U�WDszG�k�±�WDU

HFEADCFs«G�HFkVs*kVs�� AYCfEgelkVA�X�H�£ }�HhX)G�k�ADT�WDEHhEQU�WYGgWDXgelkVs*WDU `z£·GgkVelWv�jCh�ª�2%�k��f�zGBelW�HFE)��XgWYe¡WYszG�EQ��E)kVs��»E)ADkVszGgkVTVTVHhG�CFXADCf��szGgWDXgE_kVs¦G���WyADWYs«GgX�HFT¶A�HhTVCfX)kVelWYG�WYX ñ ÈOkVk Ë WvufWYs«GgEark�Gg�·s�C¡XgWDAYCfs�E�G�Xg�*AYG�WYU G�XgHFAIt«E ñ ÈOkVk�k Ë WvufWDszGgEW)ÐK��k�`�k�GgkVs��E)£¢e¡}KG�CfelE¡Ch�Qt«s�Cbars A�HFT�CfXgk�e¡WvG�WYX|}�XgCf`*TVWDelE ñ Èdk�u Ë WvufWYs«GgE ark�Gg� HhG¡TVWDHFE)GlCfs�W´AI��HFX)�fWDU }�HFX)GgkVADT�W XgWDAYCfsK�

Ü

Page 9: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

E)G�X)��AYGgWDU kVs G���W ¥ P ¥ G�C ��H�uFW�Ó �3� � ÝRÝ \´W �4��� J`��*G´s�C ADWYs«GgX�HFT�ADHFTVCfX)kVelWYGgWDX�GgC a(WDX ark�Gg� WYs�WDX)�F£U�WD}~CfEgk�G�k�Cfs HF`~CbufW ²5Ý-Ý \´W � ñ Èåu Ë WYufWYszG�EQark�Gg� e¡CFXgW�Gg��HFs Cfs*W�}�X)kVe¡HFX)£ ufWYX)GgW)Ð ñ ÈOu¢k Ë WYufWYszG�EQark�Gg� H�}�X)k��e�HFX�£ ufWDX�G�WDÐ e¡CFXgW¡Gg��HFs×Þ Ý ADe Hba�H�£ �OXgCFe Gg��W AYWDszG�WYXlCh��G���W U*WYG�WYAYGgCfX2Èdk�s CfXgU*WDX�GgC WDs�E)��XgW ��s*k��OCfX)eHFADAYWD}*G�HFs�ADW|k�s·G��*W$HFEgE)��e¡WYU ±�U���AYkªHFT½XgWY�fkVCfs HFs�U �fC¢CKU¦G�XgHFAIt HFs*U A�HFT�CfXgk�e¡WvG�WDXrWYs�WDX)�F£ X)WDADCFs�E)GgXg��AvG�kVCFs Ë ñHFs�U ÈOu¢kVk Ë WYuFWDszG�ESark�G�� s�C$}�X)kVe¡HFX)£lufWYX)GgkVADWYED>@_�åGgWDX HFT�T�WYuFWDszG EgWYTVWDAvG�k�Cfs XgWÂß«��k�XgWYe¡WYs«GgEDJ ¾ J Ý � � J ¸R¸8Ü WYuFWDszG�E XgWYe�HFk�s kVs Gg��W0�O��TVT�\·� E�Hhe¡}�T�W0HhGÙ ÚÉÛ ²5ÜRÝ-Ý ]�W � HFs*U ² J � Þ ü J ²�¸ � HhG Ù ÚÌÛ Þ üRÝ ]QW � >�P���W·uhHFE�G e¡H �)CfX)k�Gj£ CF�QX)Wp�)WDAvG�WYU�WvufWYs«GgE»�dHFkVT�WDUG���W?uFWDX)GgW)Ð E)WDTVWYAYGgkVCfs�>�@B`~Cf�*G Ý > Ý*²65 CF�(EgWYTVWDAvG�WYU WvufWYs«GgE�AYCfszGIHFk�s `�HFAIt«�fXgCF��s�U G�X�HhAIt¢EQ�OX)Cfe AYCfEgelkVA?XgH�£KEG���HhG�HFX)W|ADCfk�s�ADk�U�WDszGykVs GgkVelW?ark�G�� Gg��W$`wWDHFe ADX)CfEgE)kVs��´HFs�U }�HFE)E�s*W�HFXQG��*WlWvufWYs«G�ufWYX)G�WDÐw>�P���WlXgWYEgkVU*��HFTADCfszGIHhe¡k�s�HhG�k�CfslU���WBGgC�G���WBkVszG�WYX�HFAvG�kVCFs�E�CF��G���W`~W�Hhe7}�HhX)G�k�ADT�WDE�ark�G��¡G���W�fHFE�kVslG���WB`wWDHFe7}*kV}~W_k�E�HF`~Cf�*GÝ > Ýf¾�5 >S@�elCfXgWyU�WYG�HFkVT�WDU¦U�kVE)AD��E)Egk�Cfs CF�3Gg��W�E�£¢E)G�WYe�H�G�kVA���s�AYWDX)G�HFkVszGgkVWDE_HFX)kVEgk�s��$�OXgCfe Gg��W�WvufWDszGQE)WDT�WDAYGgkVCfsADXgk�G�WYXgkªH|Hhs�U´ChG���WYX�EgCf��X)ADWYE_k�E�}�XgWYEgWDszGgWDU k�s ¤ WY�p>]Å � Ç >

¹Â¹Â¹bº Á87�æm½:9�én¿ ¼�½�æVÁ8;<+ æV»_¿çW �= � Y � � +énè�ésÁ�¼s¹Â¾u»� WrX)WÂß«��kVX)WrHFTVT¢XgWYADCfs*E)G�X)��AYGgWDUlG�X�HhAIt¢E5GgCy}�HFEgE3Gg��XgCf�*�f�lH�elkVs*kVe?��e s«��e�`wWYX5CF��TVH�£fWDX)E5kVs?Gg��W ¥ P ¥ HFs�U

��H�ufW(HSelkVs�k�e?��e�s«��e?`~WDX¶CF�*�*k�G�E�k�syWDHFAI��E)��}~WDXgTVH�£fWDX¶kVsyCfX)U�WDX<G�CSXgWYU���AYW6Gg��W(s«��e�`wWYX¶Ch��elkVEgX)WDAYCfs�E)GgXg��AvG�WYUG�X�HhAIt¢E�Hhs�U G���CFEgW�ark�G�� TªHhXg�fWyXgWYADCfs�E�G�X)��AYGgkVCfs ��s*ADWDX�GIHFk�szG�kVWYED>�P���W?X)WDe¡HFkVs*kVs��lG�X�HhAIt´E)WYG�J�ar�*kVAI� kVs*ADTV�*U�WDE}�Xgk�e�HFX�£¡HFs�U»EgWYADCfs*U�HFX)£�G�X�HhAIt¢EYJ�kVE���EgWYU´HhErH�E)G�HFX)GgkVs��|}~CfkVszG(�OCfX�`~CFG�� Gg��WQEgWYTVWYAYG�k�Cfs»CF��}�X)kVe¡HFX)£lAI��HhXg�fWYUG�X�HhAIt¢E_HFs�U»�OCfX�Gg��W�â �X È�ã � Ë A�HFs*U�kVU�H�G�WQkVU*WDszG�k�±�A�HhGgkVCfs»}*XgC¢ADWDU*��XgWh>>�?A@CB0DFE�G&HAB/@AI/JLKNMPO$HAQSR�O�QSI/QTH.UVG�E�W�QSXPQTHAQSY�X[Z P¶X�HhAIt¢ErHhXgWBX)WÂß«��k�XgWDU GgC?}�HFE)E�ark�Gg��kVs Ý > ¸ ADe"CF�<G���W`wWDHFe H$ÐKkVEYJ*Hhs�Ulark�G���k�s ¸ AYe HFTVCfs*��Gg��Wsò��pH$ÐKk�E��OX)Cfe Gg��W_}*XgkVe¡HFX�£?WYuFWDszG�uFWDX�G�W)Ðw>�­jslCfXgU�WYX6GgC�WYs�Eg�*XgWB�*kV�f�W�ÖlADk�WDs�Av£ HFs*U HFAYADWD}KGIHFs�AYWFJ3GgX�HFAIt«E|HFX)W HFAYADWY}*G�WYU Cfs�T�£ k���Gg��WY£ E�H�G�kVE��å£ G���W¡ADCfs�U*k�G�k�Cfs�EQÓ �C� Ý > � ]QW �����HFs�U×ü õ�ü� ² > Ý >�P���k�E�EgWYTVWDAvG�k�Cfs´U*WY±�s�WYESGg��W�AI��HFX)�fWDU G�XgHFAIt»e?��T�G�kV}*TVkVAYk�Gj£$k�s HFs´WvufWYs«GDJ]\_^Ôa` >â �X @CXPG ã �4b E�OcE�I0H/QSYdX[Z â �X Hhs�U{ã � Å ²5Ý�Ç Èå�OXgCfe s�Cba Cfs�ADCfT�TVWDAvG�k�ufWDT�£|XgWv�OWDX)XgWDU¡G�C|HFEfe � Ë HFXgW_EgWYTVWDAvG�WYU

TVC¢Cft«kVs��Q�OCfX6Cf}�}~CfEgk�G�WÖ�jAI��HFX)�fWS}�HFkVX)E(Ch��G�XgHFAIt«E�ADCFs«uFWDX)�fkVs���G�C?HyADCfelelCfsluFWDX�G�W)Ð�U�k�Eg}�TVHFADWYU¡�OXgCFe G���W_`wWDHFeTVkVs*W?kVs G��*W$GgX�HFs*E)ufWYXgE)W�U�k�XgWDAvG�k�Cfs�>?@ uFWDX)GgW)Ð ±�G�k�EQ}wWYX)�OCfX)e¡WYU GgC´WYs�Eg�*XgW$G���HhGQGg��W|Gja�C G�XgHFAIt«E�CFXgkV�FkVs�HhGgW�OXgCfe G��*W�E�HFelW(uFWDX)GgW)Ðw>5@ ADHFs�U�k�U�HhG�W�kVE+X)WÂß«��k�XgWDU|GgC��H�ufWrHB±�G3}�XgCf`�HF`�kVT�k�Gj£��fX)W�HhGgWDX+Gg��HFs ¸�5 >½­js$HB�O��X)Gg��WDXE)G�WY} H ±�G�k�E�}wWYX)�OCfX)e¡WYU�AYCfs�E)GgX�HFk�s�kVs*�¦Gg��Wge���elCfelWDszG���e uFWDAvG�CfX�ÈOark�G���k�s Gg��WlGgX�HFAIt �*s�ADWYX)GIHhkVszG�k�WDE Ë G�C}wCfk�szG�k�s Gg��W�U*kVXgWYAYGgkVCfs CF��Gg��W�}*XgkVe¡HFX�£·ufWYX)GgW)ÐäÈd}~CfkVszG�k�s�� ADCfs*E)G�XgHFkVszGy±�G Ë >»P���W�ADHFs�U�k�U�HhGgWDE?HhXgWltFWD}KG?k��G���Wy±�GB}*XgCf`�Hh`�kVT�k�Gj£»k�ES�FXgW�H�G�WDXSG���Hhs ¸�5 HFs�U¦G���W�XgWYADCfel}��*GgWDU k�s«uhHFX)kªHFszGSe¡HFEgESkVErark�Gg��kVs G���X)WDW�E)GIHhs�U�HFX)U

Page 10: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

U�WYu¢kªH�G�kVCFs�E�CF�¶G���WQa(CfXgU´H�ufWDXgHF�fW�â �X CfXQã � e�HhEgENÅ ²f²ÂÇ >P���W�HFs�HFT�£KE)kVE�E)WDTVWYAYGgkVCfs¦HFT�EgC$XgW�ߢ�*kVXgWYE$#hViFj!k Èle�� Ë�� ² ADe¦J�ar��WDX)W iFj!k kVE�Gg��W�U*kVE)G�HFs�AYW��OX)Cfe }�X)kVe¡HFX)£¡ufWYX)G�WDЦG�C$G���WyU�WDADH�£»ufWDX�G�WDзCh�+G��*Wme��kVs»G��*W��b�`ó¦}�TªHFs*W ñh `wChG�� U�WDADH�£»G�X�HhAIt¢ES��H�ufW�ü õ�ü� ² > ¸ HFs�U�Ó �n� Ý > ü ]QW ����� ñh G���Woe��rT�kVs�WÖ�jCF�ª�p%�kV�f�zG�kVE�ADT�CfEgWGgClGg��W�WYuFWDszG_uFWDX�G�W)зHFT�Cfs��?Gg��WNò¡H$ÐKk�E$#vü ò�q]r� ÷×òtsvulwpxyu j� ü � ÞlAYe ñh kVel}�HFAvG�}�HFXgHFe¡WvG�WYX"z � Èpe�� Ë �gÝ >,�?AYe ñh Ó � Èpe�� Ë{� Ý > � ]�W ����� HFs�U×ü õ:Èpe�� Ë üc ² > Ý

� CfX�WYufWYszG�E�ark�G�� e¡CfX)W|G���HFs Cfs�W|e � A�HFs�U*kVU�HhGgW$Eg��HFX)kVs�� G��*W¡EgHFe¡W|GgX�HFAIt�J+CFs�T�£ Gg��WlA�HFs�U*kVU�HhGgW|ark�G��G���W�TVCba(WDX�ufWYX)GgW)Ð ±�G~} n ú$\��!� �v� �!�KkVE�X)WYG�HFkVs�WYU�>@_�åGgWDXyHFTVT½EgWYTVWDAvG�k�Cfs XgWÂß«��k�XgWYe¡WYs«GgEDJ<a(W$±�s�U ü Þ*J Þ � ¾ â¦�X HFs�U��KJ ¸K²5Ü ã��ykVs Gg��W ²5ÜRÝRÝ ]QW � \´��EgHFe¡}*TVW

HFs�U üz¾ J ¾f¾f¾ â¦�X HFs�U ¸ J ÜRÜfü ã��rkVs»Gg��WNÞ üRÝ ]�W � \·��EgHFel}�TVW�ÈOEgWYW�P½HF`�T�WQ­ Ë >P���WrkVszuhHFXgkVHFszG5e¡HFEgE5U�k�E)GgXgkV`*�*G�k�Cfs�E+Ch�wGg��W�â¦�X HFs�U�ã���Eg�*X)u¢k�u¢kVs*��Gg��W�EgWYTVWYAYG�k�Cfs$XgW�ߢ�*kVXgWYe¡WYszG�EDJ«`��KG5ark�G��

G���We¡HFE)E�arkVs�U*C a W)ТGgWDs�U�WYU»G�C?G�WYs»E)G�HFs�U�HFX)U U�WYu¢kªH�G�kVCFs�E(�OX)Cfe"Gg��WBa(CfXgT�U H�ufWDXgHF�fWhJ�HFXgWBEg��Cbars kVs � k���> ²RñkVsl`wCFGg��ADHFEgWYE(G��*W_}~W�HFt«E�HFXgWSs�HFX)XgCba0`��*GDJK`~WDADHF��E)WBCF��Gg��Wr±�G�}*XgC¢ADWDU*��XgWhJKG��*W_`�HhAIt¢�FXgCf��s*U kVE�s�CFG�%�HhG�HFs�Ue�H�£|s�ChG�`~WBHhADADCF��szG�WDU¡�OCfX�`«£$Gg��W_T�WYuFWDT~CF��Gg��W_E)kVU�WY`�HFs�U*ED> � WBHFT�EgCys�CFGgWSGg��HhG6G���k�E6`�HFAIt«�fXgCf�*s�U kVs*ADTV�*U�WDEG���W»AYCfszGIHFelkVs�H�G�kVCFs CF�uâ �X kVs G���W=ã � E�HFel}�TVW HFs�U uKk�ADW uFWDXgEgH*> @&U�WvGIHFk�TVWDU `�HFAIt«�fXgCf�*s�U WvuhHFTV��H�G�kVCFs kVEU�kVE)AD��E)EgWDU´kVs � WYAYG�k�Cfs � >

¹��{º +�énèésÁ�¼�¹Â¾u» ¾uì��]�C�f��æV»_¿��{����� ¹p»�¼�én½�æVÁ�¼s¹Â¾I»<+P���W k�U�WDszG�k�±�A�H�G�kVCFs�CF��Ã)EgCh�åG�Ä Hhs�U Ã)��HhXgU�Ä´kVszG�WYX�HFAvG�kVCFs�E�k�E�TVHFXg�FWDT�£ H´e¡HhGgGgWDXyCF��U�Wv±�s�k�G�kVCFs Å ² ¾$Ç Egk�s�ADW

k�G?k�E?��s�t«s�Cbars ��Cba7GgC U�kVE�G�kVs*�f��kVE)� EgCh�åGlHFs�U ��HFX)U }�HFX)GgCfs kVszGgWDX�HhAYG�k�Cfs�EY>�P���k�E|kVE�GgXg��W �OX)Cfe�`wCFGg� G���WG���WYCfXgWvG�kVADHFT�Hhs�U»W)ÐK}~WDXgk�e¡WYszGIHFT�}~Cfk�s«GgE�CF�<u¢kVWva�>�­js G���k�E�HFs�HFT�£¢EgkVEYJKa(W���EgW�HS�)WvG�XgWYADCfs�E�G�X)��AYGgkVCfs¦HFT��fCfXgk�G���eG�C»U�Wv±�s�W?G��*W?Gja�C A�HhEgWDEY>�P���WlHFT��fCfX)k�G��*e&WDel}�TVCb£¢EQH ADCFs�W?ark�Gg� X�HFU�k���E4� ÛÒÈ���õKn[���_ó~n Ë Ll��nuÛ Ý�� �¡G�CU�WY±�s*W Ã)AYTV��E�G�WDX)EÍÄ Ch�3A�HhTVCfX)kVelWYG�WYX�G�Cba(WDXgE_`wWYTVCfs*�fkVs��$G�C¡HQ�)WvG�>�P¶C�`~W�AYCfs�E)kVU�WYXgWDU�J�H$ADTV�*E)G�WYXBe?�*E)G_��H�ufW?HG�X�Hhs�E)uFWDXgE)W�WYs�WDX)�F£2Ê � J�U*WY±�s�WYU HFE�Gg��W�EgA�HhTªHFXrEg�*e CF�+Gg��WQG�XgHFs�E)uFWDX)EgW�WYs�WDX)�F£ CF�+HFTVTwG���WQG�Cba(WDX)E_k�s�ADT���U�WDUkVs»G���W�AYCfs�WFJ�Ch�3HhGrT�W�HFE�G ² ]QW � k�s¦H$E)WDWYU´G�Cba(WDXYJ~}*TV��ErHhGST�W�HFE�G Ý > ² ]QW � kVs Hhs·HFU �gHFADWYs«GrGgC a(WDXY>­js´Gg��W�X)WD�fk�Cfs�E�ü õ�ü � Ý���Ýz¾ HFs�U ²���²o� ü õ�ü � ²��®¾ JwH|G�XgHFAItf�jAYTV��E�G�WDX)kVs��¡HFT��fCfXgk�G���e"kVEr��E)WDU´kVs�E�G�W�HhU·CF�¶G���W

A�HFT�CfXgk�e¡WvG�WDX+HFTV�FCfXgk�G���e G�CQAYCfel}wWYs�E�HhGgW��OCfX3WDs*WDXg�h£$TVCfE�G5kVs|ADHFTVCfX)kVelWYGgWDX+AYX�HFAIt«EY>5@ GgX�HFAIt�ADT���E)GgWDX�kVE3U*WY±�s�WYU²5Ý

Page 11: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

HFEQCfs�W?GgX�HFAIt¦ark�G��{Ó �&� Ý >��»]QW ����� Hhs�U HhGQTVWDHFE)GCfs�W|CFGg��WDXGgX�HFAIt¦ark�G��=Ó ��� Ý > � ]�W ����� k�s H ADCfs�W|Ch�X�HFU�k���E"� Û Ý�� �K>� W�U�WY±�s�W?H_� !��D, WvufWYs«GHFEBCFs�WyGg��HhG_ADCfszG�HFkVs�ESs�ClADT���E)GgWDX_ark�G���Ê ��� ²���² ]QW � >�@BTVT<ChG���WYXBWYuFWDszG�EHFXgW

ADTªHhEgEgk�±�WDU¦HFEN� &-* áF>�{º énì�ì�¹ÂÁs¹pén»�Á~� æV»_¿ Áu¾u½V½mésÁ�¼s¹Â¾u»_+P���W?}�X)Cf`�HF`*kVTVk�Gj£»CF��Cf`*EgWDX�u¢kVs��»HlXgWDHFTFe � kVs¦G���W�HF}�}�HFXgHhG��*EkVESkVs�%���WDs�AYWDU `z£´EgWYuFWDXgHFT+WvR�WYAYG�EY>­js·Gg��kVE

EgWDAvG�k�Cfs¦a(WyU�kVE)AD��E)E_G��*WyW)ÖlADkVWYs�AY£¦CF�½G�XgHFAIt»XgWYADCfs�E�G�X)��AYGgkVCfs�J�Gg��WyADCfX)XgWDAvG�k�Cfs¦�OCFXST�kVelk�GgWDU»HFAYADWY}*GIHFs*ADWFJwHFs�UWYuhHFTV��HhG�k�Cfs´Ch�3G���W�`�HFAIt«�fX)Cf��s�U�>S@�GBGg��W�WYs�U�JwEgCfelW�AYXgCfE)E���AI��WDAIt«E�CF�3Gg��W�AYCfXgX)WDAYGgkVCfs´}�XgC¢ADWYU���X)WDEQHFX)W?HFT�EgC`�Xgk�W'%�£»U*WDEgAYXgk�`wWYU�>² > P���W W)Ö¡AYkVWYs�AY£ �OCFX�±�s�U*kVs��Æâ¦�X È�ã�� Ë ��HFE?`~WDWYs kVszufWYE)G�k��zHhGgWDU kVs�Gja�C U�k�R�WYXgWDszG?a�H�£¢ED> ­js G���W�±�XgE)G

e¡WvG���C¢U�J¢EgkVe���TªHhGgWDUl��k�GgE6�OX)Cfe Egk�s��fT�£«���fWDs*WDX�H�G�WDUge���HFX)WBWYe?`wWYU�U�WYU»HFelCfs���Gg��WBE)WYG�CF�<��k�G�E6CF�¶\·� WvufWDszGgE�OXgCfe G���W$U�HhG�H*>$P���W$WYuFWDszG�E�HFXgW|G��*WDs XgWDAYCfs�E�G�Xg�*AYG�WYU ark�Gg� E)GIHhs�U�HFX)U e���E)W�HFX)AI� HFs�U EgWYTVWYAYG�k�Cfs�>|­js G���WEgWDAYCfs�U?elWYGg��C¢U�JhWYszG�kVX)W�\·� WYuFWDszG�E+ark�G��me��+}�X)CKU*��AYGgkVCfs�HFs�U�U�WDADHb£�HFX)W(�fWYs�WDXgHhG�WYU�ark�Gg� R�U�HA?PQT@ ��¡ E�H b E�H\´CfszG�W ¥ HhXgTVC�Èm\ ¥ Ë Å � Ç JöÅ ²bü�Ç > � ��T�T ¥ = � U�WYGgWDAvG�CfXE)kVe?�*TªHhGgkVCfs´HFs�U X)WDAYCfs�E)GgXg��AvG�k�Cfs HFXgWyG���WYs HF}�}�T�kVWYU´G�CG���WyWYuFWDszG�EQHhs�U¦Gg��WyXgWDE)��T�GgkVs��lXgWYADCfs*E)G�X)��AYGgWDU t«k�s�WDe¡HhG�k�AQU�kVE�G�X)kV`��*GgkVCfs*ErHFXgWyEgk�e¡k�TªHFX6G�C$G���CfE)W�CF`�EgWYX)ufWYU kVsG���W�U�HhG�H*>5P���WyXgWYEg��T�G�E��OXgCfe"G���WQGja(C¡elWYGg��C¢U�ESHFXgWQAYCfe¡}�HhG�k�`�TVWBark�G���k�s G���W�E�GIHhGgkVE)GgkVADHFT���s�AYWDX�GIHFk�s«GgkVWYED>P���W�W)ÖlADkVWYs�AY£¦k�ESU*WY±�s�WYU HFE�G��*W�XgHhG�k�ClCh�+G��*W�X)WDADCFs�E)GgXg��AvG�WDU GgClGg��Wy�fWDs�WYX�HhGgWDU´s¢�*e?`wWYX_Ch�[e��_kVs»G���W

±�U���AYkªHFT3X)WD�fk�Cfs�>y­�G�kVEQWDÐ�Hhe¡k�s�WDU HFE�H �O��s*AYG�k�Cfs CF�(Egk�s��fTVW�t¢k�s�WDe¡HhGgkVA�HhT¶uhHFX)kªHF`�T�WDECh�6Gg��W¢e � J�k�s«GgWD�fXgHhG�k�s��C uFWDX»HhTVT�G��*W XgWYe�HFk�s�kVs*� uhHFX)kªHF`*TVWDEY> P���W WDe�`wWYU�U�kVs*� elWYG��*CKU�J��fk�uFWDs k�G�E¡HFTVelCfE)G£%�H�G<e�� U*kVE)GgXgk�`��*G�k�CfskVs HFT�T(uhHFX)kªHF`�T�WDEYJ3�fk�uFWDE|E)e¡C¢CFG�� HFs�U E)G�HhG�k�E)G�k�A�HFT�T�£ `~WYG)G�WDX|U*WYG�WYXgelkVs�WYU W�ÖlADk�WDs�Av£ U�WY}wWYs�U�WDs*ADWDE$�OXgCFe HFT�TCf`�EgWYX)uhHF`�T�WDE�C uFWDX�HFTVT3Gg��W�HhADADWY}*GIHhs�ADW T�kVelk�GgED>lP���W�X)WDEg�*T�G�EyCF��Gg��kVE�elWYGg��CKU HFXgWl��E)WDU GgC·U�WvG�WDX)e¡k�s�W|G���WEg��HF}~W|CF�6G���W|W)ÖlADkVWYs�AY£ HFE�H �O��s�AYGgkVCfs Ch��Hhs«£ AI��CfEgWYs uhHFX)kªHF`*TVWF>���HFAI� W�ÖlADk�WDs�Av£ U�kVE�G�X)kV`��*GgkVCfs´�OXgCfe G���WWDe?`~WDU�U*kVs��QelWYGg��CKU|k�E+G��*WDs$EgADHFTVWYU|`«£|HFs|CbufWDXgHFTVT*s�CfXge¡HFT�kV��H�G�kVCFs��dHhAYG�CFX3EgCQG���HhG3G��*W�kVszG�WY�fX�HhGgWDU|W)Ö¡AYkVWYs�AY£Cf`*GIHhkVs�WYU �OX)Cfe7Gg��W�WDe?`~WDU*U�kVs��$elWYGg��CKU e¡HhG�AI�*WDErG���W�kVszGgWD�fXgHhG�WYU¦W)ÖlADkVWYs�AY£»�OX)Cfe7Gg��WQ�O��TVT<\ ¥ elWYGg��CKU�>P���WlW�ÖlADk�WDs�Av£ �OCFX±�s�U�k�s��·H Egk�s��fT�W�â¦�X È�ã(� Ë kVEyHF}�}*XgCbÐKkVe¡HhG�WYT�£ AYCfs�E�GIHFszG{È�HFX)Cf��s�U � Ý�5 È üz¾�5 Ë+Ë HhE�H

�O��s�AYGgkVCfs¦CF��õ�Èley� Ë kVs»Gg��W�X)WD�fk�Cfs CF��ü õ�Èley� Ë ü �y² HFs�U�Ó � Èle�� Ë*� Ý > � ]�W ����� >6@BESH|�O��s�AYGgkVCfs¦CF��Ó � Èpe�� Ë ÈOkVsG���WyE�HFelWuõ XgWD�FkVCfs Ë J�G���WyW�ÖlAYkVWDs*AY£¦Xgk�EgWDESX�Hh}�kVU�T�£��OX)Cfe ¾R¸�5 È ²�¸�5 Ë HhG Ý > � ]QW �4��� GgC HF`~Cf�*G ¸-Ý�5 È � Ý�5 Ë�OCfX]Ó � � ² ]QW �4��� J�Hhs�U�G��*WDs»EgT�CbarT�£lU�WDAYXgWDHFEgWYE�G�C£¤ ¾-Ý�5 Èp¤ ²�¸�5 Ë �OCFX�Ó � � � Ü ]QW �4��� >5P���k�E�`~WD��H�u¢kVCfX(kVEU���W_GgCyGg��WSU�k�ÖlAD�*T�Gj£$kVs¡XgWYADCfs�E�G�X)��AYGgkVs���TVCba���Ó � EgWYADCfs�U�HFX)£$G�XgHFAIt«E�HFs�U¡kVslkVU�WYszG�k��壢k�s���EgWDAYCfs�U�HhX)£lufWDX�G�k�ADWDE�dHFX��OXgCFe G��*W»}�Xgk�e�HFX�£ ufWDX�G�WDÐ�> P��*W¦W)ÖlADkVWYs�AY£ HFTVE)C U�kVelkVs�k�Eg��WYE��OCfX iFj!k � � ü ADe¦J3ar��kVT�W k�G?kVE?X)Cf���f��T�£

²f²

Page 12: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

ADCfs�E�GIHFszG_HFESH?�O��s�AvG�kVCFs¦Ch�½Gg��W�AI��HFXg�FWDU¦e?��T�GgkV}�T�kVAYk�Gj£$CF�¶G���W�WvufWDszGD>(P���WyCbufWYX�HFT�T�W�ÖlADk�WDs�Av£ kVErHF`~Cf�*G ü���5�OCfX�â �X HFs�U ü*²65 �OCFXQã � >¾ >3@�ADCfX)XgWYAYG�k�Cfs¡�OCFX�Gg��Wr±�U���AYkªHFT~HFAYADWD}KGIHFs�AYWBX)WÂß«��kVX)WDelWDszG(kVs i¥j!k HFs*U¡k�slGg��W"Ó � CF��Gg��Wuâ¦�X È�ã�� Ë U*WDA�H�£

}�XgC¢U���AvG�E?k�E�WDE�G�k�e�HhGgWDU �*EgkVs*� \ ¥ HFs�U �OCF��s�U G�C·X�HFs��FW¡�OXgCFe Hh`wCf�KG ²�¸ È ¾-Ý Ë HhG�Ó � Û Ý > ¸ È ² Ë ]QW �4��� G�CHF`wCF�*G ² �OCfXaÓ � � � ¸ ]QW �4��� >ü >�P���W�ADCfszG�HFe¡k�s�HhGgkVCfs `z£�ã(�Sk�s»G���W�â¦�X E�HFel}�T�WQkVE�WDE�G�k�e�HhGgWDU»G�C$`~Wo¤ ü�5 HFE��OCf�*s�U kVs»G���W R�U�HA?PQT@\ ¥ E)kVe?�*TªHhGgkVCfs ñ G���W�AYCfszGIHFelkVs�HhG�k�Cfs�`z£�â¦�X k�s?G���WQã(�6EgHFel}�TVW(kVE5HF`~Cf�*G�� 5 CfslH�ufWYX�HF�FW�ar��kVT�W�k�G+kVE�HFT�e¡CfE�G¸-Ý�5 �OCfX�Ó � È�ã(� Ë � ² > ¸ ]QW �4��� >5P���WBEgHFelWQ\ ¥ E�Hhe¡}�T�W_k�E���E)WDU GgC�ADCFe¡}��KG�W_Gg��W}�X)Cf`�HF`*kVTVk�Gj£|CF�<E)WDT�WDAYGgkVs���dHFtFW»E)WDADCFs�U�HFX�£ ufWDX�G�k�ADWDE�ÈOs�CFG$U���W GgCåâ �X CFX�ã � U�WYA�H�£¢E Ë > � �*AI� }�X)Cf`�HF`*kVTVk�Gj£ kVE��OCf�*s�U G�C HFADAYCf��szG|�OCfXXgCf���F��T�£ ¾R¸�5 Ch�½Gg��W�â¦�X HFs*U � Ý�5 CF�¶G���Wuã(��>� >QP���W?CbuFWDX�HhTVT+AYCfXgX)WDAvG�kVCFs·�dHFAYGgCfXB�OCfXBH��fWYs�WDX)kVA?k�s�ADT���Egk�ufW�uhHFX)kªHF`*TVW Á ÈdWh>[��>_G���WvÓ � Èley� Ë+Ë kVE_�fk�uFWDs `z£

G���W�W)ÐK}�X)WDE)EgkVCFs/# ¦ Èa§ Ë Û ² ÷¨�N�!©«ª u Èa§ ˬ Èa§ Ë -®­�Èa§ Ë È ² Ëar��WDX)W¯�N�!©«ª u k�E¡G��*W·}�X)Cf`�HF`�k�TVk�Gj£ CF��H��dHhtFW°e���J ¬ kVE$G���W·�fTVCf`�HFT�W�ÖlADk�WDs�Av£ Hhs�UV­ k�E¡Gg��W HFAYADWY}*GIHFs*ADWF>P���W�CbufWYX�HFT�T�ADCfX)XgWDAvG�k�Cfs��dHFAvG�CfX)EDJ+HFE�H �O��s�AvG�kVCFs CF�aÓ � Èpe � Ë J3HhXgWlEg��Cbars kVs � k���> ¾ >»P���W¡kVszG�WY�fX�HhGgWDU \ ¥ADCfX)XgWDAvG�k�Cfs»�dHFAYGgCfXgESHFX)WQWDE)GgkVe¡HhG�WYU»G�C$`wW � > ¸�±uÝ > ² HFs*U ²bÝ > ²�±NÝ > ¾ �OCfX�â �X HFs�U�ã � XgWYEg}~WDAYGgk�uFWDT�£F>¸ >(��WDADHF��EgWyCF�½G���W�Ege¡HFT�T�U�k�RwWDX)WDs�AYWDErG���H�GrW)ÐKkVE�GB`~WYGja(WDWYs EgCfelW R�U�HA?PQT@ U�kVE�G�X)kV`��*GgkVCfs*ErHFs�U G���W�U�HhG�H*J

a�W WDÐK}wWYAYG|G���HhG�Gg��W \ ¥ ADCFXgXgWYAYGgkVCfs ark�TVT�s�CFG�`wW¡�O��TVT�£ XgWYTVkªHh`�TVWlkVs G���W X)WD�fk�Cfs�Eyar��WDX)W k�G�AI��HFs��fWYE�ufWYX)£X�HF}�k�U�T�£F>B�3u¢kVU*WDs�AYW?CF�5G��*kVEBk�E_�Fk�ufWYs `z£´Gg��W�X)WDADCFs�E)GgXg��AvG�WDU�e��nÓ � ufWDX)Eg��EGg��W?}�X)Cf}~WDX_GgkVelWyar�*kVAI� E)��CbarEH$U*WD}�T�WYG�k�Cfs kVs»G��*WyT�Cba���Ó � HFs�U¦TVCba���TVk��OWvG�k�e¡WSXgWY�fkVCfs�J*WYuFWDs H��åG�WDXrHh}�}�T�£¢k�s��?G���W�\ ¥ ADCfX)XgWDAvG�k�Cfs�>� W(��EgW6G���W��OCfT�TVCbarkVs���elWYGg��C¢U�G�C_ADCfX)XgWYAYG¶G���W(ADCf��szGgWDU?s«��e?`~WDX¶CF�:â �X È�ã � Ë k�s�Gg��kVE�XgWY�fkVCFs�>½P��*W�â �X È ã � Ë

kVszuhHFXgkVHFszGaÓ � U*kVE)GgXgk�`��*G�k�Cfs�E��OCFX�G���WQ�O��T�T<\·� E�HFel}�T�W�HFXgWQ±�G)G�WDU ark�Gg�¦H|�O�*s�AYGgkVCfs�HhT�}wCba(WDXp�jTªH�a �OCfXge²#Ê z c \ q rzbÓ c Û³­µ´ Ó �Ó � � Ó �[¶[·f¸ È ¾ Ë

ar��WDX)W�� kVE�Gg��WQ}�HFX�G�kVAYTVWWYs�WDX)�F£ HFs*U�Ó � J¹­ HFs�U<º HFX)W�OXgWDW�}�HhX�HFelWYGgWDXgEYJ�kVs Gg��W�XgWY�fkVCfs Hh`wCbufW Ý > Ü ]QW �����È ² > ² ]�W ����� �OCfXöã�� Ë >3P���k�E6W�ß«��HhG�k�Cfs$��HFE�`~WDWDslarkVU�WYT�£���EgWYU¡G�C�±�G5Gg��W�Ó � U�k�E)GgXgkV`*�*G�k�Cfs�E5CF�wAI��HFX)�fWDUlG�X�HhAIt¢EU�Cbars$GgCBG��*W�TVCba(WDX3elW�HFE)��XgWYUIÓ � Å ² � Ç >+P���W�±�G)G�WDU|�O��s*AYG�k�Cfs?k�E3W)ТG�XgHF}~CfTªHhGgWDU?U*C ars|GgCxÓ � Èpe � Ë Û Ý > � ]QW �����HFs�U G���W�ADCFXgXgWYAYGgWDU¦s¢�*e?`wWYXrCF��â �X È�ã � Ë k�E�W)ТG�XgHFAYGgWDU¦�OXgCfe"G���W�kVszGgWD�fXgHFT�CF�¶G���W�AY��X)uFWF>­js G���WB�O�*TVTw\·� E�Hhe¡}�T�WFJ«G���WBs¢�*e?`wWYX�CF����s*U�WYGgWDAYGgWDU®e���k�E(WYE)G�k�e�H�G�WDU¡G�C?`~WQHF}�}*XgCbÐKkVe¡HhG�WYT�£ ²5Ü - ²5Ý c â¦�XHFs�U ² � - ²5Ý c ã � HhG ²5Ü-ÝRÝ ]�W � J�HFs�U ¾ � - ²5Ý c Hhs�U ²b¾ - ²5Ý c J�X)WDEg}~WDAvG�k�ufWDT�£fJ�HhG�Þ üRÝ ]�W � >Þ*> P��*W·HF`~CbufW¦ADCfX)XgWYAYG�k�Cfs HhR�WYAYGgElGg��W e¡WDHFEg��X)WDelWDszG�E¡CF�SG���W¦e¡WDHFs s¢�*e?`wWYX$CF��e��l}~WDXlWYufWYszG»HFs�U

CF��G���W¡e¡WDHFs�Ó � ar�*WDs ADCfel}��*GgWDU H�G�±�ÐKWDU&\g^Ô�` > P���W TVHhGgGgWDXykVE�ADHFTVAY��TªH�G�WDU HFE�Gg��W Eg�*e CF��Gg��WVÓ � ¯oE�Ch�² ¾

Page 13: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

â �X È�ã � Ë J«HF`~CbufW Ý > � ]�W ����� JzCF`�EgWYX)ufWYU�k�s|WYufWYszG�E6CF�wH��Fk�ufWYs$AI��HFXg�FWDUle?��T�GgkV}�T�kVAYk�Gj£fJ U�k�u¢kVU�WYU|`«£�G���W�s«��e?`~WDXCF��â �X È�ã � Ë # »

Ó �0¼ Û ²\ q r�½�¾ r¿6À Ó �$Á È ü Ë@Bs WYE)GgkVe¡HhG�WrCF��Gg��WSs¢�*e?`wWYX�CF����s�U�WvG�WDAvG�WYU²ey��HFs*U¡G��*WBXgWYEg��T�G�k�s���WvR�WYAYG�Cfs¡Gg��W » Ó � Èpe�� ˼ Hhs�U�CfslG���Wey��e?��T�G�k�}�TVk�ADk�Gj£?HFXgW_Cf`*G�HFkVs�WYU�J«�OCfX�WDHFAI��Ó � Èpe�� Ë U�k�E)GgXgkV`*�*G�k�Cfs�Jfark�Gg��G��*W}�XgC¢ADWYU���X)W��EgWYU»kVs�Gg��WBk�s�ADT���Egk�ufW

A�HFE)WF>yP���W|ADCfs*E)G�XgHFkVszGGg��HhG_G���W|E)��e CF���*s�U�WYGgWDAvG�WDUÃe���OCfXBW�HFAI� e?��T�G�k�}�TVk�ADk�Gj£�Eg��CF��TVU �fk�ufW�Gg��W?s«��e?`~WDXCF�3��s*U�WYGgWDAYGgWDU°e��BAYCfe¡}*�*G�WYU´�OXgCFe G���W�k�s�ADT���Egk�ufWQÓ � U*kVE)GgXgk�`��*G�k�Cfs kVE�k�e¡}~CfEgWYU�>6P���W�AYCfXgX)WDAvG�WDU » Ó � Èle�� ˼kVE�ADCFe¡}��KG�WDU¦`z£»W)ТGgX�HF}~CfTªH�G�kVs*�?G���WQ±�G)G�WDU�Ó � Èley� Ë U�k�E)G�X)kV`��KG�kVCFs»U�Cbars¦GgCNÓ � Èley� Ë Û Ý > � ]QW ����� >�K>�P��*W|ADCfs�E)kVE�G�WDs*AY£ CF��Gg��W|ADCfX)XgWYAYG�k�Cfs }�XgC¢ADWYU���X)WDE�U�WDE)ADX)kV`~WDU HF`~C uFW|��HFEQ`~WDWYs uFWDXgk�±�WDU Gg��XgCf�*�f� G���W�OCfTVT�C ark�s��?AYXgCfE)E��jAI�*WDAIt«ED>­js CfX)U�WDXlG�C AI�*WDAIt Gg��W·E)WDT�WDAYGgkVCfs XgW�ߢ�*kVXgWYe¡WYszG�E Hhs�U G��*W�ß«��HFT�k�Gj£ CF�BG���W´W�ÖlADk�WDs�Av£ AYCfXgX)WDAYGgkVCfs�J�G���W

X�H�a7HFs�U ADCfX)XgWYAYG�WYU }�XgCf}~WDX�TVk��OWvG�k�e¡W$U�k�E)G�X)kV`��KG�kVCFs�E?HhG ²5ÜRÝRÝ ]QW � HFXgW»E)��Cbars k�s � k���> ü > � k�GgGgkVs��¦G�C HFsW)ÐK}wCFs�WDszG�kVHFT��OCfXge �fk�uFWDE�H�â �X elW�Hhs¡}�X)Cf}~WDX6TVk��OWvG�k�e¡W(CF��È Ý > Ü��o±uÝ�� ÝK² Ë - ²5Ý L � EIÈa} n ú$\o��� �«� ��� Û � � >,� � ¸�� Ë �OCfX²5ÜRÝRÝ ]QW � HFs�UÆÈ Ý > �RÝ�±uÝ���Ý*² Ë - ²5Ý L ��ENÈ�} n ú$\��!� �v� �!��ÛIÞ Ý > Þ � ¸ Þ Ë �OCfXQÞ üRÝ ]QW � >���ChG�� uhHFTV�*WDE�HFX)WQADCfs*EgkVE�G�WYs«Gark�G�� Gg��W a(CfXgT�U H�uFWDX�Hh�fW uhHFTV��WYE2Å ²F²ÂÇ > P���W E�Hhe¡W�±*G|G�C G���W=ã(�|}�XgCF}wWYX|TVk��OWvG�k�e¡WlU�kVE�G�X)kV`��*GgkVCfs*E��fk�ufWDE$He¡WDHFs0CF��È ¾ >�Þ ²°±uÝ���Ý � Ë - ²bÝ L � EÏÈ�} n ú$\���� �«� �!�ùÛ �R� > ¾ �8� � Ë �OCfX ²5Ü-ÝRÝ ]QW � HFs�U È ¾ >�Þ ²Ä±NÝ�� Ý � Ë - ²5Ý L � EÈ�} n ú$\��!� �v� �!��Û ¸ �¢> ��� ¸-Ý Ë �OCfXQÞ üRÝ ]�W � >*P��*WQ}�XgCf}~WDX�T�k��OWvG�kVelWrXgWY�fkVCfs*E���E)WDU �OCfX(Gg��W±�GrHFX)WÆÅ � Ý�� �o- ²5Ý L ��EÈEâ �X Ë HFs*U²Å � ²5Ý L � EmÈ ã � Ë >P���W�s«��e�`wWYX�CF����s�U�WvG�WDAvG�WYU¨e � WDТG�X�HhAYG�WYU �OXgCFe G���Wl±�GgGgWDU2Ó � AD�*X)ufW¡kVEyHFT�EgC¦AI��WDAIthWDU�>¦P���W�}*XgCf}~WDX

TVk��OWvG�k�e¡W_U�kVE�G�Xgk�`��*GgkVCfs�E�CF� � kV��> ü HFX)W±�GgGgWDU¦G�ClHFs¦W)ÐK}wCFs�WDszG�kVHFT��OCfX)e7ark�Gg�¦±�Ð*WYU·E)TVCf}~W_ÈOGg��W�â¦�X � ã��relW�HFsTVk��OWvG�k�e¡WYE2Å ²f²)Ç JfÅ$Ç rÈ Û Ý���Ü��fü(¸ - ²bÝ L � E ñ Å'É r Û ¾�� Þ üz¾ - ²5Ý L � E Ë kVs G��*W·XgWY�fkVCFs&Å � Ý�� � - ²5Ý L ��EÈaÅ � ²5Ý L � E��OCfX�ã � Ë Hhs�U�G��*WB±�GgGgWDU AY��X)uFWDESHFX)WBkVszGgWD�fXgHhG�WYU U�Cbars G�C:Å�Û Ý >3P���Ws«��e?`~WDX�CF����s�U�WvG�WYAYG�WYUâ¦�X È�ã(� Ë Cf`*G�HFkVs�WYU�e¡HhGgAI��WDEQG�C ²�¸�5 È üRÝ�5 Ë ark�G�� G���W$s«��e?`~WDXQ�OX)Cfe G��*WuÓ � U�k�E)GgXgkV`*�*G�k�Cfs�> � ��X�G���WYXgelCfXgWG���WxÓ � U�kVE�G�Xgk�`��*GgkVCfs�E6CF�aâ¦�X È ã�� Ë ark�Gg� }�XgCF}wWYX�TVk��OWYG�k�e¡WYE5�fXgWDHhG�WYX�G���HFs Ý���Ü - ²bÝ L �DÚ�È ²���Ý - ²5Ý L �DÚB�OCfX"ã�� ËHFXgW�ADCFe¡}�HhXgWDU»ark�G�� G���W�ADCFXgXgWYEg}~Cfs�U�k�s��lU�kVE�G�Xgk�`��*GgkVCfs�E��OCFXrHFTVT�T�k��OWvG�kVelWDE ñ Gg��WyADCfel}�HFX)kVEgCFs»�fk�uFWDErG���W�E�Hhe¡WuFHhTV��WYE�CF��H�ufWDXgHF�fWNÓ � > � ��WYs s�CfX)e�HhTVkV�YWDU G�C¦Cfs�W¡HFs�ChG���WYXDJ½Gg��WlAD��X�ufWDE��fk�uFW¡H¦ADCfel}�HFXgHF`�T�W|s¢�*e?`wWYX�Ch�â¦�X È�ã(� Ë kVs»G��*WyWDТG�X�Hh}wCfTVHhG�WYU XgWD�FkVCfs�>@Bs¡HFU�U�k�G�k�Cfs�HFT¢ADX)CfEgEp�jAI��WYAIt$�OCFX5ADCfX)XgWDAvG�k�s��QG���WrH�ufWYX�HF�FW�Ó � CF��G��*WÆey�6CF`�EgWYX)ufWYU�k�slWvufWYs«GgE(Ch�w±�ÐKWYU�e?��TM�

G�kV}*TVkVAYk�Gj£|AYCfs�E)kVE)GgE�CF�¶}�TVChGgG�k�s���G���WQ}�X)Cf}~WDX�T�k��OWYGgkVelWrU�kVE�G�Xgk�`��*GgkVCfs¡kVs E)TVkVAYWDE�Ch�Ó � EgC?G���HhG�W�HhAI�¦U*kVE)GgXgk�`��*G�k�CfsADCfX)XgWDE)}wCFs�U�E(GgC�CFs�W_`*kVslkVsuÓ � >3P���k�E(k�E(U�CFs�WS�OCFX6WDHFAI��`*kVs�k�s¡e���T�GgkV}�T�kVADk�Gj£f><@S�åG�WDX�±�G)G�kVs*�yGg��W_U*kVE)GgXgk�`��*G�k�CfskVs�Gg��W T�Cfs��·T�k��OWvG�kVelW|XgWY�fkVCFs kVs�W�HFAI��Ó � `�kVs�J½G���W AYCfXgX)WDAvG?s«��e?`~WDX?Ch��â¦�X kVs�G���W¡Eg��CfX�G|TVk��OWYGgkVelW|XgWD�FkVCfs

²bü

Page 14: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

A�HFs `~W»W)ТG�XgHF}~CfTªHhGgWDU �OX)Cfe G���W ±�GgED> P���W»Ó � Èpe � Ë«¼ A�HFs Gg��WDs `~W»XgWYADCfel}��*GgWDU �OXgCFe�Gg��W»e¡C¢U�k�±�WDU�Ó �

U�kVE�G�Xgk�`��*GgkVCfs�>6P���W?Ó � uhHFT���WDErCf`*G�HFkVs*WDU¦��Egk�s��lGg��W�Gja�C U*k�RwWDXgWYszGBAYCfXgX)WDAYGgkVCfs¦elWYG��*CKU�ESHFX)W�AYCfs�E)kVE)GgWDszG�>�­jsG���W?ADHFEgW�CF�öã��DJ�s�C WvufWYs«GgEyHFXgWy�OCf��s�U ark�G���Ó � `wWYTVCba ² ]QW ����� U���W�GgC�G���W�G�kV�F�«GS±�U��*ADkªHhT½X)WÂß«��kVX)WDelWDszG�EkVel}wCfE)WDU k�s·G��*W|HFs�HFT�£¢EgkVEY>P���WYXgWY�OCFXgWFJ<k�s·G��*W�ã��QADHFEgWhJ�G���W?AYCfXgX)WDAvG�kVCFs e¡WvG���C¢U `�HhEgWDU Cfs WDТG�X�Hh}wCfTVHhG�k�s��G���WS}�XgCF}wWYX(T�k��OWYGgkVelW�U�k�E)G�X)kV`��KG�kVCFs$HhG�WDHFAI�VÓ � `�kVslA�Hhs�s�CFG(`wWS��E)WDU�>6��WYA�HF��E)WBCF�wG���k�EDJ«G���WSADX)CfEgEp�jAI��WYAIt«ErHFXgWTVkVelk�GgWDU�GgC¡AYCfel}�HFXgk�s��|G���Wys«��e?`~WDXSCF�3WDТG�X�Hh}wCfTVHhG�WYU�ã(�_k�s¦Gg��W?Ó � HFs*U´}�X)Cf}~WDXSTVk��OWvG�k�e¡W_U�kVE�G�Xgk�`��*GgkVCfs�E�Ch�G���WQ�O��T�T�U�HhG�H$EgHFel}�TVWh>� kVs�HFTVT�£fJfa(WXgWv�OWDX�GgC�Å � Ç �OCfX(H�U�WvGIHFk�TVWYU�U�k�EgAD�*EgEgk�Cfs»CF��Gg��WAI��HhXg�fWYU G�X�HhAItlE)WDT�WDAYGgkVCfs HFs�U X)WDADCFs�E)GgXg��AvG�kVCFs

W�ÖlADk�WDs�AYkVWDEY>

��¹bº +��|+�¼�é�Ê æQ¼s¹ÂÁ À�»=Ásén½Q¼aæm¹p»�¼�¹pé8+P���W�Gja(C U�CfelkVs�HFszGBE�£KE�G�WYe�HhGgkVAy��s�AYWDX)G�HFkVszGgkVWDE_ADCfelW��OX)Cfe G��*W?HFAYADWD}KGIHFs�AYW|HFs�U·W�ÖlADk�WDs�Av£·AYCfXgX)WDAYGgkVCfs

}�XgC¢ADWYU���XgWYED>Q@_EU�WDE)ADX)kV`~WDU kVs � WDAvG�k�Cfs � J�HFADAYWD}*G�HFs�ADW?HFs�U W�ÖlAYkVWDs*AY£ AYCfXgX)WDAvG�kVCFs�EB��H�uFW|`wWYWDs ADCFe¡}��KG�WDU��Egk�s��´\ ¥ E)kVe?��TVHhG�k�Cfs�J�ark�Gg��Hhs�HhU�U�k�GgkVCfs�HFT½AYCfXgX)WDAvG�kVCFs�Hh}�}�TVk�WDU GgC¦AYCfel}wWYs�E�HhGgW?�OCfXy\ ¥ U�WY±�AYkVWYs�ADk�WDE�kVsG���WyTVCba Ó � XgWD�FkVCfs¦`wWvGja�WYWDs Ý > � � Ý > Ü ]QW �4��� >�P���W�Gja(C�AYCfXgX)WDAvG�kVCFs·}�X)CKAYWDU���X)WDEBHFXgWyTªHFX)�fWDT�£»kVs*U�WD}~WDs�U*WDszG�Jar��kVAI� HFT�TVCbarEy��E�G�C´WYuhHFT���HhG�WlG���W�E)£¢E)GgWDe¡HhG�k�A���s�AYWDX�GIHFk�s«GgkVWYE��OXgCFe Gg��WDE)W Gja�C E)Cf��X)ADWDE�EgWD}�HFX�HhGgWDT�£f> P���WU�WYG�HFkVT�E�HFXgW�U�WYEgAYXgkV`~WDU¦`~WDTVCba�>² > � WyE)Gg��U*£¦G���WyEgWYs�Egk�G�k�uKk�Gj£ CF�3Gg��kVESe¡WDHFEg�*XgWDelWDszGSG�ClG���W�U�k�RwWDX)WDs�AYWDEB`~WYGja(WDWYs G���W�\ ¥ }�X)WDU�k�AYG�k�Cfs�E

HFs�U G���W�Eg��HF}wWYE_Ch�½Gg��W�CF`�EgWYX)ufWYU°ey�St«kVs�WYe�H�G�kVADHFT�U�k�E)GgXgkV`*�*G�k�Cfs�ED> � W���EgW�G��*W��OCFTVTVCbark�s���Gja(C�EgWvG�ESCF�3\ ¥WYufWYszG�ED>6P���W±�X)E)Grk�E�ADX)W�HhGgWDU ��E)kVs��?Gg��WU�Wv�dHF��T�G R¹U�HA?PQT@ \ ¥ >�P��*WQEgWDAYCfs�U kVE(G���WCFs�WQ��EgWYU»�OCfX�W)Ö¡AYkVWYs�AY£E)G��*U�kVWYE(��E)kVs���G��*WSWYe?`~WDU�U�k�s��y}�XgC¢ADWYU���XgWt#+G��*WNe � ¯[E�kVs$G��*kVE�EgWvG(��HbuFWBs�CFsK�j}��z£¢Egk�A�HFT�U�k�E)GgXgkV`*�*G�k�Cfs�E3X)Cf���f��T�£��s�k��OCFXge"kVsVÓ � `��*Grs*CFG�kVs=õ~>5P���WQU�k�R�WYXgWYs«GrAYCfXgX)WDAvG�kVCFs �dHFAYGgCfXgE�WvuFHhTV��HhGgWDU �OX)Cfe7Gg��WQHF`~CbufW�U�HhG�H?EgWYGgESHFXgWHF}�}�T�kVWDU G�C·Gg��W elW�HFE)��XgWYU U�kVE�G�X)kV`��*GgkVCfs*ED> � HFT���G���W U*k�RwWDXgWYs�ADW�`wWvGja�WYWDs G���W AYCfXgX)WDAvG�WDU U*kVE)GgXgk�`��*G�k�Cfs�EykVEGIHFthWDs HhESGg��W�E)£¢E)GgWDe¡HhG�k�A���s*ADWDX�GIHFk�szGj£ Cfs¦Gg��WyU�kVE�G�Xgk�`��*GgkVCfs�E�Gg��WDelEgWYT�uFWDEDJ�ar��k�AI� HFelCf��szGgErGgC�Hh`wCf�KG ²bÝ�5�OCfX�G���W�â¦�X HFs�U2ã���Ó � U�kVE�G�X)kV`��*GgkVCfs*EDJ*X)Cf���f�*T�£ AYCfs�E�GIHFszG_C uFWDX�G��*W�ar�*CfTVW�Eg}~WDAvG�X)��e´>P���W$WYRwWDAvG�CFs G���W|elW�HFs=Ó � uhHFT���W|kVE ü�5 �OCfXmâ¦�X Hhs�U � 5 �OCfX�ã���> � CFXBG���W�â¦�X HFs*UÏã(�Qe?��T�G�kV}*TVkVAYk�Gj£

U�kVE�G�Xgk�`��*GgkVCfs�EYJ�G���W$E�£KE�G�WYe�HhGgkVA|uhHFXgkVHhG�k�Cfs XgHFs��fWYEy�OX)Cfe ²5Ý�5 G�C � ¾-¸�5 >l@_E�H �O��s*AYG�k�Cfs CF�f\g^Ôa` J¶Gg��W$E)£¢E��G�WDe¡HhGgkVAB�*s�ADWYX)GIHhkVszGj£»Cfs Gg��WQs«��e?`~WDX�CF��â¦�X X�HFs*�fWDE��OX)Cfe H?�OWva }~WDX)ADWDszGrG�C|X)Cf���f�*T�£ ¾-Ý�5 H�G�G���WQ�*kV�f��WYE)GAI��HFXg�FWDU¦e?��T�GgkV}�T�kVAYk�G�k�WDEY>¾ > P���W¦E)£¢E�G�WDe¡HhGgkVA¦��s�ADWYX)G�HFkVszGj£ U���W G�C G���W AYCfXgX)WDAYGgkVCfs �OCfX|G���W¦��s�U*WYG�WYAYGgWDU³e��¡kVs G��*W_Ó � XgWD�FkVCfs

² �

Page 15: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

`wWvGja�WYWDs Ý > � HFs�U Ý > Ü ]�W ����� ��HFE$`~WDWDs WYuhHFT���HhGgWDU kVs G��*W �OCFTVTVCbark�s��·a�Hb£F> P���W }�XgC¢ADWYU���XgW¦U�Wv±�s�WDU kVs� WDAvG�kVCFs � JB}~CfkVszG²�¢JBkVE�XgWD}~W�H�G�WDU���E)kVs�� Ó � HFs�U }�X)Cf}wWYX»TVk��OWYG�k�e¡W¦U�k�E)G�X)kV`��KG�kVCFs�E `~CFG�� ADCFXgXgWYAYGgWDU ark�G��R¹U�HA?PQT@ \ ¥ Hhs�U ark�Gg��Gg��W¡WYe?`~WDU�U�k�s��h��`�HFEgWYU ADCFXgXgWYAYGgkVCfs�>»P��*W�G�CFG�HFT�s«��e?`~WDXyCF�~e���kVEyADCfel}��*GgWDU `z£kVszG�WY�fX�HhGgkVs�� Gg��W$ADCfX)XgWYAYG�WYU�Ó � HFs�U TVk��OWYGgkVelW�Eg}~WDAvG�XgH �OCfX�WDHFAI��Ch�(Gg��WlGja(C¦A�HFE)WDED> � WlWYs�U �*} ark�G�� �OCf��XU�k�RwWDX)WDszGyWYuhHFTV��HhG�k�Cfs�EQCF�(G���Wls«��e?`~WDX�CF���*s�U�WYGgWDAvG�WDU&e��b>��6£ ADCfel}�HFX)kVs�� Gg��W¡s«��e�`wWYXgEyCf`*GIHhkVs�WYU �OX)CfeHFTVT6ADCfe�`�kVs�H�G�kVCFs�EDJ¶a�W»Cf`*EgWDX�ufW Gg��HhG?Gg��W TªHhXg�fWYE)G?U*k�RwWDXgWYs�ADW Hhe¡Cf�*s«GgE�GgC HF`wCF�*G ¸-Ý�5 CF��Gg��W AYCfXgX)WDAYGgkVCfsuFHhTV��Wh>�P���k�EQs¢�*e?`wWYX�kVEBG�HFtFWYs HFEGg��W$E)£¢E)GgWDe¡HhG�k�A|��s�AYWDX)G�HFkVszGj£ CFs Gg��kVEBADCfX)XgWDAvG�k�Cfs HFs�U kVEQAYCf��szG�WYU HFE�HADCfszG�X)kV`��KG�kVCFs G�C$G���W�E)£¢E�G�WDe¡HhGgkVADErCfs»Gg��WQG���WQG�ChGIHFT�s«��e�`wWYXSCh�+elW�HFE)��XgWYU â¦�X È�ã�� Ë >P���W�e¡WDHFs�Ó � uhHFTV��WYErHhG�±�ÐKWDU¦e?��T�G�k�}�TVk�ADk�GgkVWYE�HFXgW�HFT�EgC$HhRwWDAvG�WYU´`z£�Gg��W�ADCfX)XgWYAYG�k�Cfs �OCfX�Gg��WQ��s�U�WvG�WYAYG�WYUâ¦�X È�ã(� Ë kVs Gg��W�TVCba Ó � X)WD�fk�Cfs�>5P���W�E)£¢E�G�WDe¡HhGgkVAQ��s�AYWDX�GIHFk�s«Gj£ Cfs¦Gg��WQADCFXgXgWYAYGgkVCfs kVE�WYE)GgkVe¡HhG�WYU´HhE��OCfTVT�C arEY>� kVX)E)Gyk�Gy��HFE�`wWYWDs ufWDX)k�±�WYU G���HhG�Gg��W�elW�Hhs2Ó � Hh�åG�WYX�AYCfXgX)WDAYGgkVCfs�kVE�kVs*U�WD}~WDs�U*WDszG|CF�(G���W�â¦�X È�ã(� Ë }*XgCf}~WDXTVk��OWvG�k�e¡W(kVs$G���WSXgWY�fkVCfs$��E)WDU k�slGg��kVE6HFs�HFT�£¢Egk�EsÈdEgWYW � kV��> � Ë >3P���WYs�J*E�GIHFX�G�k�s��Qark�G��uÓ � U*kVE)GgXgk�`��*G�k�Cfs�E�HhG�±�ÐKWYUAI��HFXg�FWDU¦e?��T�GgkV}�T�kVAYk�Gj£?�OCfX(G���WQE)��`�EgWvGBCh�½WvufWYs«GgE_ark�G���â¦�X È ã�� Ë }�X)Cf}~WDX�TVk��OWYGgkVelWS�FXgW�H�G�WDX�Gg��HFs Ý���Ü - ²5Ý L �DÚÈ ²���Ý - ²5Ý L �DÚ Ë J¢Gg��WelW�HFsNÓ � kVE(ADCfel}��*GgWDU�Gg��WBEgHFe¡WSa�H�£�HFE�U�WYEgAYXgkV`~WDU�kVs � WYAYGgkVCfs � HFs�U�Gg��WBU*k�RwWDXgWYs�ADW`wWvGja�WYWDs G���W�e¡WDHFs�Ó � uhHFT���WDES�OCfX_Gg��W��O�*TVT¶U�HhGIHhEgWYGHFs�U·Gg��W?��k��f�®Å Eg��`�E)WYG�k�EBHFE)Egk��fs�WDU HhEH�E�£KE�G�WYe�HhGgkVA��s�ADWYX)G�HFkVszGj£ �OCfX?Gg��kVE|AYCfXgX)WDAYGgkVCfs�> � kVs�AYW»G���W ADCFXgXgWYAYGgkVCfs kVE$Hh}�}�TVk�WDU Cfs�T�£ GgC ADHFTVAY��TªH�G�kVCFs�E?CF�SG���W elW�HFsÓ � H�G±�ÐKWDU e?��T�G�kV}*TVkVAYk�Gj£ Hhs�U CF��G���W|s«��e?`~WDXQCh�?â �X È�ã � Ë J�G��*W|E)£¢E)GgWDe¡HhG�k�A|��s�ADWYX)G�HFkVszGj£ HFE)EgC¢ADkVHhG�WYU ark�G��k�G$HhRwWDAvG�E$Cfs�T�£ Gg��WDE)W¦elW�HhEg��X)WDelWDszG�EY> ­�GlHhe¡Cf�*s«GgE?G�C HF`~Cf�*G_Þ 5 È ²5Ý�5 Ë �OCFX?G���W»G�ChGIHFT�s«��e�`wWYX|CF�Nâ¦�XÈ�ã � Ë HFs�U HhRwWDAYGgE?G���W¦H�ufWYX�HF�FW»s¢�*e?`wWYX$CF�Iâ �X È�ã � Ë HFE$H �O��s�AvG�kVCFs CF�rG���W AI��HFX)�fWDU e?�*T�G�k�}�TVk�ADk�Gj£ `«£�G���WE�HFelWlHFe¡CF��szG�>�P��*WDEgW¡E)£¢E)GgWDe¡HhG�k�A¡�*s�ADWYX)GIHhkVszG�k�WDEyADCfe?`*kVs�WYU�k�sÆß«��HFU*X�HhGg��XgW$ark�Gg� Gg��W¡ChG���WYX�E�£KE�G�WYe�HhGgkVA��s�ADWYX)G�HFkVszG�k�WDErU�k�EgAD�*EgEgWYU·k�s Gg��kVE�E)WDAvG�kVCFs·HFX)WQkVs�AYTV��U*WDU kVs � k��f��XgWYE ²f² G�C ² Þ*>ü >¦P½C k�szufWDE�G�k��zHhG�WlG���W¡E)£¢E)GgWDe¡HhG�k�A�WvR�WYAYG|CF��G���W�GgX�HFAIt X)WDADCFs�E)GgXg��AvG�kVCFs }�XgC¢ADWYU���XgW¡Cfs Gg��W�W)Ö¡AYkVWYs�AY£

ADCfX)XgWDAvG�k�Cfs�J«a�WAYCfel}�HFXgWSCf��X6XgWYEg��T�G�ark�G�� HyEgWvG�CF�¶\ ¥ WvufWYs«GgE�ar��WDX)WBG��*W_G�XgHFAIt«E�HFX)WBXgWYADCfs*E)G�X)��AYGgWDU»��E)kVs��G���W ¥ P ¥ kVsK�OCfXge¡HhG�k�Cfs HFT�Cfs�WhJ½HhE�Cf}*}wCfE)WDU G�C G���WlU�WY�dHh��T�G �¢� Á � ¥ P ¥ G�XgHFAIt XgWYADCfs*E)G�X)��AYGgkVCfs�> � W|±�s*UG���HhG�Gg��WQuhHFXgkVHhG�k�Cfs Cfs G���WQ±�s�HFT<ADCfX)XgWYAYG�WYU_Ó � U�k�E)G�X)kV`��KG�kVCFs»kVE�s�WY�fTVk��fkV`�T�WF>� >�°BG���WYX?EgCf�*XgADWYE$CF�rE)£¢E)GgWDe¡HhG�k�A ��s�AYWDX�GIHFk�s«GgkVWYE?kVs�AYTV��U*W�G���W�U�WD}~WDs�U*WDs�AYW¦Ch�SGg��W X)WDEg�*T�G�E|CFs G���W k�sK�

E)GIHhs«G�HFs�WYCf��E�T���e¡k�s�CfE)k�Gj£$HFs*U�G���W_��s�AYWDX)G�HFkVszGj£�HFEgE)CKAYkªHhGgWDUlark�G��¡G���W_kVU�WYs«Ggk�±�ADHhG�k�Cfs¡HFs�U E)WDTVWYAYGgkVCfs Ch�<�fC¢CKUkVEgCFTªHhGgWDU�Ó�ØÓ kVszGgWDX�HhAYG�k�Cfs�E?�OX)Cfe E)WDADCFs�U�HFX�£ CfX|ADT�CfEgWYT�£ Eg}�HFAYWDU WYufWYszG¡uFWDX)GgkVAYWDE�ÈdE)WDW Å � Ç Ë > P���W»±�XgE�G¡e¡H�£HhR�WYAYG6G���WSXgWYEg��T�G�E6`wWYA�HF�*EgWB�*kV�f��WYX�TV��elkVs�CFEgk�Gj£��fk�uFWDE6��kV�F��WDX�U�WvG�WDAvG�CfX(CKAYAD��}�HFs�AY£$ar��k�AI��k�slGg��Xgs¡A�HFs�HFT�GgWDXG���WËe���k�U�WDszG�k�±�A�H�G�kVCFs�>�P��*kVE��HhEy`~WDWYs kVszufWYE)G�k��zHhGgWDU `z£ HFs�HFT�£¢�DkVs*� U�HhG�H EgHFel}�TVWYEXgWYADCfX)U�WDU�HhG�U�k�R�WYXgWDszGkVs�E�GIHFszGIHhs�WDCf�*EQTV��elkVs�CFEgk�GgkVWYED>P���W|X)WDE)��T�GgEQEg��Cba s*C»Cf`�EgWYX)uhHF`�T�W?WYRwWDAvG�>�P���W$EgWDAYCfs�U EgCF��XgAYWlADHFs TVWDHFU G�C

²�¸

Page 16: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

kVs�AYCfXgX)WDAYGWYufWYszG�E)WDTVWYAYGgkVCfs HFs*U }�XgC¢U���AYW¡HhEgEgC¢ADkVHhG�k�Cfs�E_CF��G�X�HhAIt¢EQGg��HhG�dHFthW$H²e � >yP���kVEQE)Cf��XgAYW|��HFEQ`~WDWYskVszufWYE)G�k��zHhGgWDU `z£´ADCfel}�HFX)kVs��lU�HhG�H�E�HFel}�T�WDErark�G��·U�k�RwWDX)WDszGX)WÂß«��kVX)WDelWDszG�E_�OCfXBH¡�fCKC¢U�Ó�ØÓ ufWYX)G�WDÐ×Å � Ç >BP���WXgWDE)��T�GgEr�fk�uFWQE)£¢E)GgWDe¡HhG�k�A�uhHFX)kªHhGgkVCfs*E�Ege¡HFTVT�WDX6G���HFs ��5 Cfs¦Gg��W�CbufWDXgHFTVT<s«��e�`wWYXSCh��â¦�X È ã�� Ë >¸ >3P���W_��s�AYWDX)G�HFkVszGj£lCfs$G���WSADCFXgXgWYAYGgkVCfs¡kVE�U�kVE�G�X)kV`��*GgWDUlkVslU�k�RwWDX)WDszG6a�H�£¢E(�OCfX6U�k�R�WYXgWDszG6Cf`�E)WDX�uFHh`�TVWYED>5@BE

HlAYCfs�EgW�ß«��WDs�AYWFJ�Gg��WykVszG�WY�fX�HFT<Ch�+G��*W�AYCfXgX)WDAYGgWDU U*kVE)GgXgk�`��*G�k�Cfs»CF�5WDHFAI�´uhHFX)kªHF`*TVWQkVErU�k�R�WYXgWYs«GD> � CfXrW)Ð*HFel}�T�WFJG���W�GgCFGIHFT*s¢�*e?`wWYX5CF��â �X È�ã � Ë W)ТGgX�HFAvG�WDU$�OXgCFe G��*W�kVszG�WY�fX�HFTKCF�~G���W�AYCfXgX)WDAYGgWDUuÓ � U�kVE�G�Xgk�`��*GgkVCfs?e¡H�£�`~W�ufWYX)£U�k�RwWDX)WDszGQ�OXgCfe G���HhGQW)ТGgX�HFAvG�WDU �OXgCFe Gg��W|e?��T�G�kV}*TVkVAYk�Gj£»U*kVE)GgXgk�`��*G�k�Cfs�>Q­js }�HFX�G�k�AD��TVHFXDJ�HFEU�k�EgAD�*EgEgWYU k�s·G���W}�XgWvuKk�Cf��EQE)WDAYGgkVCfs�J�Gg��WvÓ � ADCfX)XgWYAYG�k�Cfs ��HFEQ`~WDWYs�Cf`*EgWDX�ufWYU�G�C `~W|��s�X)WDTVkVHF`�T�W��OCfXxÓ � � � Ý >,� ]QW �4��� ar�*WDXgWH·TªHFX)�fW�}�HFX)G|Ch��G���W<e � ADXgCFEgE���EgWYAYG�k�Cfs TVk�WDEYJ3EgC Gg��HhG�Gg��W HFX)W�H·��s*U�WDX?Gg��W U�k�E)G�X)kV`��KG�kVCFs e¡Hb£ `~W Eg�*`¢�)WDAvGG�C TVHFXg�fWy��s�AYWDX�GIHFk�s«GgkVWYED>y]Qk�ufWYs·G��*kVEDJ~a�W���EgW?Gg��W��fT�Cf`�HFTxÈdk�szG�WD�FX�HhGgWDU Ë ADCfX)XgWDAvG�k�Cfs·�OXgCFe Gg��W R�U�HA?PQT@ \ ¥HFE|H ADCFXgXgWYAYGgkVCfs �dHFAvG�CfXy�OCfX�Gg��W�G�ChGIHFT(s¢�*e?`wWYX?CF�Iâ¦�X È ã�� Ë > � W X)WDs�CfX)e�HhTVkV�YW¡WDHFAI� U�kVE�G�X)kV`��*GgkVCfs G�C Gg��kVEs¢�*e?`wWYX G�C ar��k�AI��a(W HhGgGgXgkV`*�*G�W H üRÝ�5 E)£¢E�G�WDe¡HhGgkVA ��s�AYWDX)G�HFkVszGj£F> P���kVE uhHFT���W kVE»U*WYG�WYXgelkVs�WYU�HFE G���We�H$ÐKk�e?��e U�k�R�WYXgWDs*ADWG���HhG�a�HFE��OCf��s*U»`wWvGja�WYWDs G���W�FTVCf`�HhTwAYCfXgX)WDAYGgWDU s«��e?`~WDX�Ch��e � HFs�U Gg��WkVszGgWD�fXgHFTwCh�HFsz£ ADCfX)XgWDAvG�WYU U�kVE�G�X)kV`��*GgkVCfs�> � ��AI� ��s�AYWDX�GIHFk�s«Gj£ X)W'%�WYAYGgECfs G���W�â¦�X �ÍÌ X�HhGgkVCfErHhs�U·Cfs¦G���W�HF`�E)CfTV�KG�W�EgADHFTVWCF�<G���W_X�HhGgkVCfE(CF�<G��*WBelW�HFs s«��e�`wWYX�CF�aâ¦�X È ã�� Ë G�C�Gg��WAI��HFX)�fWDU»e���T�GgkV}�T�kVADk�Gj£�}*TVCFG)G�WDU�kVs � k��f��X)WDE ² �yG�C ¾-Ý >P+HF`*TVWQ­g­)­�X)WD}~CfX)GgE_H|E)��e¡e¡HFX�£ CF�+HFTVT~G���W�E�£KE�G�WYe�HhGgkVA���s�AYWDX�GIHFk�s«GgkVWYESU*kVEgAY��EgE)WDU�>

��¹Â¹bº æV»�æmè��|+¹$+�½Vé~+À�è¼4+æ�º ½më�Î*Ï0Ð�í*Î@BT�T�U�HhGIH }�X)WDEgWYszG�WDU HhXgW Eg��`«�)WDAYG¡G�C2Ó �Ñ� Ý > � ]QW �4��� Hhs�U ü õ]üf ² XgW�ß«��kVX)WDelWDszG�EYJ�HFE$Eg}~WDAYk�±�WYU kVs

� WDAvG�kVCFs�­g­)­IJ*Hhs�U»HFX)WBADCFXgXgWYAYGgWDU��OCfX(HFAYADWD}KGIHFs�AYWQHFs�U¡ufWDX�G�WDТ�m±�s�U�k�s��|W�ÖlAYkVWDs*AY£f> � £KE�G�WYe�HhGgkVA_��s�ADWYX)G�HFkVszG�k�WDEHFXgW|s�ChG�kVs�AYTV��U�WYU W)ÐKADWY}*G�ar��WDX)W¡WDÐ*}*TVkVAYk�GgT�£¦E)G�HhG�WYU�>?P½HF`�TVW|­SEg�*C arE�G��*WlXgH�a HFs*U AYCfXgX)WDAvG�WDU s«��e?`~WDX)EyCh�â¦�X È�ã(� Ë EgWYTVWDAvG�WYU�k�s Cf��X±�U��*ADkªHhT3XgWY�fkVCfs �OCFXBG���W|�O��T�T5\·� EgHFe¡}*TVW|HFEQa(WDT�T5HFE�OCfXBGg��Wg� !��D, HFs�U Gg��W|� &-* áE�HFel}�TVWYED>3P��*WBADCFXgXgWYAYGgWDU elW�HFs¡s«��e?`~WDX6CF�â¦�X È ã�� Ë }wWYX(WvufWYs«G�kVs�WDHFAI� EgHFe¡}*TVWrkVE(HFTVE)C�E)��Cbars ñ E�£KE�G�WYe�HhGgkVA��s�ADWYX)G�HFkVszG�k�WDESHFX)WQkVs�AYTV��U�WYU�>­js � k���> ¸ �OCfX?Gg��W�â �X HFs*U k�s � kV��>Þ �OCfX?Gg��W�ã � J6G���W s�CFXge¡HFTVk��DWDU e���T�GgkV}�T�kVADk�Gj£ CF�uâ �X È�ã � Ë �OCfX?G���W

\·�BJ/� !��D, HFs�UÄ� &-* á�WvufWYs«GgEkVESEg�*C ars·EgWD}�HFX�HhGgWDT�£»�OCfXSGg��W Ù Ú�Û ²5ÜRÝRÝ ]�W � ÈOEgCfT�kVU¦E)£¢e?`~CfTVE Ë HFs�U Þ ü-Ý ]QW �ÈdCf}~WDs E�£¢e?`wCFTVE Ë U�HhG�H*>5P���W}�X)Cf`�HF`*kVTVk�Gj£|CF��}�X)CKU*��ADk�s��?Cfs�W_CfX�elCfX)W�ã � kVE�T�Cba�WYX�G���Hhs�G���WBWÂß«��k�uhHFT�WDszGsâ �X}�XgCf`�HF`�kVT�k�Gj£FJKHhs�U»G���WQU�k�R�WYXgWYs�ADWQk�s�ADX)W�HFE)WDE�ark�Gg�²e���e?��T�G�k�}�TVk�ADk�Gj£F>½P��*kVE�`~WD��H�u¢kVCFX�kVE�elCfX)W}�XgCFs�Cf��s�AYWDU¦kVsG���WsÚ�Ò�Ó�Ô3Eg�*`�E�HFel}�T�WF>3P���WrX)WDEg�*T�G�E6Eg�*C ars¡kVs � k��f��XgWYE ¸ Hhs�U_Þ*Jzark�G��|Gg��WDk�X6E�GIHhGgkVE�G�kVADHFT*WYXgX)CfXgEYJ*HFX)W�XgWY}wCfX�G�WYU

² Þ

Page 17: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

kVs P+Hh`�TVWQ­ � >P���W�kVszuhHFXgkVHFszGÓ � k�s�ADT���Egk�ufWU�k�E)GgXgkV`*�*G�k�Cfs�E�Ch��â �X HhXgWQEg�*C ars¦kVs � kV�f�*XgWDEÕ�|HFs*U Ü HhG�G��*WGja�C$WDs*WDXg�FkVWDE

�OCfX?G���W»�O��T�Tr\·�BJ�Ú�ÒtÓ]Ô|Hhs�ULÖ�×��tz E�Hhe¡}�T�WDEY> =QHhGIH HFX)W¦s*CfXge¡HFTVk��DWYU G�C G���W s«��e?`~WDX$CF�_WYuFWDszG�E¡kVs W�HhAI�E�HFel}�TVWh> � kV�F��XgWYE � Hhs�U ²bÝ E)��Cba Gg��W�E�HFelWQÓ � U*kVE)GgXgk�`��*G�k�Cfs�E��OCFX�G���Wuã��b>P���W|U�WY}wWYs�U�WDs*ADW$CF�5G��*W�â¦�X HFs�U�ã(��H�ufWDXgHF�fWvÓ � JwA�HFT�AD��TVHhG�WYU HFEU*WDEgAYXgk�`wWYU kVs �öß�>öÈ ü Ë JwCfs G���W�WYufWYszG

AI��HFXg�FWDU$e?��T�G�kV}*TVkVAYk�Gj£�k�E3Eg��CbarslkVs � k��f��X)WDE ²f² � ²�ü È ²5ÜRÝ-Ý ]�W � Ë HFs*U ² � � ² Þ�È�Þ üRÝ ]QW � Ë >fP���W�elW�HhsuÓ � Ch�}�Xgk�e�HFX�£lAI��HFXg�FWDU G�XgHFAIt«Ere¡WDHFEg��X)WDU»k�s�G���WQEgHFelW}���HFE)WQEg}�HhADWQXgWY�fkVCFs�J*HhE�}���`�T�kVE)��WDU»k�sÏÅ � Ç J�k�E�HFT�EgC|E)��Cbars�OCfX3ADCFe¡}�HhXgkVE)Cfs�> � CfX+G��*WIâ¦�X U�HhGIHFE)WYGDJ¢k�s?G���W�X)WD�fk�Cfs|X�Hhs��fkVs*�B�OXgCfe Ý > � G�C Ý > Ü ]�W ����� JfGg��W�ADCFXgXgWYAYGgWDUlU�HhGIH}wCfk�szG�EyHFXgWlHFE)Eg��elWDU G�C¦TªH�£ CFs H»AD�*X)ufW¡CF�6�OCfXge È ¾ Ë W)ТG�XgHF}~CfTªHhGgWDU �OXgCFe G���W|±�GyG�C»Gg��W¡elW�HhEg��X)WDU U�HhGIH}wCfk�szG�E5kVs|Gg��WrXgWD�FkVCfsIÓ �n� Ý > Ü ]QW ����� ÈOU�WYG�HFkVT�E5CF�wGg��WrADCfX)XgWYAYG�k�Cfs$}�XgC¢ADWYU���X)WBHFX)WrU�WDE)ADXgk�`wWYU¡k�s � WDAvG�kVCFs � Ë >�_CFGgWFJ+Gg��HhG�ark�G�� Gg��W t«kVs*WDe¡HhG�k�A�HFT�EgWYTVWYAYG�k�Cfs �*EgWDU k�s�G��*kVE?Hhs�HFT�£¢E)kVEDJ+s�C WYuFWDszG�E|ark�G���Ó � È�ã�� Ë ��² ]QW �����a�WYXgW$Cf`�E)WDX)uFWDU�> � CfX_G���W|elW�HFE)��XgWYe¡WYszG�CF�

»Ó �0¼ J�a(W|±�GQG��*W|Eg}~WDAYGgXg��e kVs G��*W|XgWD�FkVCfs CF��Ó �C� ² > ² ]QW �����

��Egk�s��$�öß~>�È ¾ Ë Hhs�U W)ТG�XgHF}wCFTªHhGgWU�Cbars¦GgCvÓ � Û Ý > � ]QW �4��� > � WQU�WY±�s*W�Gg��W » Ó �0¼ HFE�Gg��WQelW�HFs»uhHFTV�*WCF��G���W±�GgGgWDU �O��s�AvG�k�Cfs�> P���k�E?U�WY±�s�k�GgkVCfs k�E?HFU*Cf}*G�WYU kVs CfX)U�WDX�G�C AYCfe¡}�HFXgW�Gg��W

»Ó �0¼ ark�Gg� G���HhG�CF�Iâ¦�X HFs�U Ch�

AI��HFXg�FWDU G�X�HhAIt¢EY>� kV�F��XgWYE ² �QG�C ¾-Ý Eg��Cba�G���W_X�HhGgkVCyCF�<G��*WBelW�HFs s«��e�`wWYX�CF�aâ �X È ã � Ë }wWYX�WvufWDszG�GgC�G��*We?��T�G�kV}*TVkVAYk�Gj£�HFE�H

�O��s�AYGgkVCfs¡CF��Gg��WBe���T�GgkV}�T�kVADk�Gj£�k�G�E)WDT��p>½P���WBAI��HFXg�fWYU }�HFX�G�k�ADTVWre?�*T�G�k�}�TVk�ADk�Gj£m\ ^Ô�` a�HhE�AI��CfE)WDs HFE6G���WSXgWv�OWDX)WDs�AYWuFHhXgkªHh`�TVW�GgC Hhs�HFT�£¢�YW e���}�X)CKU*��AYGgkVCfs�> P���W¦XgWDHFEgCFs �OCfX|Gg��kVE|AI��CFkVADW¦kVE|`�HFEgWYU Cfs G���W¦Cf`�E)WDX�uFH�G�kVCFs Gg��HhGG���WWvufWYs«GrAI��HFXg�fWYU»e?��T�G�kV}*TVkVAYk�Gj£�kVE�H��fTVCF`�HFT�WYuFWDszG�uhHFXgkVHF`�TVWrAI��HhX�HFAvG�WDX)kV�YkVs���Gg��WBar��CFTVWBe���T�GgkV}�HFX�G�k�ADTVW�±�s�HFTE)GIH�G�W�HFs�U k�E�XgWDTVHhG�WYU G�C|G��*WQ��HFXgU*s�WDE)E_CF��Gg��WQkVszG�WYX�HFAvG�k�CfsÏÈdE)WDW�Å � Ç J�Å ²�¸$Ç J�Å ² Þ Ç Ë >�@_E�kVs G��*WyADHFEgW�CF�¶AI��HhXg�fWYU}�HFX)GgkVAYTVWDEYJ«}wCfE)Egk�`�TVWSs�WYa E�G�X)��AYGg��XgWYE�kVs$G���WNe��(±�s�HFT~E)GIH�G�WSADCfX)XgWDTVHhG�k�Cfs�E5a(Cf��TVU¡`wW_W)ÐK��k�`�k�GgWDU HhE�H��O��s�AYGgkVCfsCF�C\ ^Ôa` >5P���WBU�WD}~WDs�U*WDs�AYWQCF�<G���WHbuFWDXgHF�fWxÓ � CFs e?��T�G�kV}*TVkVAYk�Gj£FJF�OCfX�WDÐ*HFe¡}*TVWFJ¢XgWYe�HhkVs�E6��s�WDÐ*}*TªHFk�s�WDU»k�s HFsz£CF�½Gg��W�AD��X)XgWYs«G_elCKU�WYTVEY>

(Vº ¿�ëtØ]ë�Ù.Ú�ë�Ù�î�ë{ï�Ù�Ûö� í�ê�ð�ë�Î)ê�ï�ÐÜÚ­�GB��HFE_`~WDWYs XgWYe�HhXgtFWYU·k�s¦Gg��W�}*XgWYu¢k�Cf��ESEgWDAvG�k�Cfs�ErG���HhGSG��*W�k�U�WDszG�k�±�A�H�G�kVCFs¦Ch��Ú�Ò�Ó�Ô�HFs�UnÖ�×��tz�WvufWDszGgEkVE

WDEgE)WDszG�kVHFTVT�£ H$e�HhG)G�WYXSCh�3U�Wv±�s�k�GgkVCfs�>(­js¦CfXgU*WDXrG�ClkVszufWYE)G�k��zHhGgW�Gg��WyEgWDs*Egk�Ggk�u¢k�Gj£ CF�+Gg��W�Hh`wCbufW�XgWYEg��T�G�E�G�C$G���WG���WAYTV��E�G�WYX�WDs�WYXg�F£¡G���X)WDE)��CfTVU»�*EgWDU»GgC|EgWD}�HFX�HhGgWNÚ�Ò�Ó]Ô6Hhs�U²Ö�×��tz$WYufWYszG�EDJ�Gg��WQHFs�HhT�£¢Egk�E���HFE�`wWYWDs XgWY}wWDHhG�WYUAI��HFs��fk�s��|G���WuÊ � G���X)WDEg�*CfTVU»�OXgCFe ² > ² G�C ü > Ý ]�W � >�@_T�G��*Cf���f��J�HFE�W)ÐK}~WDAYGgWDU�J�Gg��W���kV�f�*WDX�Gg��XgWYEg��CfT�U»uFHhTV��WkVs�%��*WDs�AYWDE$G���W¦�fTVCF`�HFT�E�GIHhGgkVE�G�kVAYE$CF�_Gg��W�Ú6ÒtÓ]Ô?HFs�UÝÖ�×��tz�AYCfe¡}~Cfs�WYszG�EDJ�k�G$}�X)WDEgWYX)uFWDE¡Gg��W¦Eg��HF}~WDElCF�SG���WkVs�AYTV��E)k�ufW�Ó � U�kVE�G�X)kV`��*GgkVCfs*E�HFs*U�G���WQAI��HFX�HFAvG�WYXgkVE�G�k�ADE�Ch�¶Gg��W�Ö�×���z$HFs*U G���WuÚ�ÒtÓ]Ô�E�Hhe¡}�T�WDEYJ�HFs�U�k�G�U*CKWYE�s�CFG

² �

Page 18: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

AI��HFs��fW_G���WQE)��HF}~WCF�<G��*WADCfX)XgWYTªHhGgkVCfs�EY> � k�Gg��G��*Ws�WYaûÊ � G���X)WDEg�*CfTVU Gg��WB�OX�HhAYG�k�Cfs CF�aâ �X }wWYX�WYuFWDszGSXgkVE)WDE`«£¡G���WQEgHFelWQHFelCf��szG�J�HhXgCf��s*U üRÝ�5 J*k�s G���WGja(C$E�HFel}�TVWYED>5P���k�E�elW�HFs�E�Gg��HhG�Gg��WQX�H�G�kVC�CF��G���WQXgHhG�WCh��â �XkVs�Ú�Ò�Ó]Ô(WYuFWDszG�ESG�C|G��*WyEgHFelWyXgHhG�WQk�s®Ö�×��tz¡WvufWDszGgEBkVE�s*CFGSkVs�%��*WDs�AYWDU¦`«£»Gg��W���kV�F��WDX�Gg��XgWYEg��CfT�U�>ÁNº æmÙ.)cÐßÞ�Î*àÜÎu¿£àÜÎDîÍÏ.Î�Î*à�ï�Ù� CfelW¡E)kVel}�TVW|CF`�EgWYX)uhHhG�k�Cfs�EyA�HFs�`wWle¡HFU�W¡HF`wCF�*GyP+HF`*TVW$­I>»P���W¡�OXgHFAYGgkVCfs CF��G���W$G�CFG�HFTxâ¦�X Gg��HhGy�dHFTVT�E

kVszG�CyG���WvÚ6ÒtÓ]Ô5E)��`�EgHFe¡}*TVWBk�E(XgHhG��*WDX�E)e�HhTVTmJzXgHFs��fk�s����OXgCfe"HF`~Cf�*G üRÝ�5 HhGxÞ üRÝ ]�W � GgC|HF`~Cf�*G ²5Ü�5 HhG ²5ÜRÝRÝ]�W � È ²���5 Hhs�U ²bÝ�5 �OCfXuã � XgWYEg}~WDAvG�k�uFWDT�£ Ë > P���WlADCfX)XgWYAYG�WYU elW�HFs s«��e?`~WDXyCF�sâ �X }�X)CKU��*ADWDU�}wWYX�WYufWYszGkVs»G���W�O�*TVT�\·� E�Hhe¡}�T�WkVErHh`wCf�KGmÈ Ü >�Þ ±y¾ > Þ Ë 5 HhG�Þ üRÝ ]�W � HFs�UÆÈ Ü > Ü�±y¾ >�Þ Ë 5 H�G ²5ÜRÝRÝ ]QW � ÈdX)WDE)}wWYAYG�k�ufWYT�£È ü >�� ±|² > ² Ë 5 Hhs�UåÈ � > ü�±$² > Ý Ë 5 �OCfX?ã(� Ë >P���W�â¦�X �ÍÌ ADX)CfEgEp�jE)WDAYGgkVCfs¦X�H�G�kVC�e�H�£ `~WQCf`*G�HFkVs*WDU `z£ ±�GgGgkVs��?Gg��WVâ¦�X HFs�U AI��HFX)�fWDU¢��G�XgHFAIt k�s«uhHFX)kªHFszGaÓ �

U�kVE�G�Xgk�`��*GgkVCfs�E�k�s¡G��*WH�uhHFkVTVHF`�TVW�Ó � X�HFs*�fWBHhs�U W)ТGgX�HF}~CfTªH�G�kVs*��Gg��W_±*GgG�WYU��O��s�AvG�k�Cfs�E�U*C ars¡G�C�Gg��WBelkVs*kVe?��eÓ � uhHFT���WF>7P���kVE X�H�G�kVC k�E¦WvuhHFTV��H�G�WDU�`~CFG����OCfX�Ó � Õ À · Û Ý ]�W ����� HFs�U Ó � Õ

À· Û Ý > � ]QW �4��� > � k�G��0G���WHF`wCbuFWBG�WYAI��s�k�ß«��WhJ�H�X�H�G�kVC�CF� Ý > ²bü�±uÝ > Ý � Èdk�s�ADT���U�kVs*��G��*WE)£¢E)GgWDe¡HhG�k�AB��s*ADWDX�GIHFk�szGj£ Ë H�GsÙ Ú�Û ²5ÜRÝ-Ý ]�W � HFs�U

Ý > ²bÜ�±NÝ > Ý(¸ HhGQÞ ü-Ý ]QW � k�E�Cf`*G�HFkVs*WDU��OCfX�Ó � Õ À · Û Ý > � ]QW �4��� >5P���WEgHFelWX�HhGgkVCy�OCfX]Ó � ÕÀ· Û Ý ]�W ����� J¢�fk�ufWDEÝ > ² � ±NÝ > Ý(¸ HhG Ù Ú�Û ²bÜRÝRÝ ]QW � HFs�U Ý > ²���±uÝ > Ý Þ HhGNÞ üRÝ ]QW � ÈdP½HF`�T�W|­g­ Ë >lP��*WDEgWlTªHhE)GQelW�HFE)��XgWYe¡WYszG�E�HFXgW

ADCfel}�HhGgkV`�T�W$ark�G�� G���W¡}�XgWvuKk�Cf��E ¥ = � XgWYEg��T�G�E=Å ² � Ç J½Gg��Cf���F� HFXgW¡EgT�kV�f�zG�T�£ ��k��f��WDX�HhG Ù Ú�ÛÒÞ üRÝ ]QW � >½­jsP+HF`*TVWB­)­IJ*G��*WADCfX)XgWYEg}~Cfs�U�k�s���uhHFTV�*WDE��OCfX6G���WIÚ6ÒtÓ]Ô(HFs�U²Ö�×��tz$E)��`�EgHFe¡}*TVWDE�HFXgWX)WD}~CfX)GgWDU�>5­�G�kVE�X)WDe¡HFXgt�HF`*TVWG���HhGvâ �X �ÍÌ X�HhGgkVC|kVErHh`wCf�KGSGja(C$G�kVelWDE�TªHFX)�fWDX�k�s�Ú�ÒtÓ]Ô6G���HFs¦kVs¦\´��WvufWDszGgED>� G��*U�kVWYE?CF��G��*W }�XgC¢U���AvG�k�Cfs CF�rE�G�XgHFs��fW }�HFX)GgkVADT�WDE�â¦�X HFs�UÉã(�?kVs }�XgCFGgCfsK�jHFszG�kV}*XgCFGgCfs k�s«GgWDXgHFAYGgkVCfs�E�HhG

U�k�RwWDX)WDszG Ù ÚQHFX)WU�WYEgADX)kV`~WDU»k�s ¤ Wv�p>�Å ²5Ü8Ç HhG Ù Ú�Û ¸ � Ý ]QW � Hhs�U Å ²á�8Ç H�G ¾-ÝRÝ HFs�U �RÝRÝ ]�W � >¢­js ¤ Wv�OED>�Å ² � Ç JÅ ¾-Ý$Ç J�Å ¾K²�Ç J�XgWDE)��T�GgEBH�GuÙ Ú�Û ²bÜRÝRÝ ]�W � HhXgWy}�XgWYEgWDszGgWDU�> ¥ Cfel}�HFX)kVEgCFs ark�G��´Cf��XrXgWYEg��T�G�ESkVErXgWYE)G�X)kVAvG�WDU¦G�C$G���W�O��TVTw\·� EgHFel}�TVWYE ñ �O�*X)G��*WDXgelCfX)WFJ¢k�G(Eg��Cf�*TVU `~WBs�ChG�WDU¡G���HhG���WDX)Ws�C|Hh`�EgCfT��*G�WSADX)CfEgEp�jE)WDAYGgkVCfs*E�HFXgW_}�XgCbu¢kVU*WDU�>¥ Cfe¡}�HFXgk�EgCfs ark�G�� ¤ Wv�OED>�Å ²5Ü$Ç �)Å ¾-Ý8Ç HhTVEgC X)WÂß«��kVX)WDE$GIHFt«k�s�� kVszG�C HFAYADCf�*s«GlG��*W¦U*k�RwWDXgWYszGNÓ � HFs*U õ X)WD�fk�Cfs�EEgWDT�WDAvG�WDU�>@ U*kVXgWYAYG(ADCfel}�HFX)kVE)Cfs$CF��G��*W_k�s«uhHFX)kªHFszG�Ó � U�kVE�G�Xgk�`��*GgkVCfs$CF�]â¦�X A�Hhs�`~W_U�CFs�WSark�G�� ¤ Wv�p>�Å ² � Ç >3P��*WDXgWSG���W

Ó � U�k�E)G�X)kV`��KG�kVCFs´CF�"â �X kVEr±�GgGgWDU·GgC�G��*W��O��s�AvG�k�Cfs�HFT�}~C a(WDXp�jTVHba �OCfXge CF���öß�>�È ¾ Ë Jw±�ÐKkVs*�¡G��*W�}�HFXgHFelWYG�WYX�Ó �G�C ² > ü ]QW �4��� >5P���W�H�ufWDXgHF�fW Ó � kVE�ADCFe¡}��KG�WDU �OXgCFe7G��*Wy}�HFX�HFelWYGgWDX)ESCh�½Gg��WQ±�GSHFE$#

Ó � Û ¾ Ó��º=÷ ü È � Ë

� k�G�� G��*W¡s�Wva kVs*ADXgWDHFEgWYU E�GIHhGgkVE)GgkVAYE�Hhs�U TVHFXg�fWYXnÓ � XgHFs��fWhJ¶Gg��Wl±*Gyark�G�� G���WuÓ��y}�HFX�Hhe¡WvG�WDXQ±�ÐKWYU�J+ar��k�TVW²5Ü

Page 19: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

�fk�u¢kVs*� H X)W�HFE)Cfs�HF`*TVW·U*WDEgAYXgk�}*G�k�Cfs CF�Gg��W�Ó � E)}wWYAYGgXg��e kVs G���W T�Cba���Ó � X)WD�fk�Cfs�J�U*CKWYE s�CFG�U�WDE)ADXgk�`wW¦G���WU�HhGIH¡HhG_��kV�f�*WDX�Ó � >�­�GB£¢kVWYTVU�E_H Ó � ADCfel}�HhGgkV`�T�Wark�Gg�´G��*W�}�X)WYu¢kVCf�*EBCfs�W{ÈdE)WDW�P½HF`�T�W � Ë `*�*GBark�G�� HlTªHFX)�fW} n ú$\o��� �«� ���M>3P���WQ`~WDE�G�±�G�GgC?Cf��X�U�kVE�G�Xgk�`��*GgkVCfs�ÈdEg�*C ars k�s � kV�F��XgWYE��yGgC ²5Ý �OCfX6G���WuÚ�ÒtÓ]Ô6HFs�U¦\´� E�HFel}�TVWYE ËkVE�CF`*GIHFk�s�WDU¡ark�G��¡G���k�E(�OCfX)e ar�*WDs¦HFTVT�Gg��XgWYWQ}�HFX�Hhe¡WvG�WDX)E�HFX)WQHFT�TVCba�WYU¡GgC�uhHFX)£l�OXgWYWDT�£�HFs�U¡G���WB±*G�XgWY�fkVCfs¡kVEXgWDE�G�X)kVAYGgWDU GgCVÓ �&� ² ]�W ����� >@ Eg�*e¡e¡HFX)£¦CF�5Gg��W?X)WDEg�*T�G�EBkVEBX)WD}~CfX)GgWDU k�s P½HF`�TVW � >QP���W�e¡WDHFEg��X)WDelWDszG�EXgWD}~CfX�G�WDU¦kVs ¤ WY�OEY>]Å ²5Ü�Ç �DÅ ¾¢²ÂÇ a(WDXgWyU�Cfs*W�H�GrU�k�RwWDX)WDszGSWDs�WYXg�fk�WDESHFs�U¦kVs U�k�R�WYXgWDszGr}���HFEgWyEg}�HhADWyXgWD�FkVCfs�EY>� XgCfe Cf�*X `~WDE�G ±�G CF� \·� E�HFel}�TVW U�H�GIH H�G ²5Ü-ÝRÝ ]QW � È�Þ üRÝ ]QW � Ë J|G���W e¡WDHFs Ó � CF�Æâ¦�X kVEÈ Ý >�� ¸�±gÝ > Ý � Ë ]QW �4��� È+È Ý >�� Ý�±gÝ > ÝRÜ Ë ]QW �4��� Ë >½P���WDE)WSuhHFT���WDE6HFX)W�Egk��fs�k�±�A�HFszG�T�£��*kV�f��WYX3G���HhslGg��W�}�XgWvu¢kVCf��E¥ = � elW�HhEg��X)WDelWDszG�ErU���W�G�C|Gg��W���kV�f�*WDX�E)G�HhG�k�E)GgkVADE�k�s»G���W���k��f��Ó � G�HFkVT�CF�½Gg��W�U�kVE�G�X)kV`��*GgkVCfs�>P+Hht¢k�s��¦kVszG�C¦HFAYADCf��szGyG���WlU�k�R�WYXgWDszGyADCFs�U�k�GgkVCfs*E�HFs�U G���Wle¡WvG���C¢U CF��elW�HhEg��X)WDelWDszG�J¶k�G�k�Ey}~CfE)EgkV`*TVW?G�C

ADCfel}�HFX)WBG�C$³S@ ¸ U�HhG�H�È ¤ WY�OEY>�Å ²5Ü8Ç J�Å ²á�$Ç Ë HFE�a(WDTVT ñ Cf�*X�}�XgWYEgWYs«GSelW�HFE)��XgWYe¡WYszGrkVE�HhTVEgC|�*kV�f��WYX�k�s G���k�E�A�HFE)WF>� CFX�AYCfe¡}*TVWYGgWDs�WYEgEYJ�Gg��W¡±*G|XgWYEg��T�G�E�Ch��G���WVÓ � kVszuhHFXgkVHFszG�U�k�E)GgXgkV`*�*G�k�Cfs��OCfX�G��*W�Ú�Ò�Ó]Ô�E)��`�EgHFe¡}*TVW HhXgW»HFT�EgCXgWD}~CfX�G�WDU¦kVs P½HF`�T�W � >5@ EgWYADCfs�U¦±�GgGgkVs��|�O��s*AYG�k�Cfs ��EgWYU´k�ErCF�½Gg��WQ�OCfXge²#

Ê z c \ ÷zbÓ c Ûãâ$ä(Ó�È�­L�LåsÓ �:Ë ¸ ar��WDX)W Ó � Û ÷ ¾å æ È ¸ Ë

@�G$`wCFGg� WDs�WYXg�fk�WDEDJ�a(W¦CF`*GIHFk�s H �fC¢CKU�} n ú$\���� �«� �!�¶�*EgkVs*� Gg��kVE��O��s�AYGgkVCfsûÈOEgWDW P½HF`�T�W � Ë > P���WDX)WY�OCfX)WFJ�G���WEg��HF}~WCF��G���WuÚ�ÒtÓ]Ô�U�k�E)G�X)kV`��KG�kVCFs¡k�E�HFT�EgCya�WYTVT�U*WDEgAYXgk�`wWYU»`«£�HFs WDÐK}wCfs*WDszG�kVHFT~�O�*s�AYGgkVCfs ñ G���W_e¡WDHFsVÓ � Ch��G���W±�GSkVE��fWYs�WDXgHFTVT�£�TVHFXg�fWYX�G���Hhs ar��HhGSkVE�Cf`*G�HFkVs*WDU ��Egk�s��¡��ß�>�È ¾ Ë > � CFXnã � J�H$E)£¢E�G�WDe¡HhGgkVA�HhTVT�£¡��k��f��WDX�elW�Hhs�Ó �G���HFs»ChG���WYX�W)ÐK}~WDX)kVelWDszG�ErHhG�WÂß«��k�uFHhTVWDszG�WDs�WYXg�F£�kVE�CF`*GIHFk�s�WDU ÈdADCFe¡}�HhXgW_ark�G�� ¤ WY�OEY>�Å ²��$Ç HFs�UÏÅ ¾-Ý$Ç Ë >5­js Gg��kVEA�HFE)W HFE�a�WYTVT�J3\·��U�HhG�H´A�Hhs `~W�WÂß«��HhTVT�£·a�WYTVT5±�GgGgWDU `z£ �OCfX)e È ¾ Ë HFs�U�`z£ Hhs W)ÐK}~Cfs�WYs«GgkªHFT5�O��s*AYG�k�Cfs�>»@Eg��ele�HhX)£ Ch�½Gg��WDE)W�X)WDEg�*T�G�Erk�E�kVs P+Hh`�TVW � ­I>P���W|kVs*ADXgWDHFEgW|Ch�5G���W|elW�HFs�Ó � ÈdADCFe¡}��KG�WDU HhEkVs �öß�>öÈ ü ËÍË Ch�5G���W|Cf`*EgWDX�ufWYU×â¦�X HFEH¡�O��s�AvG�kVCFs CF�5G���W

WYufWYszG AI��HFXg�FWDU0e?��T�G�k�}�TVk�ADk�Gj£�kVE�HFT�a�H�£¢E�TªHhXg�fWYXlGg��HFs Gg��HhG Ch��AI��HFXg�FWDU G�XgHFAIt«ED>-P��*W kVs�AYXgWDHFEgW·�OCFX�ã(� kVEWYufWYs TªHhXg�fWYXDJ�T�W�HFU�k�s��|G�C$G���W�AYCfs�ADT���Egk�Cfs G���HhGSk�G_U*WD}~WDs�U�ESCfs¦G���W�}�HFX�G�k�ADTVWQe¡HFE)EDJ~HFErW)ÐK}~WDAYGgWDU�>�@ E)kVelkVTªHhXHFs�HFT�£KE)kVEk�E�HFTVE)C XgWY}wCFX)G�WYU�k�s ¤ Wv�p>�Å ¾K²�Ç >?@ U�k�XgWDAvG�ADCfel}�HFX)kVE)Cfs kVEQs*CFGQ}~CfEgE)kV`�T�W|`wWYA�HF��E)W$CF��G���W$U�k�R�WYXgWDszGÓ � X�HFs*�fW�Hhs�U�õ¦HFADAYWD}*G�HFs�AYWFJ�ar��k�AI� XgW*%�WDAvGQkVs´TªHFX)�fWDXre?��T�G�k�}�TVk�ADk�GgkVWYED> � Cba�WvufWDXYJ<H�X)kVEgWykVs´e¡WDHFs�Ó � ark�G����W�H�u¢kVWYXS}�HFX)GgkVADT�We¡HFEgE)WDESkVE�ADT�W�HFX)T�£¡Cf`�E)WDX)uFWDU�>­js Gg��WlHFs�HFT�£¢EgkVEBCF��AI��HFXg�fWYU GgX�HFAIt«E�Å � Ç J�HFT�T+G��*W|ADCfX)XgWDTVHhG�k�Cfs�EWDÐ*HFe¡k�s�WDU k�s Gg��W¡\·� HFs�U kVs Gg��W¢Ö�×��tz

E�HFel}�TVWYEEg�*C a(WDU�U�k�RwWDX)WDszG�`~WD��H�u¢kVCfX)Eark�Gg� XgWDE)}wWYAYG�G�C�Ê?Ô%Õ X J�ar��k�TVW|H AYTVW�HhXkVszuhHFXgkVHFs�AYW�a�HhEyE)WDWYs�k�s·G���WÚ6ÒtÓ]ÔyE�Hhe¡}�T�WF> � k�Gg� Gg��W H�uhHFkVTVHF`�TVW=â �X È ã � Ë E�GIHhGgkVE�G�kVAYE|k�G�kVE|s�CFG?}wCfE)Egk�`�TVW�GgC U�kVE)ADWDX)s HFsz£ U�k�R�WYXgWDs*ADW kVsG���W

»Ó �0¼ U*WD}~WDs�U�WYs�ADW Cfs�e?��T�G�kV}*TVkVAYk�Gj£ HhG�Gg��W¡Gja(C WDs*WDXg�FkVWDEYJ3WYuFWDs k�s G���Wl�O��TVT(\·� E�HFel}�TVWh>¦�_WYuFWDX�G���WÖ�

TVWDE)EDJ�G��*W·`~WD��H�u¢kVCfX¡CF�QG��*W·G���X)WDW E)��`�EgHFe¡}*TVWDE�kVElADTVWDHFXgT�£ U�k�RwWDX)WDszG�> � W s*CFG�W¦G���HhG�G���W´e¡WDHFsûâ¦�X È ã�� ˲��

Page 20: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

Ó � kVs*ADXgWDHFEgWYE�ark�G�� \ ^Ôa` HFT�EgC·k�s Gg��W=Ú�ÒtÓ]ÔE)��`�EgHFe¡}*TVWFJ+H¦�OWDHhG���X)W¡Gg��HhG�kVE�s�CFG�W)ÐK}�TVHFkVs�WYU `z£ G���W¡AD��X)XgWYs«Ge¡C¢U�WDT�E5È+Å ¾5Ç J�Å � Ç J�Å ²5¸$Ç J�Å ² Þ Ç J�Å ¾f¾$Ç Ë >�P���k�E�Cf`�E)WDX)uhHhGgkVCfs´HFT�EgC|��CfT�U�E��OCfX�AI��HhXg�fWYU·��HFU*XgCfs�EYJ�HFErU�kVE)AD��E)EgWYU·kVsÆÅ � Ç >P���W X�HhGgkVCfE�CF�rG���W�e¡WDHFs s«��e?`~WDXgE|Ch�uâ¦�X È�ã�� Ë }wWYX|WYuFWDszG$G�C G��*W»AI��HFXg�FWDU e?��T�G�kV}*TVkVAYk�Gj£ U*XgCf} k�s G���W

±�XgE�G�OWYa�`�k�s�E�È Ý � � \_^Ôa` � � Þ Ë HFs*U HFXgW�XgCf���F��T�£ AYCfs�E)G�HFszGQ�OCfX8\_^Ôa` � Þ È�\·� EgHFe¡}*TVW Ë �OCfXB`~CFGg�Æâ¦�X HFs�Uã���>rP���W�U�WD}~WDs�U*WDs�AYW|Cfsn\g^Ô�` kVEre¡CFXgWy}�XgCfs*Cf��s�AYWDU·�OCfXIâ¦�X Gg��HFs·�OCFX�ã(��>rP���W��OXgHFAYGgkVCfs¦CF�öã(�}~WDXSWYufWYszGHFs�U¦}wWYXrGgX�HFAIt�kVE�Cf`zu¢kVCf�*EgT�£ Ege¡HFTVT�WDX�Gg��HFs G���HhGrCh��â¦�X HFs�U �OCfX�`~CFG��¦kVE�TVHFXg�fWYX�HhGsÞ üRÝ ]QW � G���HFs¦HhG ²5ÜRÝRÝ]�W � > � kVs�HFTVT�£fJ3G��*W´U�WY}wWYs�U�WYs�ADk�WDE CF�_G���W¦s«��e?`~WDXlCF�vã(�¡�OCfX|Gg��W�Ú�ÒtÓ]Ô|Hhs�U Gg��W \´�7E�Hhe¡}�T�WDE$CfsL\_^Ôa` J`wWYEgkVU*WDE?U�k�R�WYXgk�s��·`z£ Hh`wCf�KG|H´�dHFAvG�CfX�CF��Gja(C�J�HFXgW�`wCFGg� XgCF���f��T�£Ä%�HhG|HFs*U U�k�RwWDX)WDszG?k�s Eg��Hh}wW��OX)Cfe�G���WADCfX)XgWDE)}wCFs�U�kVs*�lCh�½Gg��W�â �X U�k�E)GgXgkV`*�*G�k�Cfs�ED>

��¹Â¹�¹bº Áu¾u»=ÁsèÀ|+¹Â¾I»<+P���W�}*XgWDE)WDszG½e¡WDHFEg��X)WDelWDszG�E½W)ТG�WYs�U�Gg��W6E)G��*U�kVWYE½CF�KAI��HFX)�fWDU�}�HFX�G�kVAYTVW5}�X)Cf}~WDX)GgkVWYE¶k�s?\´��Ó�ØÓ�kVszGgWDX�HhAYG�k�Cfs�E

G�CÌâ¦�X HFs�U ã���}*XgC¢U���AYGgkVCfs�>0³_E)kVs�� G���W´U�HhG�H H�uhHFkVTVHF`�TVW HhG¡Gg��W Gja�C Ah>[e¦>oED>0WDs*WDXg�FkVWDE¡Cf`*G�HFkVs�WYU �*s�U�WDXG���W»EgHFe¡W»WDÐK}wWYXgkVelWDszG�HFT�AYCfs�U�k�G�kVCFs�E|HFs�U E)kVelkVTªHhX�E�GIHhGgkVE)GgkVAYEDJ3a(W´HhXgW HF`�T�W�G�C U*kVXgWYAYGgT�£�ADCfel}�HFX)W G���W²e��}�XgC¢U���AvG�kVCFs }�XgCf}~WDX�G�k�WDElHhG?Gg��W»Gja�C AF>oe´>oED> WYs�WDX)�fkVWYED> °��X|X)WDEg�*T�G�E$CFRwWDX|s*WYa ±�s�U�kVs*�fE$HFs�U Egk��fs�k�±�A�HFszGkVel}�XgCbufWYe¡WYszG�E�G�C|G��*WyWDÐKkVE)GgkVs��$t«s�CbarTVWYU��fW�CF�Fe��S}�XgC¢U���AvG�kVCFs�> � W�E)��e¡e¡HFX)kV�DWBCf��X�XgWYEg��T�G�ESHFE��OCfT�TVCbarE$#h P���W�CbufWDXgHFTVT<}*XgC¢U���AYGgkVCfs XgHhG�WYESCh��â¦�X HFs�U2ã��_HFX)WQkVs¦HF�fX)WDWDelWDszGrark�Gg� }�XgWvuKk�Cf��ErelW�HFE)��XgWYe¡WYs«GgED>h P���W$kVs�AYTV��E)k�uFWvÓ � E)}wWYAYG�XgH¦Ch��â¦�X HFs�U ã(��s�Cba W)ТG�WYs�U�GgC�Ó �V� Ü ]QW ����� >|P���W=â¦�X U*kVE)GgXgk�`��*G�k�Cfs

Eg��CbarE�HyelCfXgWrU�WvGIHFk�TVWYUlE)��HF}~W_k�slGg��WS��kV�f�IÓ � XgWD�FkVCfs|ar��WYs ADCfel}�HFX)WDU$G�Cy}�XgWvu¢kVCf��E6U�HhG�H*> � CfX�`~CFG��â¦�X HFs�U2ã���J�a(W�e¡WDHFEg��X)WyHFs·H�uFWDX�Hh�fWQÓ � E)kV�fs�k�±�A�Hhs«GgT�£¡��kV�F��WDX�Gg��HFs¦}�XgWvuKk�Cf��ErXgWYEg��T�G�EY>h �_Wva-XgWYEg��T�G�ESHFX)Wy}*XgWDE)WDszG�WYU Cfs»G��*WyU*kVE)GgXgk�`��*G�k�Cfs»CF��â �X HFs�U2ã � e?��T�GgkV}�T�kVAYk�Gj£f>h � CfX_Gg��W?±�XgE�GG�k�e¡WhJ~Gg��Wl\·�-EgHFe¡}*TVW���HFEQ`wWYWDs ��E)WDU G�C»Hhs�HFT�£¢�YW£e � }�X)CKU��*AYG�k�Cfs }�X)Cf}~WDX)GgkVWYEkVs k�G�EÚ�Ò�Ó]ÔBHFs�U�Ö�×���z¦ADCfel}~Cfs�WDszGgED>|­js�AYTV��E)k�ufWIÓ � HFs�U e?�*T�G�k�}�TVk�ADk�Gj£ U�kVE�G�Xgk�`��*GgkVCfs�EBCF�{e���HhXgW|Eg�*C ars �OCfXG���WmÚ�ÒtÓ]Ô�Hhs�UnÖ�×��tz¡U�HhG�H*>h @Bs�HhT�£¢EgWYEyCh�6Gg��W|U�WY}wWYs�U�WDs*ADW�Ch�6Gg��W|elW�HFsåâ¦�X È ã�� Ë Ó � ark�G�� G���W|WvufWYs«G�AI��HFX)�fWDU e?��T�G�k�}�TVk�ADk�Gj£»HFXgW}�XgWYEgWYs«GgWDU�>7P���W Cf`�E)WDX)uFWDU-U*WD}~WDs�U�WYs�ADW�kVE»s�ChG´WDÐK}�TªHFk�s�WDU `z£0G��*W AY��XgX)WDszG G���WYCfXgWvG�k�A�HFTQelCKU*WDTVEY>¥ Cfel}�HFXgk�EgCfs ark�Gg�·Hhs HFs�HhTVCf�fCF��ErE)G��*U*£¦}wWYX)�OCfX)e¡WYU´Cfs´AI��HFX)�fWDU¦G�X�HhAIt¢E_kVs�U*kVA�H�G�WDErG���HhGrG���W�X�HhGgWyCh�G���W$U�WY}wWYs�U�WYs�ADWl�fXgCbarEQark�Gg� }�HFX)GgkVAYTVW?e¡HFEgEY>?@Bs kVs*ADXgWDHFEgW$CF��Gg��W$e¡WDHFs=Ó � k�EQCf`�E)WDX)uhHF`*TVW$HFT�EgC kVsG���WmÚ�ÒtÓ]Ô�E)��`�EgHFe¡}*TVWyHFTVCFs�WF>

¾-Ý

Page 21: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

h P���W�WvufWYs«GAI��HFXg�FWDU e?�*T�G�k�}�TVk�ADk�Gj£���HhE_`~WDWYs HFU�Cf}KG�WDU HFESGg��W�k�s�U�WY}wWYs�U�WDszG_uFHhXgkªHh`�TVWGgC HFs�HhT�£¢�DW�G���WX�HhGgkVC»CF��Gg��W$e¡WDHFs s¢�*e?`wWYXQCF�?â �X È�ã � Ë }wWYX�WYufWYszG�GgC Gg��W|s«��e?`~WDX�CF�(}�Xgk�e�HhX)£´AI��HFXg�FWDU }�HFX)GgkVAYTVWDEY>� CfX�`~CFG���â¦�X HFs*U2ã(��G���k�E�X�HhGgkVC?X)kVE)WDE�G�Cba�HFXgU»uFWDX)£ TVCba�e?��T�GgkV}�T�kVAYk�Gj£fJzX)WDe¡HFkVs*kVs���XgCf���F��T�£¡ADCfs*E)GIHhs«G�OCfX"\_^Ôa` � � ¸ >æVÁÆ;_»=¾8ç èén¿|9Vé�Ê éx»�¼4+� WSG���Hhs�t|G���W � WDXgelkVTVHF`$E)G�HhR´HFs�U�Gg��WSGgWDAI��s*kVA�HhTwE�GIHhRwE�CF��G���WS}�HFX�G�kVAYkV}�H�G�kVs*�yk�s�E)Ggk�Gg�*G�k�Cfs�E3�OCfX�G���WYkVX�u¢k��

GIHFTKADCfszG�X)kV`��KG�kVCFs�ED>¶P���kVE½a�CfX)t�a�HFE5Eg�*}�}wCFX)G�WYU$`«£�G���W�³�> � >f=WY}�HFX)Gge¡WYszG5CF�~�5s�WDX)�F£|Hhs�U$�BHhGgkVCfs�HFT � ADkVWYs�ADW� CF��s�U�HhGgkVCfs ñ Gg��W�­�G�HFTVkVHFs´­jE�G�k�G��*GgC»�BHF�YkVCfs�HFTVW�U�k � kVE)kVA�Hl�_�*ADTVWDHFXgW ñ Gg��W$\´k�s�kVE�G�X)£¦CF�5��U*��A�HhGgkVCfs�J ¥ ��T�G���X)WFJ� }wCFX)G�EYJ � ADkVWYs�ADW�HFs�U P¶WDAI�*s�CfTVCF�F£¦CF�6xfHF}�Hhs ñ Gg��W��_HhG��*X�HFT � ADk�WDs�AYWDEBHFs�U �5s��fk�s�WDWYXgk�s�� ¤ WDE)W�HFX)AI� ¥ Cf��s�AYkVTCF� ¥ HFs�HFU�H ñ Gg��W��_HhG�k�Cfs�HFT � ADk�WDs�AYW ¥ Cf��s�AYkVT*Ch�~Gg��W ¤ WD}���`*TVkVA�CF� ¥ ��kVs�H ñ G���W � ark�EgE��_HhG�k�Cfs�HFT � ADk�WDs�AYW � CF��sK�U�HhG�k�Cfs ñ G���WQ@�> � > � T�CzHFs � Cf�*s�U�HhGgkVCfs ñ G��*WQ����s�U*WDEgelkVs*kVE)GgWDX)kV��e �O��WDX���kVT�U���s�����s�U � CfXgE)AI�¢�*s���J�]QWDX)e�HFsz£ ñG���W_qQCfXgWDHFs � AYkVWYs�ADW_HFs�U���s*�fkVs�WYWDX)kVs�� � Cf��s�U�H�G�kVCFs¡Hhs�U¡Gg��WBqQCfX)W�HFs ¤ WYEgWDHFXgAI� � Cf�*s�U�HhGgkVCfs ñ Gg��W � HFX)GgkVAYTVW� �z£¢Egk�ADEQHhs�U @BE�G�X)Cfs�Cfe�£ ¤ WDE)W�HFX)AI� ¥ Cf��s�AYkVT½HFs�U·Gg��W ¤ Cb£zHhT � C¢ADk�WYGj£FJ�³_q ñ G��*W ¤ ��EgE)kªHFs � CF��s�U�HhGgkVCfs �OCfX��HFEgk�A ¤ WDEgWDHFXgAI� ñ G��*W ¥ Cfe¡k�Egk�Cfs ­jszG�WYXgelkVs�k�E)G�WYXgkVHFT½U*W ¥ kVWDs*ADkªH�£ P½WYADs�CfT�Cf�fkVH*J � }�HFkVs ñ k�s }�HFX�G�`«£·G���W$�5�K�XgCf}~W�HFs ¥ Cfe¡e���s�k�Gj£~¯oE � �*e�HFs � CFGgWDszG�kVHFT � XgCF�fX�HFelelW_��s*U�WDX�AYCfszG�XgHFAYG � ��¤ ��� ¥ P�� ¾8ÝRÝz¾ � ÝRÝz¾��z¾qñ HFs*U�G���W@BA�HhU�WDe�£ CF� � kVs�TVHFs�U�>

è fÂé:ê?���xFACBHb@`T�ë�ì{í�î,ï��Að���ñ]P8L-Cp��w¥òcó���f*ôáõ � f�ö5h6ô �«÷Cø ��;�H5FAr�H5FAK<ê��:wx��ù"�HR�/ñ]P8LRCp�]ê�<p����y�òcú��fDh6ô � f�ö5h�ö �«÷û"��fswM�[Z[�Hbt�M5@+HbGBTUM�F�(z��w<p@`H5KAT�FAT%��üHb@+T�ý]J(@`M5>qP$LRCp��ùxTUr�P£ý]FA<p@Br5L�f�ö5h�õ�þùi�k5j5k-�è ÿ éV~Q�������M�CEGE@`H5FAK�H5FqK����A�bH5F|ðT �E[ ��ñ�P$LRCp��ê�<p���qy�òcó�� ÿ i(f�ö � f�ö5h6ô � ��H5FAK�@B<pO�<p@`<DFAS�<DCöGBP(<p@B<DT�F�è k'éV� C`JA}u}uHb@BLmM5O�GBPA<?@B<pO�<p@B<DFAS�<DC�GEMNGBP(<DCE<�}IMRK(<D[ZCöSpH5F�t�<QO�M�JAFAK�T�F è ÿ é �è � éVys���"S�M�CEGBHgë!ìFíáî ïZ�cñ�P$LRCp��ê�<p���qy�ó����qiÍô ÿ i5i6õ � ÿ i5i ÿ �«÷è õ'éVz�����t�<oë!ìdíáî ïZ��"JASp[ ���FACBGE@`JA}�����<pGBPAM-KAC"� �����q��k5h6ô � f�ö5h5h � ��H5FAK�@B<pO�<p@B<DFAS�<DC�GBP(<p@B<DTZF�è j'éVz�����t�<oë!ìdíáî ïZ��ñ]P8L-Cp��ê�<p����y������ � ôbh � � f�ö�ö�õ � �è ô*éVz���ü�<DKA<DCBS`PATFë!ìdíáî,ï���xJASp[%���FACEGE@`Jq}�����<pGBP(MRKAC�����ó���¹õbi � f�ö5h5h � �è h'éVz����RFATZK(<p@~ë�ìdíáî ï���"JqSp[%���FqCEGE@`JA}����_<pGBP(MRKAC�����ó�����ôáõ � f�ö5h5h � �è ö'éVz��¹üaH5[U bH_ë�ì¥íáî,ï���"JqSp[%���FACEGE@+JA}����_<pGBP(MRKACn� �có���� ÿ ô ÿ � f�ö5h5h �«÷ ����ê?�¹ùxH5PAF°ë!ì¥íáî ï����������6ï ��ó�����k�õRf � f�ö5h5h �«÷!I�#"]H5CBJ(M5 bH|ë�ì�íáî ï��$���%�&�6ï���ó�����kRf�õ � f�ö5h5h �«÷ ê���l��A;�Hbr�FA<p@Në!ìFíáî ï��$���%�&�6ï���ó�����k5kbi � f�ö5h5h �«÷ ~?�Ay"<p�R[ZTZF²ë�ì�íáî ï'�

¾K²

Page 22: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

���%�&�6ï���ó��� ÿ(� � f�ö5h5h �«÷ ����ü<p@BGEM�[ZJqSpSpTAë�ìCíáî ï��)�������6ï���ó����qkbi(f � f�ö5h5h �«÷ "v�(zAJ( RJATPë!ìCíáî ï'�*�������6ï���ó���� ÿ hbi � f�ö5h5h �«÷����waTZPAH5FAr�TU@~ë!ìFíáî,ï'�+�������6ï���ó���� ÿ(� ö � f�ö5h5h �«÷ l��cü@`H5FqK(<DF$t�J(@BrËë!ìFíáî ï��+�������6ï���ó���� ÿ õ6ô � f�ö5h5h � �è fpi$éV�"Cö�<�K(MmF(M5G�KATZCEGBT�F(r�JATZCBPVY � O�@BM�} ^Y � �qTZF�GBPqTZCa>qHb>�<p@�Y � CBGBH5FAKACöO�M5@�t�M5GBP�è f5fÂé:ñ:Hb@`GBTZSp[U<?ynHbGBH�ln@BM�J(>���ñ]P8LRCp�cê�<p��y�ócó���i(fpi5i5i(f-,�k�õ � ÿ i5i ÿ �«÷ ñ�P$LRCp��ê�<p��y�ó�ó��i(fpi5i5i(f-,�jRf � ÿ i5i ÿ � �è f ÿ éVz�����t�<oë!ìdíáî ïZ��ñ]P8L-Cp��ê�<p����y��có��k5hRf5f � f�ö�ö6ô �«÷ ñ�P$LRCp�cê�<p����.�<pGEGp����ú��õ5h � � f�ö�ö6ô �«÷ø �A;�H5FAr(��ñ]P8LRCp��ê�<p���qy /�ó���f�öbi5i � f�ö�ö ÿ �«÷û"��fswM�[Z[�Hbt�M5@+HbGBTUM�F�qwx�A�x[UtqH0�BHb@Æë!ìdíáî���"JqSp[%��ñ]P8L-Cp��üFò�1cú�� � i6õ � f�ö5h5h � �è fDk'éV~Q�����2�M�CBGE@`H5FAK�?wM�}I>qJAGE<p@mñ�P$LRCp��wM�}u}�JAF�3�����~ô � � f�ö�ö � �«÷ l��4�_Hb@+S`P(<DCBT�FAT%�fü"� ê�� ;=<ptAt�<p@D��l��ù�"tAtqTU<DFAKqT%�+��l��5!�F(M)��[Z<DCp���2� ù����-<pLR}IM�J(@)�ùH5FAK�.����RGBH5FAS�M(��wM�}I>�J(GE<p@�ñ]P8LRCp��wM�}u}�JAF�có���� � j�õ � f�ö�ö ÿ � �è f � é�l��q�"@`FATZCEM�F²ë�ì�íáî ï��cñ]P8L-CD��.�<pGEGp�cü ���6��:fDj6ô � f�ö5h ÿ �«÷ z�A��t�<oë!ìFíáî ïZ��ñ]P8L-Cp��ê�<p����.�<pGEGp��ó �A��fDhRf�ö � f�ö5h5h � �è f�õ'é7.���o�H5F ù"M)�5<5�Pñ]P8LRCp� .�<pGEGp�/ü ���8��öfDk5h � f�ö5h ÿ �«÷ ê?�]ùxHbr5<DK(M5@`F��/ê�<p���9"JAM)�5M�waTZ}I<DF8GEM¢ó�öfpi � f�ö5h5k �«÷;: �ùy��ü<�EM5@B 5<DF��ñ]P8L-Cp��ê�<p���Ay������:f � i � f�ö5h5k � �è fDj'é ø ��;�H5F(r�H5FqKåwx��ù��aHR��ñ]P8LRCp��ê�<p���yfò�ú��fDh6ô � f�ö5h�ö �«÷ �2� : H5S�M5t��xwFýCê= >A@B<p>A@`T�F$GmwFý�ê>Q�Â~[ùs�k�õRf�õ� f�ö5h5k �«÷ z� ; ��üM5>A>���ñ:�q�xJ(@B<DFAS+P(<5�qH5FAK : �cê�H5FAO�Gp��ñ�P$LRCp��ê�<p���qy�òcò���fDh5j6ô � f�ö5h5j � �è f*ô*éVz��ù�"t�<:ë!ìdíáî ïZ��wöyxzÏwaM�[Z[ZHbt�M5@`HbGBTUM�F��ñ�P$LRCp��ê�<p���qy /�1���k6ôáöRf � f�ö5h�ö � �è fDh'é7!I�ù�"[Z>Ar�Hb@`K®ë�ìdíáî ï���ûx�{õVwM�[Z[ZHbt�M5@`HbGBTUM�F���ñ�P$LRCp��.�<pGEGp��ü ���#����j�õ � f�ö5h ÿ �«÷ l�� : �ù�x[ZF(<p@Në!ìFíáî,ï���ûx�fõmwM�[Z[�Hbt�M5@+H(,GBTUM�F��xJASp[%��ñ]P8LRCp��ü3������� õbi6õ � f�ö5h�õ � �è f�ö'é:ê?� ý��ù�xFACEM5@`r5<:ë!ìFíáî ïZ�cûx�fõNwM�[Z[ZHbt�M5@`HbGBTZM�F��ñ]P8L-Cp��.�<pGEGp�cü �tú�ú��kRf5f � f�ö5h6ô � �è ÿ i$é���� üaH5F(<p@&�E<p<:ë!ìFíáî ïZ�cýFôbk�õNwM�[Z[�Hbt�M5@+HbGBTUM�F��ñ]P8L-CD��ê�<p����.�<pGEGp�¹ó�����f ÿ � f�ö5h�ö � �è ÿ fÂéV~Q�ù�"[Z<�|-M5>�M�JA[ZJqCp�0?��F8Gp��wM�F(O��bM�FÆñ�P$LRCp�bH5FAKv�"CBGE@BM5>qP8L-Cp�ÂM5O�@QJAHb@B 6,�ln[ZJ(M�FÆñ][ZH5C`}uHR�$waH5[ZSpJ(GEGBHR� : H5F8JqHb@BLNf�ö�ö5k-�è ÿ�ÿ é�����üaHb@`CBPAH)L5��ñ]P8LRCp�5.�<pGEGp�cü �#�����:f ÿ ö � f�ö5h5k � �

¾f¾

Page 23: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

~:�{ü;..ýAÂþ$ê"HD� H5FAKvS�M5@B@B<DS�GE<DKIF-JA}st�<p@`C�M5OW �X H5FAKvY � O�M�JAFAK�TZFs<DH5S`PuKAHbGBHnCE<pGp�*�F�GBPA<@+TUr�P$GB}uM�CEG�GBPA@B<p<öS�M�[ZJA}uFACGBPA<QO�@`H5S�GBTZM�F�M5O�W �X � Y �p� >�<p@ö<p�5<DF8G�TZCöC`P(M)��F���~�P(<?JAFAS�<p@`GBH5TZF$GBTZ<DCaM�F�H5[Z[�GBP(<?S�M5@B@`<DS�GE<DK_F-JA}�t�<p@`CöH5FqK�O�@`H5S�GBTZM�F�M5OW �X�� Y �)� >�<p@n<p�5<DF8G?TZFASp[ZJAKA<�GBP(<ICELRCEGE<D}uHbGBTZSIJqFAS�<p@BGBH5TZF8G�L5��~�P(<vGEM5GBH5[�F8Jq}�t�<p@nM5O;�¢ü <p�5<DF$GBC?HbGsc d�evfDhbi5i�ln<po� j5kbi�lx<po � TZC ÿ �ùiÍôáö-� õ�õ5h � fb� ö5j5k-�Zf*õ6ô � �ê���; w3Bfê�ê�ýwa~�ý]y z/ê���wa~3CB M5O]W �X � Y �D� �$ý�ofý+x~ ��D �

�Ëü �-M5O�GÕù"Hb@+KE�Ëü ��F fpi c � �-M5O�G ��F fpi c � ùxHb@`K ��F fpi c � �¢ü �-M5O�G ùxHb@`KfDhbi5i�W �X k5j5j �Íÿ j6ôbk5k ÿ ö�öbi6ö fDhbiHG�õbi k � Gvfpi f�õbiHG � i h-� hIG ÿ � j2k-� õIGvfb�ùi fDk-� kIG � �ùilx<poÿY � ôáõRfDh ôbh ÿ j6ôbk5j öbiHGQkbi öIGQk hbiHG ÿ i � � kIGvfb�ùiÏfb�ùiHGniR� k ô8� ÿ G ÿ � ÿj5kbi W �X k ÿ�ÿ�ÿ�ÿ ö5h5k�õ ÿ�ÿ k5h6ô f*ôÂiHG�õbi õbiHGvf�õ f ÿ iHG?k�õ h-� jIG ÿ � j � � õIGvfb� � f � � kIG � � klx<poÿY � õ5h5h5k fpi6ö5h � ôbh�õ ôÂiHG ÿ i fDkIG � jbiHG ÿ i k-�ôJGvfb�Zf2fb� ÿ GniR� � ô8�Zf�G ÿ �Zf~:�{ü;..ýKL«þW �X �(M2@`HbGBTUM�TZF�<DH5S+P{KAHbGBHmCB<pGp�"ynHbGBH�S�M�}I>qJ(GE<DK�TZF�GBPA<sO�JA[Z[R\ � @`H5F(r5<�H5FAK�O�M5@�\ �+N iR� � lx<po?�R�nHb@B<C`P(M)��F���~�P(<�@`HbGBTZM�C�Hb@B<"<p�ÂH5[�JAHbGE<DK�TZF$GE<pr5@+HbGBTZF(r�GBPA<�\ � KATZCEGE@`TZtqJ(GBTUM�FAC:t-LI<�|-GE@+Hb>�M�[�HbGBTZF(r�GBPA<>OAGEGE<DKmO�JqFAS�GBTUM�FNKAM)��FGEM?\ � Õ

À· eQiR� � iR� � � lx<po?�R�)�Cù�<p@`<?<%PNSpTU<DFAS�L�S�M5@B@B<DS�GBTZM�FAC�H5FAK_CEL-CBGE<D}uHbGBTZS?JAFqS�<p@BGBH5TZF8GBTU<DCöHb@B<�TZFqSp[ZJAK(<DK�\ � Õ

À· � lx<po?�R� � �¢ü �-M5O�G ù"Hb@`K

fDhbi5i iR�ùi iR�Zf � GQiR�ùi6õ iR� k5hIGQiR�Zf ÿ iR�Zf5f�GniR�ùi �iR� � iR�ZfDk7G iR�ùi � iR� kbiQG iR�ùi6ö iR�Zf5fRG iR�ùi�k

j5kbi iR�ùi iR�Zf�öIGQiR�ùi�j iR� �Íÿ GQiR�ZfDk iR�Zf � GniR�ùi6õiR� � iR�ZfDh7G iR�ùi6õ iR� k5k7G iR�Zfpi iR�ZfDh7G iR�ùi�j

¾Fü

Page 24: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

~:�{ü;..ýSL?«þq�RJA}N}uHb@BLNM5O�H5[Z[CBL-CEGE<D}NHbGBTZSQJAFAS�<p@BGBH5T�F$GBTU<DCD��z(M5@�<DH5S+P�CELRCEGE<D}uHbGBT�S?JAFAS�<p@BGBH5T�F$G�LVCEM�JA@`S�<�TUGBCa<�T�<DS�G�M�FGBPA<�bHb@`TUM�JqC�}I<DH5C`J(@B<DKRU8JqH5F$GBTUGBTZ<DC:T�C�@`<p>�M5@`GE<DK��~�PA<CELR}st�M�[*VW,YXn}I<DH5FAC�FAM"<�T�<DS�G�M�FvGBP(<aS�M5@B@B<DCE>�M�FAKAT�F(r=U-JAH5F8GBTUG�L5��-L-CBGE<D}uHbGBTZS ��\ � �a�-C>��JA[UGp�8\ � KAT�CEGE@D�� ��Z � � KATZCEGE@)� [3 ��Z � �-\ �RC>��JA[UG ��Z � � ]_^ MJAFAS�<p@BGBH5TZF8G�L � TZFASp[ZJqK(<DK �a`S`S`b`S`S`S`S` , F(M5G�TZFqSp[ZJAK(<DK�TZFQOAr�JA@B<DC `S`S`S`S` � � TZFASp[�JAK(<DKCEM�J(@`S�< TZFQOAr�J(@`<DC � TZF�GBHbt�[U<�L ���w×CBTZ}�JA[ZHbGBTUM�F k D � W �X � fpi D fpi(, ÿ õ D ÿ , ÿ i D ` `

� D � Y � �

.�M)�3,U\A� k0, ÿ i D ` õ Dý� W �X � õ D � W �X � õ Dý� W �X � j D<�|-GE@`Hb>�M�[ZHbGBTZM�F fpi D � Y �)� fpi D � Y �)� fpi D � Y �)�

ñ�@`TZ}NHb@BLN�5<p@BGE<�| ` ` `S`b`S`S`S`S`b`S`S`S` ,>[�ö Dc`S`S`S`b`S`S`S`S`b`CE<D[U<DS�GBTUM�F

ln[UM5tqH5[�FAM5@`}uH5[ZT�dDHbGBTZM�F ` `S`S`b`S`S`S`S`b`S`S`S`S`b` [Ïkbi De`S`b`S`S`S`S`b`S`S`S`S`O�H5S�GEM5@

¾ �

Page 25: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

~:�{ü;..ýf�oÆþ�"Jq}�t�<p@M5O�<p�5<DF$GBC���TUGBP7g Ç W �X � g É Y �)� KATU�RTZK(<DKNt8LuGBPA<"GEM5GBH5[F-JA}st�<p@M5O�<p�5<DF8GBCp�$�¢üx�Ad�hJi�j�H5FAKk�lHmJn KAHbGBHNHbG�fDhbi5imH5FAK_j5kbimln<po Hb@`<?@B<p>�M5@BGE<DK�

g Ç � É `S`b`S`S`S` ,�fDhbi5i�lx<po `S`S`S`b`S` , `b`S`S`S`S` ,�j5kbiVlx<po `S`S`b`S`S` ,�Ëü ��F fpi c � �-M5O�G ��F fpi c � ùxHb@`K ��F fpi c � �¢ü ��F fpi c � �RM5O�G ��F fpi c � ù"Hb@+K ��F fpi c �

i öRf�öIG ô ö5j5jIG ÿ h5hbiHG fpi ö ÿ iHG fpi ö�õ5jIG³õ h6ôÂiHG ÿ if hbiHG�fpi k5kIG j f5fpiHG ÿ i hbiHG ÿ i � iHG�fpi f ÿ iHG kbi

W �X ÿ õIG f iR� öIGäiR� ÿ öIG ÿ � G�f fb� ÿ GäiR� k hIG ÿk iR� jIGäiR� ÿ fb�ùiHG iR� k iR� kIGäiR�Zf iR�ùi � G iR�ùi ÿ iR�ôJGäiR� k� iR� ÿ GäiR�Zf iR� � G iR� ÿi ö�õ5hIGÕõ ö�öbiR� kIGûiR�Zf ö5kbiHG fpi ö5j � G³õ ö5h5h-� kIG iR�Zf ö5kbiHG�fpi

Y � f � iHG ÿ i fpiHG � ôÂiHG kbi � iHG ÿ i f ÿ GÕõ ôÂiHGäkbiÿ fb� jIGäiR� h iR�ùi�hIG iR�ùi6õ kIG f iR� öIGäiR� õ ÿ G f

¾R¸

Page 26: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

~:�{ü;..ýÉoÆþ�ê�<DCBJA[UGBCxM5O�GBP(<ROAGxGEM�GBP(<ITZF8�ÂHb@`T�H5F$G�\ � KATZCEGE@`TZtqJ(GBTUM�F�M5OöW �X �QynHbGBH�HbG?KAToT�<p@B<DF8G�Û Ô Õ X Hb@B<v@B<p>�M5@BGE<DK� O�M5@�KAT�T�<p@B<DF8Gx<�|->�<p@`TZ}u<DF$GBCnGBP(<I>�Hb@`H5}I<pGE<p@`CnM5OGBP(<pOAGn�<p@B<I@B<p>�M5@BGE<DK{��P(<DF{H)�ÂH5TZ[�Hbtq[U< � �Nñ:Hb@+H5}I<pGE<p@`Cö\ � H5FAKrq@`<pO�<p@nGEM�GBP(<�>�M)�<p@C,�[ZHD� � ñ:�5.]� � O�JAFqS�GBTUM�F è ý$Uq� � ÿ � é �9s GEM�GBP(<v<�|R>�M�FA<DF$GBTZH5[ � ý�|->�� � O�M5@`} è ý+U�� � õ � é �vwöyxzt,�i�@B<pO�<p@`CGEMNGBP(<�CEMuSpH5[Z[Z<DK£ê�JAF�,�ivM5O�GBP(<s~�<p�bHbGE@BM�F è f*ô$é�H5FAK_waynzt,�aGEM�ê�JAF�KAHbGBH � GBPATZCöH5FAH5[ULRCBTZC � �ý�|R>�<p@+TZ}I<DF8G ynHbGBHV�R<pG \ � \ � � ñ:�5.]� � q � ñ:�5.�� � ü � ý�|R>�� � u n ^ g �!� �v� �!�� c dsTZF_lx<po � � lx<po?�R� � � ln<poQ�R� �û"�fõ �wv � � õ � j � è fDh6é �Ëü iR� õ5hIGniR�ùi � x x fb�Zf�õwaynz ,�i � j5kbi � è f*ôáé �Ëü iR� õIGQiR�Zf fb� k � OA|-<DK � ô8� öIGniR�ùi�k k-� öwaynz ,� � j5kbi � �Ëü iR�ôÂiHGniR�ùi�h k-� kIGniR� ÿ f ÿ � jIGniR� j j5h��áõ6ôû"�fõ �wv � � öbi5i � è f�ö6é �Ëü iR� j5kIGniR�ùi�k x x iR� õwaynz ,�i � fDhbi5i � è f*ô6é �Ëü iR� jbiHGniR�ùi�k fb� k � OA|-<DK � ô8�ôJGniR� ÿ iR�ô �waynz ,� � fDhbi5i � �Ëü iR� õ5hIGniR�ùi ÿ fb� k � OA|-<DK � ô8� � öIGniR�ùi ÿ ÿ j�õ��bj5hwaynz ,� � fDhbi5i � �Ëü iR�ôáõIGniR�ùiÍô k-� ÿ öIGniR�ùi�h f5fb�ôJGniR�Zf j6ô5�bj6ôwaynz ,� � j5kbi � �-M5O�G iR� õ5hIGniR�ùi � ö-�ùiHGniR�Zf k5k-�ôJGniR�Zf ÿ ö�� ÿ�ÿwaynz ,� � j5kbi � �-M5O�G iR� j � GniR�ùi ÿ ,�k-�Zf ÿ GniR�ùi�k ÿ(� � ÿ kwaynz ,� � fDhbi5i � �-M5O�G iR� j ÿ GniR�ùi ÿ ö-� õIGniR� k k5k-�ôJGniR� ö ÿ k�� ÿ õwaynz ,� � fDhbi5i � �-M5O�G iR� j6ôJGniR�ùi ÿ ,�k-�ùi5iHGniR�ùi � ÿ ö�� ÿ j�wv � ûx�{õROqGBCöGEMNHI>�M)�<p@C,�[ZH)�ÌO�M5@`}�TZF�\ � \ iR� � GEM5r5<pGBP(<p@x��TUGBP�H5F�<�|R>�M�F(<DF8GBTZH5[�O�M5@+} TZF�\ � [�iR� � lx<poQ�R���

¾ Þ

Page 27: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

~:�{ü;..ýåo=Âþ¹ê�<DCBJA[ZGBC�M5O�GBPA<yOAG"GEM�GBP(<�T�F$�bHb@`TZH5F8G�\ � KATZCEGE@+TUtqJ(GBTUM�F�M5O�Y � �nynHbGBHVHbGQKAT�T�<p@B<DF8G�Û Ô%Õ X Hb@B<v@B<p>�M5@BGE<DK� O�M5@�KAT�T�<p@B<DF8Gx<�|->�<p@`TZ}u<DF$GBCnGBP(<I>�Hb@`H5}I<pGE<p@`CnM5OGBP(<pOAGn�<p@B<I@B<p>�M5@BGE<DK{��P(<DF{H)�ÂH5TZ[�Hbtq[U< � �Nñ:Hb@+H5}I<pGE<p@`Cö\ � H5FAKrq@`<pO�<p@aGEM�GBP(<">�M���<p@C,�[�HD� � ñ:�5.�� � O�JqFAS�GBTUM�F è ý+U�� � ÿ � é ��s GEM�GBP(<"<�|R>�M�F(<DF8GBTZH5[ � ý�|->�� � O�M5@`} è ý$Uq� � õ � é �wöyxzt,��@B<pO�<p@+C]GEMê"JAFQaKAHbGBH � GBPATZC�H5FAH5[ULRCBTZC � �ý�|R>�<p@+TZ}I<DF8G yxHbGBH��-<pG \ � \ � � ñ:�5.]� � q � ñ:�5.]� � ü � ý�|R>�� � u n ^ g ��� �«� ���� c dsTZF_lx<po � � ln<poQ�R� � � ln<poQ�R� �û"�fõ � õ � j � è fDh6é �¢ü iR� j ÿ GniR�ùi�h x x xwaynz ,� � j5kbi � �¢ü iR� öRf�GniR�ùiÍô f ÿ � kIGniR�Zf kbiR�Zf�GQiR� ÿ õ�ö��bk�õwaynz ,� � j5kbi � �¢ü iR� ö5hIGniR�ùi(f , ÿ �ùi6õIGQiR�ùi�k õbi$�bk5jû"�fõ � öbi5i � è f�ö6é �¢ü iR� ö6ôJGniR�ùi(f x xwaynz ,� � fDhbi5i � �¢ü iR� ö6ôJGniR�ùi6ö f ÿ � � GniR�Zf ÿ h-� jzG iR�ùi6ö � f)� � õwaynz ,� � fDhbi5i � �¢ü fb�ùi � GniR�ùi(f ,`fb� ö ÿ GQiR�ùi ÿ õ�õ�� � jwaynz ,� � j5kbi � �-M5O�G iR� j6ôJGniR�ùi6ö fpiR�ùiHGniR� ÿ k5k-�ùiHGQiR� ÿ kRf)� ÿ(�waynz ,� � j5kbi � �-M5O�G iR�ôbkIGQiR�Zf , ÿ �ô � GQiR�ùi6õ ÿ h�� ÿ õwaynz ,� � fDhbi5i � �-M5O�G iR� j � GniR�ùi6õ ö-� õIGQk-� k k5k-�ùi7GniR� ÿ ÿ ö�� ÿ�ÿwaynz ,� � fDhbi5i � �-M5O�G iR�ôbkIGniR�Zfpi , ÿ �ô � GQiR�ùi6õ ÿ õ�� ÿ k

¾ �

Page 28: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

π{ +π{ - mass (GeV/c2)|

Num

ber

of p

airs

/ (2

MeV

/c2 )

p} π{ - or p_π{ + mass (GeV/c2)

|

z9Bl��fáþ)�F$�bHb@`TZH5F8G}NH5CBCa��TUGBPVHRM�~�M�H5FAKQM�, >�}uH5C`CH5C`CBTUr�FA}I<DF8GaO�M5@aM5>A>�M�CBTZGE<D[ULNCBTUr�FA<DKNGE@`H5S` m>�H5TU@`C�>qH5CBCBTZFAr�H5[Z[CB<D[U<DS�GBTUM�F{@B<2U-JATU@B<D}u<DF$GBCxtqJ(GQH5[Z[ZM)��TZFArmGBP(<u}NH5CBCnGEM�t�<��"TUGBPATZF�fpiJ� O�@`M�} GBP(<IF(M�}uTZFAH5[�}uH5C`Cp�s~�PA<�t�H5SB -r5@BM�JAFAKT�FASp[ZJAK(<DCGBP(<?S�M�F8GBH5}uTZFqHbGBTUM�F�t-L�W �X TZF�GBP(<sY � CBH5}u>q[U<QH5FAK��RTZS�<Q�5<p@`CBHR�xfDhbi5iVlx<poäKAHbGBHNHb@B<�CBP(M���F�

¾-Ü

Page 29: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

p} T� (GeV/c)

Ove

rall

Cor

rect

ion

K0s

Λ� 0

z9Bl�� ÿ þ+Bx�5<p@`H5[�[AS�M5@B@B<DS�GBTUM�FNO�H5S�GEM5@+C�HbGxfDhbi5i�lx<poÉO�M5@aW �X � Y �)� H5C�HQO�JAFAS�GBTUM�FIM5O�GBP(<�GE@`H5FACE�5<p@`CB<�}IM�}I<DF8GBJA}���~�P(<S�M5@`@B<DS�GBTUM�F�O�H5S�GEM5@`C"Hb@B<�K(<%OqFA<DK�TZF�GBP(<QGE<�|RGp�

¾��

Page 30: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

t (s)�

Num

ber

of K

0 s / 1

0-11 s

K0s corrected

K0s raw

t (s)�

Num

ber

of Λ

0 / 2×

10-1

1 s

Λ0 correctedΛ0 raw

z9Bl��8k�þAê�H)�ÏH5FAKuS�M5@`@B<DS�GE<DK�W �X H5FAKuY � >A@BM5>�<p@�[ZTUO�<pGBTZ}I<öKAT�CEGE@`TUtqJAGBTUM�FAC�O�M5@�fDhbi5ivlx<poÉKAHbGBHR��~�P(<�[�TZF(<a@B<p>A@B<DCB<DF$GBCGBPA<Qt�<DCBGö<�|->�M�F(<DF8GBTZH5[�OAGöGEMNGBP(<�KAHbGBHR�

üRÝ

Page 31: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

un-corrected�corrected�

proper lifetime (s)}

<pT>

(GeV

/c)

un-corrected�corrected�

proper lifetime (s)}

<pT>

(GeV

/c)

z9Bl�� � þ�~�P(<�}I<DH5Fm\A��M5OW �X H5FAK_Y � H5CxHmO�JAFqS�GBTUM�F�M5O�>A@`M5>�<p@x[ZTUO�<pGBTZ}I< � j � HbGvfDhbi5i�lx<po���ê"HD�äH5FAK�S�M5@B@B<DS�GE<DKKqHbGBHuHb@B<�CBPAM)��F�

ü*²

Page 32: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

N�

K�

P(N

K)

1800 GeV630 GeV

z9Bl���õ�þ�ynTZCBGE@`TUtqJ(GBTZM�FIM5OGBP(<n}sJA[ZGBTU>q[ZTZSpTZG�L�M5O�W �X HbGnfDhbi5i � O�Jq[Z[qCELR}st�M�[�C � H5FAK�j5kbivln<po � M5>�<DFmCELR}st�M�[�C � �Añ � g Ç �e � F-JA}st�<p@xM5O�<p�5<DF$GBC?��TUGBPrg Ç W �X � � � GEM5GBH5[�F8Jq}�t�<p@nM5O]<p�5<DF8GBC � ���Ëüx��d0hJi�j � KATU�RTZK(<DK�t8L�fpi5i � H5FAK k�l6mJn KAHbGBH� }�JA[UGBTZ>q[ZTU<DKmt8L{fpi5i � Hb@`<�CBP(M���F�

üz¾

Page 33: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

N�

Λ�

P(N

Λ)

1800 GeV630 GeV

z9Bl��qj�þ]ynTZCEGE@+TUtqJ(GBTUM�FmM5O�GBPA<?}sJA[ZGBTU>q[ZTZSpTZG�LvM5O:Y � HbG?fDhbi5i � O�JA[Z[�CELR}�t�M�[ZC � H5FAK�j5kbimln<po � M5>�<DF�CELR}st�M�[�C � �Añ � g É �e � F8JA}st�<p@?M5Oö<p�5<DF8GBC���TZGBP�g É Y �D� � � GEM5GBH5[F-JA}st�<p@?M5Oa<p�5<DF$GBC � ���¢üx�:d0h�i�j � KATU�RTZK(<DK�t-L fpi5i � H5FAK k�l6m�n KAHbGBH� }�JA[UGBTZ>q[ZTU<DKmt8L{fpi5i � Hb@`<�CBP(M���F�

üfü

Page 34: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

p} T� (GeV/c)

E(1

/Nev

ent)

d3 NK

/ dp

3 (c3 /G

eV�

2 )

hard x10�

mb�soft x0.1

z9Bl��$ôtþ�W �X TZFqSp[ZJACBTU�5<�TZF8�bHb@`TZH5F8GR\ � KATZCEGE@+TUtqJ(GBTUM�FqC�HbGfDhbi5inlx<po��0�¢üx�Âd0h�i�j�H5FAK k�lHmJn KAHbGBH�Hb@`<]CBP(M���F��FAM5@`}uH5[ZT�dp<DKGEMmGBP(<�F-JA}st�<p@öM5O�<p�5<DF8GBCxTZF�<DH5S`P�CBH5}I>�[U<5�Cý TZCöGBP(<?>�Hb@BGBTZSp[U<Q<DF(<p@`r5L�H5FAK�g u�svu · x TZCöGBP(<�GEM5GBH5[�F-JA}st�<p@öM5O�<p�5<DF8GBC�"PATZS`P{S�M�F8GE@`TUtqJAGE<�GEM�GBPA<vKqTZCEGE@`TUt�J(GBTUM�F�Q~�M�CE<p>qHb@`HbGE<IGBP(<uSpJA@B�5<DCp� k�l6mJn KAHbGBH�>�M�TZF8GBCnHb@B<I}sJq[UGBTU>q[ZTZ<DK�t-L�fpi�H5FAKd0hJi�j�KAHbGBHu>�M�T�F$GBCat-L�iR�Zfb�]~�P(<?CEM�[�TZK�[ZTZF(<DC@B<p>q@B<DCE<DF8G�GBP(<Qt�<DCEG�OAGBCöGEM:ý+U�� � ÿ � M5O�GBP(<QGE<�|RGp�

ü �

Page 35: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

p} T� (GeV/c)

E(1

/Nev

ent)

d3 NK

/ dp

3 (c3 /G

eV�

2 )

hard x10�

mb�soft x0.1

z9Bl��8h�þ�W �X T�FASp[ZJACBTZ�5<TZF8�bHb@`TZH5F8G�\ � KATZCEGE@`TZtqJ(GBTUM�FAC:HbG]j5kbi�ln<po��¢üx�8d0h�i�j:H5FAK k�lHmJn KqHbGBH?Hb@B<�CBP(M���F�$FAM5@`}uH5[ZT�dp<DKGEMmGBP(<�F-JA}st�<p@öM5O�<p�5<DF8GBCxTZF�<DH5S`P�CBH5}I>�[U<5�Cý TZCöGBP(<?>�Hb@BGBTZSp[U<Q<DF(<p@`r5L�H5FAK�g u�svu · x TZCöGBP(<�GEM5GBH5[�F-JA}st�<p@öM5O�<p�5<DF8GBC�"PATZS`P{S�M�F8GE@`TUtqJAGE<�GEM�GBPA<vKqTZCEGE@`TUt�J(GBTUM�F�Q~�M�CE<p>qHb@`HbGE<IGBP(<uSpJA@B�5<DCp� k�l6mJn KAHbGBH�>�M�TZF8GBCnHb@B<I}sJq[UGBTU>q[ZTZ<DK�t-L�fpi�H5FAKd0hJi�j�KAHbGBHu>�M�T�F$GBCat-L�iR�Zfb�]~�P(<?CEM�[�TZK�[ZTZF(<DC@B<p>q@B<DCE<DF8G�GBP(<Qt�<DCEG�OAGBCöGEM:ý+U�� � ÿ � M5O�GBP(<QGE<�|RGp�

ü(¸

Page 36: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

p} T� (GeV/c)

E(1

/Nev

ent)

d3 NΛ

� / dp

3 (c3 /G

eV�

2 )

hard x10�

mb�soft x0.1

z9Bl���ö�þ�Y � TZFASp[ZJqCBTU�5<�TZF8�ÂHb@+TZH5F$GA\ � KAT�CEGE@`TUtqJAGBTUM�FAC�HbGfDhbi5i?lx<po��J�Ëüx�5d�hJi�jH5FAK k�lHmJn KAHbGBH"Hb@B<aCBP(M)�"F�ÂFAM5@`}uH5[ZT�dp<DKGEMmGBP(<�F-JA}st�<p@öM5O�<p�5<DF8GBCxTZF�<DH5S`P�CBH5}I>�[U<5�Cý TZCöGBP(<?>�Hb@BGBTZSp[U<Q<DF(<p@`r5L�H5FAK�g u�svu · x TZCöGBP(<�GEM5GBH5[�F-JA}st�<p@öM5O�<p�5<DF8GBC�"PATZS`P{S�M�F8GE@`TUtqJAGE<�GEM�GBPA<vKqTZCEGE@`TUt�J(GBTUM�F�Q~�M�CE<p>qHb@`HbGE<IGBP(<uSpJA@B�5<DCp� k�l6mJn KAHbGBH�>�M�TZF8GBCnHb@B<I}sJq[UGBTU>q[ZTZ<DK�t-L�fpi�H5FAKd0hJi�j�KAHbGBHu>�M�T�F$GBCat-L�iR�Zfb�]~�P(<?CEM�[�TZK�[ZTZF(<DC@B<p>q@B<DCE<DF8G�GBP(<Qt�<DCEG�OAGBCöGEM:ý+U�� � ÿ � M5O�GBP(<QGE<�|RGp�

ü Þ

Page 37: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

p} T� (GeV/c)

E(1

/Nev

ent)

d3 NΛ

� / dp

3 (c3 /G

eV�

2 )

hard x10�

mb�soft x0.1

z9Bl��Rfpi�þ�Y � TZFASp[�JACBTU�5<�TZF8�bHb@`TZH5F8G(\ � KqTZCEGE@`TUt�J(GBTUM�FAC�HbG�j5kbinlx<po��J�Ëüx�5d�hJi�jH5FAK k�lHmJn KAHbGBH"Hb@B<aCBP(M)�"F�ÂFAM5@`}uH5[ZT�dp<DKGEMmGBP(<�F-JA}st�<p@öM5O�<p�5<DF8GBCxTZF�<DH5S`P�CBH5}I>�[U<5�Cý TZCöGBP(<?>�Hb@BGBTZSp[U<Q<DF(<p@`r5L�H5FAK�g u�svu · x TZCöGBP(<�GEM5GBH5[�F-JA}st�<p@öM5O�<p�5<DF8GBC�"PATZS`P{S�M�F8GE@`TUtqJAGE<�GEM�GBPA<vKqTZCEGE@`TUt�J(GBTUM�F�Q~�M�CE<p>qHb@`HbGE<IGBP(<uSpJA@B�5<DCp� k�l6mJn KAHbGBH�>�M�TZF8GBCnHb@B<I}sJq[UGBTU>q[ZTZ<DK�t-L�fpi�H5FAKd0hJi�j�KAHbGBHu>�M�T�F$GBCat-L�iR�Zfb�]~�P(<?CEM�[�TZK�[ZTZF(<DC@B<p>q@B<DCE<DF8G�GBP(<Qt�<DCEG�OAGBCöGEM:ý+U�� � ÿ � M5O�GBP(<QGE<�|RGp�

ü �

Page 38: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

N*ch�

< p

T >

(G

eV/c

)

Λ� 0

K� 0

stracks�

z9Bl��qf5fáþ��"�5<p@`Hbr5<�GE@+H5FACE�5<p@`CE<"}IM�}I<DF8GBJA} ��\ � ��M5O�W �X H5FAKmY � HbG�fDhbi5iIlx<poÉH5C]H�O�JqFAS�GBTUM�FvM5O�GBP(<�<p�5<DF8G�S+PAHb@Br5<DK}�JA[UGBTZ>q[ZTZSpTUG�L � g ^Ô�` � �z�ËüäKqHbGBH�Hb@B<NCBPAM)��F�uzAM5@sS�M�}I>qHb@+TZCEM�F��GBPA<N}I<DH5F�\ � M5OöS+PAHb@Br5<DK�>�Hb@BGBTZSp[U<DCQ}I<DH5C`J(@B<DK�TZFGBPA<"CBH5}I<x>qPAH5CB<�CE>qH5S�<x@B<pr�TUM�FVTZC]H5[�CEM�>q[ZM5GEGE<DK è � é ��~�PA<>Oq[Z[Z<DKuCLU-JAHb@B<DCHb@BM�JAFAKNGBP(<�>�M�TZF8GBC]K(<D[�TZ}uTUG�GBP(<xCELRCEGE<D}uHbGBTZSJqFAS�<p@BGBH5TZF8GBTU<DCp�

üRÜ

Page 39: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

N� *

ch�

< p

T >

(G

eV/c

)

Λ� 0

K� 0

stracks�

z9Bl��qf ÿ þ��"�5<p@`Hbr5<�GE@+H5FACE�5<p@`CE<"}IM�}I<DF8GBJA} ��\ � ��M5O�W �X H5FAKmY � HbG�fDhbi5iIlx<poÉH5C]H�O�JqFAS�GBTUM�FvM5O�GBP(<�<p�5<DF8G�S+PAHb@Br5<DK}�JA[UGBTZ>q[ZTZSpTUG�L � g ^Ôa` � ���*hJi�j�KAHbGBH�Hb@B<vCBP(M���F�nz(M5@?S�M�}I>qHb@`T�CEM�F��GBP(<I}I<DH5Fm\ � M5O�S`PAHb@Br5<DK{>�Hb@BGBTZSp[U<DCx}I<DH5CBJ(@`<DK�TZFGBPA<"CBH5}I<x>qPAH5CB<�CE>qH5S�<x@B<pr�TUM�FVTZC]H5[�CEM�>q[ZM5GEGE<DK è � é ��~�PA<>Oq[Z[Z<DKuCLU-JAHb@B<DCHb@BM�JAFAKNGBP(<�>�M�TZF8GBC]K(<D[�TZ}uTUG�GBP(<xCELRCEGE<D}uHbGBTZSJqFAS�<p@BGBH5TZF8GBTU<DCp�

ü��

Page 40: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

N*ch�

< p

T >

(G

eV/c

)

Λ� 0

K� 0

stracks�

z9Bl��qfDk�þ��"�5<p@`Hbr5<�GE@+H5FACE�5<p@`CE<"}IM�}I<DF8GBJA} ��\ � ��M5O�W �X H5FAKmY � HbG�fDhbi5iIlx<poÉH5C]H�O�JqFAS�GBTUM�FvM5O�GBP(<�<p�5<DF8G�S+PAHb@Br5<DK}�JA[UGBTZ>q[ZTZSpTUG�L � g ^Ôa` � �3� l6mJn KqHbGBHNHb@B<�CBP(M)�"F�öz(M5@xS�M�}u>qHb@`TZCEM�F��AGBP(<s}u<DH5FI\ � M5O�S+PAHb@Br5<DK�>qHb@BGBT�Sp[U<DC�}I<DH5CBJA@B<DK_TZFGBPA<"CBH5}I<x>qPAH5CB<�CE>qH5S�<x@B<pr�TUM�FVTZC]H5[�CEM�>q[ZM5GEGE<DK è � é ��~�PA<>Oq[Z[Z<DKuCLU-JAHb@B<DCHb@BM�JAFAKNGBP(<�>�M�TZF8GBC]K(<D[�TZ}uTUG�GBP(<xCELRCEGE<D}uHbGBTZSJqFAS�<p@BGBH5TZF8GBTU<DCp�

� Ý

Page 41: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

N*ch�

< p

T >

(G

eV/c

)

Λ� 0

K� 0

stracks�

z9Bl��f � þ����5<p@+Hbr5<QGE@`H5FACE�5<p@`CB<n}uM�}I<DF$GBJq} ��\ � ��M5O�W �X H5FAKVY � HbG�j5kbiNlx<po H5CaH�O�JqFAS�GBTUM�FmM5O�GBP(<x<p�5<DF$G�S+PAHb@Br5<DK}�JA[UGBTZ>q[ZTZSpTUG�L � g ^Ô�` � �z�ËüäKqHbGBH�Hb@B<NCBPAM)��F�uzAM5@sS�M�}I>qHb@+TZCEM�F��GBPA<N}I<DH5F�\ � M5OöS+PAHb@Br5<DK�>�Hb@BGBTZSp[U<DCQ}I<DH5C`J(@B<DK�TZFGBPA<"CBH5}I<x>qPAH5CB<�CE>qH5S�<x@B<pr�TUM�FVTZC]H5[�CEM�>q[ZM5GEGE<DK è � é ��~�PA<>Oq[Z[Z<DKuCLU-JAHb@B<DCHb@BM�JAFAKNGBP(<�>�M�TZF8GBC]K(<D[�TZ}uTUG�GBP(<xCELRCEGE<D}uHbGBTZSJqFAS�<p@BGBH5TZF8GBTU<DCp�

� ²

Page 42: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

N� *

ch�

< p

T >

(G

eV/c

)

Λ� 0

K� 0

stracks�

z9Bl��f�õ�þ����5<p@+Hbr5<QGE@`H5FACE�5<p@`CB<n}uM�}I<DF$GBJq} ��\ � ��M5O�W �X H5FAKVY � HbG�j5kbiNlx<po H5CaH�O�JqFAS�GBTUM�FmM5O�GBP(<x<p�5<DF$G�S+PAHb@Br5<DK}�JA[UGBTZ>q[ZTZSpTUG�L � g ^Ôa` � ���*hJi�j�KAHbGBH�Hb@B<vCBP(M���F�nz(M5@?S�M�}I>qHb@`T�CEM�F��GBP(<I}I<DH5Fm\ � M5O�S`PAHb@Br5<DK{>�Hb@BGBTZSp[U<DCx}I<DH5CBJ(@`<DK�TZFGBPA<"CBH5}I<x>qPAH5CB<�CE>qH5S�<x@B<pr�TUM�FVTZC]H5[�CEM�>q[ZM5GEGE<DK è � é ��~�PA<>Oq[Z[Z<DKuCLU-JAHb@B<DCHb@BM�JAFAKNGBP(<�>�M�TZF8GBC]K(<D[�TZ}uTUG�GBP(<xCELRCEGE<D}uHbGBTZSJqFAS�<p@BGBH5TZF8GBTU<DCp�

� ¾

Page 43: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

N*ch�

< p

T >

(G

eV/c

)

Λ� 0

K� 0

stracks�

z9Bl��fDj�þ����5<p@+Hbr5<QGE@`H5FACE�5<p@`CB<n}uM�}I<DF$GBJq} ��\ � ��M5O�W �X H5FAKVY � HbG�j5kbiNlx<po H5CaH�O�JqFAS�GBTUM�FmM5O�GBP(<x<p�5<DF$G�S+PAHb@Br5<DK}�JA[UGBTZ>q[ZTZSpTUG�L � g ^Ôa` � �3� l6mJn KqHbGBHNHb@B<�CBP(M)�"F�öz(M5@xS�M�}u>qHb@`TZCEM�F��AGBP(<s}u<DH5FI\ � M5O�S+PAHb@Br5<DK�>qHb@BGBT�Sp[U<DC�}I<DH5CBJA@B<DK_TZFGBPA<"CBH5}I<x>qPAH5CB<�CE>qH5S�<x@B<pr�TUM�FVTZC]H5[�CEM�>q[ZM5GEGE<DK è � é ��~�PA<>Oq[Z[Z<DKuCLU-JAHb@B<DCHb@BM�JAFAKNGBP(<�>�M�TZF8GBC]K(<D[�TZ}uTUG�GBP(<xCELRCEGE<D}uHbGBTZSJqFAS�<p@BGBH5TZF8GBTU<DCp�

� ü

Page 44: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

N� *

ch�

< N

k0 s

> / N

* ch

Hard�

MB�

Soft

z9Bl��qf*ôtþ)�_<DH5FuF8Jq}�t�<p@�M5O�W �X >�<p@�<p�5<DF8G�KATU�RTZK(<DKst-LsGBP(<"S`PAHb@Br5<DKm}sJq[UGBTU>q[ZT�SpTUG�L � g ^Ôa` � H5FAKv>q[ZM5GEGE<DKuH5C]HnO�JAFAS�GBTUM�FM5O*g ^Ôa` �]~�P(<��¢üx��d0h�i�jH5FAK k�lHmJn KqHbGBHuHbG�fDhbi5iVln<po Hb@B<?CBP(M���F�

�R�

Page 45: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

N� *

ch�

< N

k0 s

> / N

* ch

Hard�

MB�

Soft

z9Bl��(fDh�þ)��<DH5FIF-JA}st�<p@:M5O�W �X >�<p@�<p�5<DF8G]KATU�RTZK(<DK�t8L�GBP(<öS`PAHb@Br5<DKN}sJA[ZGBTU>q[ZTZSpTZG�L � g ^Ôa` � H5FAK�>q[UM5GEGE<DKIH5C�HxO�JAFAS�GBTUM�FM5O*g ^Ôa` �]~�P(<��¢üx��d0h�i�jH5FAK k�lHmJn KqHbGBHuHbG�fDhbi5iVln<po Hb@B<?CBP(M���F�

� ¸

Page 46: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

N� *

ch�

< N

Λ0 >

/ N

* ch

Hard�

MB�

Soft

z9Bl���f�ö�þ)�_<DH5FmF-JA}st�<p@�M5O�Y � >�<p@�<p�5<DF$GKATU�RTZK(<DKvt-L�GBPA<"S`PqHb@Br5<DKm}�JA[UGBTZ>q[ZTZSpTUG�L � g ^Ôa` � H5FAKN>q[UM5GEGE<DKNH5C�H?O�JAFAS�GBTUM�FM5O*g ^Ôa` �]~�P(<��¢üx��d0h�i�jH5FAK k�lHmJn KqHbGBHuHbG�fDhbi5iVln<po Hb@B<?CBP(M���F�

� Þ

Page 47: Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005 · Fermilab FERMILAB-PUB-05-078-E APRIL 2005.0/ 13254647 8694:

N� *

ch�

< N

Λ0 >

/ N

* ch

Hard�

MB�

Soft

z9Bl�� ÿ i�þ)�_<DH5FmF-JA}st�<p@�M5O�Y � >�<p@�<p�5<DF$GKATU�RTZK(<DKvt-L�GBPA<"S`PqHb@Br5<DKm}�JA[UGBTZ>q[ZTZSpTUG�L � g ^Ôa` � H5FAKN>q[UM5GEGE<DKNH5C�H?O�JAFAS�GBTUM�FM5O*g ^Ôa` �]~�P(<��¢üx��d0h�i�jH5FAK k�lHmJn KqHbGBHuHbG"j5kbiVln<po Hb@`<�CBP(M���F�

� �