Female Repro AnatomyFemale Repro Anatomy

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Figure 2-8Figure 2-8

Figure 2-8 Not Available on WWWFigure 2-8 Not Available on WWW

OvaryOvary

• Hormones ProducedHormones Produced

• Estrogen - steroidEstrogen - steroid

• Progesterone - steroidProgesterone - steroid

• Oxytocin - polypeptideOxytocin - polypeptide

• Relaxin - polypeptideRelaxin - polypeptide

• Inhibin - polypeptideInhibin - polypeptide

• Activin - polypeptideActivin - polypeptide

OvaryOvary

• StructureStructure

• Tunica albugineaTunica albuginea

• Ovarian Cortex - houses oocytes, except Ovarian Cortex - houses oocytes, except horse, CL & CA (Fig 2-10)horse, CL & CA (Fig 2-10)

• Ovarian Medulla - central part houses Ovarian Medulla - central part houses vasculature, nerves & lymphatic vesselsvasculature, nerves & lymphatic vessels

Ovary in MareOvary in Mare

• Ovarian medulla & cortex are reversedOvarian medulla & cortex are reversed

• Ovulation fossa - all ovulations occur in Ovulation fossa - all ovulations occur in same spotsame spot

• Follicles can be palpated via rectal Follicles can be palpated via rectal palpation but CL can’t be palpated. CL palpation but CL can’t be palpated. CL penetrates into the ovarian tissue.penetrates into the ovarian tissue.

OvaryOvary

• Techniques for evaluation of follicular Techniques for evaluation of follicular statusstatus– Rectal PalpationRectal Palpation– UltrasonicUltrasonic

OvaryOvary

• Primordial folliclesPrimordial follicles

• MicroscopicMicroscopic

• Most immature & smallestMost immature & smallest

• Surrounded by a single layer of flattened Surrounded by a single layer of flattened cells (Fig 2-8)cells (Fig 2-8)

OvaryOvary

• Primary folliclesPrimary follicles

• Oocyte surrounded by single layer of Oocyte surrounded by single layer of cuboidal epithelium or follicular cellscuboidal epithelium or follicular cells

• Born with lifetime supply of primordial Born with lifetime supply of primordial & primary follicles& primary follicles

OvaryOvary

• Secondary follicleSecondary follicle

• MicroscopicMicroscopic

• Two or more layers of follicular cellsTwo or more layers of follicular cells

• No antrum or cavityNo antrum or cavity

• Oocyte characterized as being Oocyte characterized as being surrounded by zona pellucida (thick & surrounded by zona pellucida (thick & translucent)translucent)

OvaryOvary

• Antral follicleAntral follicle

• Has fluid filled cavityHas fluid filled cavity

• Tertiary follicleTertiary follicle

• Graafian follicle - large dominat follicleGraafian follicle - large dominat follicle

• Follicular fluid within antrumFollicular fluid within antrum

• 1mm to several cm1mm to several cm

Antral FolliclesAntral Follicles

• 3 Layers3 Layers– Theca externa - loose connective tissuesTheca externa - loose connective tissues– Theca interna - responsible for production of Theca interna - responsible for production of

androgens under influence of LHandrogens under influence of LH– Granulosal cell layer - responsible for many Granulosal cell layer - responsible for many

products (estrogen, inhibin, & follicular fluid), products (estrogen, inhibin, & follicular fluid), possess receptors for FSH & govern possess receptors for FSH & govern maturation of oocytematuration of oocyte

– Thin basement membrane seperates TI & GThin basement membrane seperates TI & G

After OvulationAfter Ovulation

• Ovulation involves thinning of tissue Ovulation involves thinning of tissue layers and changes in follicular fluid layers and changes in follicular fluid pressurepressure

• Triggered by large increase in blood Triggered by large increase in blood [LH][LH]

• Blood vessels rupture & blood fills holeBlood vessels rupture & blood fills hole

• Corpus hemorrhagicumCorpus hemorrhagicum

Corpus LuteumCorpus Luteum

• Granulosa cells differentiate due to LHGranulosa cells differentiate due to LH

• Cells proliferate down cytoskeletal Cells proliferate down cytoskeletal structure provided by blood clotstructure provided by blood clot

• Produces progesterone & relaxinProduces progesterone & relaxin

OviductOviduct

• Fig. 2-9Fig. 2-9

• InfundibulumInfundibulum

• AmpullaAmpulla

• IsthmusIsthmus

Figure 2-9 Not Available on WWWFigure 2-9 Not Available on WWW

OviductOviduct

• InfundibulumInfundibulum

• Surface covered by fimbriaeSurface covered by fimbriae

• Increases surface area & captures ovumIncreases surface area & captures ovum

• Moves ovum towards ostiumMoves ovum towards ostium

• Infundibulum surrounds ovary in a few Infundibulum surrounds ovary in a few species (dog)species (dog)

OviductOviduct

• AmpullaAmpulla

• Half or more of oviductal lengthHalf or more of oviductal length

• Ampullary-isthmic junction ill definedAmpullary-isthmic junction ill defined

• Mare, AIJ serves as control point that Mare, AIJ serves as control point that allows only fertilized oocytes to pass into allows only fertilized oocytes to pass into isthmusisthmus

OviductOviduct

• IsthmusIsthmus

• Smaller in diameter that AmpullaSmaller in diameter that Ampulla

• Connected to uterus with uterotubal Connected to uterus with uterotubal junctionjunction

OviductOviduct

• Fluids produced by oviduct supportFluids produced by oviduct support– ovumovum– spermatozoaspermatozoa– important for fertilizationimportant for fertilization– early embryoearly embryo

OviductOviduct

• Uterotubal junctionUterotubal junction– regulates movement of embryo into uterusregulates movement of embryo into uterus

• ““kink” in cattle under influence of estrogenkink” in cattle under influence of estrogen

– regulates movement of sperm to ampulla for regulates movement of sperm to ampulla for fertilizationfertilization

– helps prevent polyspermy in swinehelps prevent polyspermy in swine

UterusUterus

• Three types of uteriThree types of uteri

• Duplex (Opussum, Rabbit)Duplex (Opussum, Rabbit)

• Bicornuate (Cow, Mare, Sow, Doe, Ewe)Bicornuate (Cow, Mare, Sow, Doe, Ewe)

• Simplex (Primate & Human)Simplex (Primate & Human)

Uterus (Fig 2-11)Uterus (Fig 2-11)

Figure 2-11 not on WWWFigure 2-11 not on WWW

UterusUterus

• DuplexDuplex

• Male opossum has forked penisMale opossum has forked penis

• Rabbit can AI into both sides have have Rabbit can AI into both sides have have two genetic populationstwo genetic populations

UterusUterus

• BicornuateBicornuate

• Bipartite - old term used for cow & mareBipartite - old term used for cow & mare

UterusUterus

• ComponentsComponents– Serosa = perimetriumSerosa = perimetrium– Muscularis = myometriumMuscularis = myometrium– Mucosa + submucosa - endometriumMucosa + submucosa - endometrium

UterusUterus

• Endometrium (Fig. 2-12)Endometrium (Fig. 2-12)

• Contains ‘uterine glands’Contains ‘uterine glands’

• Secretions important to survival of Secretions important to survival of preimplantation embryopreimplantation embryo

• Coil under influence of estrogenCoil under influence of estrogen

• Secretory capacity under influence of Secretory capacity under influence of progesteroneprogesterone

Uterus Fig. 2-12Uterus Fig. 2-12

Figure 2-12 Not available on WWWFigure 2-12 Not available on WWW