Feed NutrientsFeed Nutrients

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Objectives

Identify sources of nutrients and classes of feeds related to the ruminant and non-ruminant animals

Describe sources of nutrients and classes of feeds related to the ruminant and non-ruminant animals

Objectives:– Identify major functions of basic nutrient

groups and feeds that are sources for each.

Nutrients

A chemical element or compound that aids in the support of life.Necessary for cells to live, grow, and function properly.Many needed and must be in the proper balanceLack of one or more nutrients will slow growth

5 Groups of Nutrients

Energy Nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and oils)

Proteins

Vitamins

Minerals

Water

Energy Nutrients - Carbohydrates

Main energy functionMade up of sugars, starches, cellulose, and ligninChemically composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenEnergy powers muscular movementProduce body heatExtra Carbs are stored as fat

Simple and Complex Carbohydrates

Simple

Sugars and Starches

Referred as nitrogen free extract (nfe)

Come from cereal grains (corn, etc)

Complex

Cellulose and lignin

Called Fiber

More difficult to digest

Found mostly in roughages (hay, grass)

Fiber Content of Feeds

Simple stomached animals can not digest large amounts of fiber, and their ration must be made up of mostly cereal grains.

Ruminant animals can eat large amounts of fiber, and a high percentage of their ration is roughage

Energy Nutrients - Fats and Oils

Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but contain more carbon and hydrogen atoms than carbohydrates

For this reason fats have 2.25 times as much energy value than carbohydrates

Fats are solid at body temperature

Oils are liquid at body temperature

Fats and Oils

They are easily digested in the animal

Provide energy and body heat

Carry fat-soluble vitamins

Come from both vegetable and animal sources

Vegetable fat ranges from 1.8 to 4.4 %

Animal fat ranges from 1 to 10.6 %

Crude Protein

Total Protein

Not all is digested

60% in ruminant rations is digested

75% in non-ruminant rations is digested

Digestible Protein- amount of true protein in the feed

Proteins

Organic compounds made up of amino acids

Contain: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Some may contain sulphur, phosphorus, and iron

Supply materials to build body tissue (ligaments, hair, hooves, skin, organs, and muscle are partially formed by protein)

Nutrients

If an animal takes in more protein than needed, nitrogen is separated and given off as urineThe material left is then is then converted into energy or body fatEssential amino acids - needed by the animal and the animal can’t produce the amino acidNon - Essential amino acids - needed by the animal but are synthesized from other amino acids.

Non-Essential Amino Acids

Needed by animals but synthesized in the body from another amino acids there for do not need to be provided in the ration

Amino Acids in Ruminant and Non- Ruminant Animals

Non-ruminant animals can not synthesize the essential amino acids fast enough to meet the animals needs therefore those essential amino acids must be provided in the ration

Ruminant animals generally synthesize the essential amino acids by the rumen at a rate to meet the needs of the animal

Sources of Protein

Animal source protein are considered good-quality proteins since they contain a good balance of essential amino acids

Plant proteins are thought to be poor-quality proteins because they lack some amino acids

Proteins in Ruminants

Can be met by feeding proteins of vegetable sourcesAlso by feeding urea (synthetic nitrogen source made from air, water and carbon)Urea is mixed with the ration to to provide nitrogen for making amino acids in the ruminants body

Proteins in Simple Stomached Animals

Need to feed balanced ration with the right balance of essential amino acids

If grains are combined in the correct combination they will provide a balanced ration.

Soybean meal is most commonly used

Protein Sources

Plant

Linseed meal

Dehulled soybean meal

Cottonseed meal

Dehydrated alfalfa meal

Animal

Meat meal

Fish meal

Dried whey

Casein

Dried Milk

Vitamins

Trace organic compounds or needed in small amounts

All vitamins contain carbon

Two types of vitamins: Fat soluble and Water soluble

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Dissolved in fat

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Vitamin A - associated with healthy eyes, good conception rate, and disease resistance

Vitamin D - assoc. with good bone development and mineral balance of the blood

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin E - associated with normal reproduction and muscle development

Can also help immune system

Vitamin K - Helps with blood clotting and prevents excessive bleeding from injuries

Sources of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Green leafy hay

Yellow Corn

Cod Liver

Fish Oils

Wheat Oil

Vitamin D is produced in the body when sunlight is present

Water Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C - Helps teeth and bone formation and prevents infections

Vitamin B complex - needed for chemical reactions in the body and help improve appetite, growth and reproduction

Sources of Water Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C is found in green pastures and also farm animals can produce enough vitamin C in their body

Vitamin B complex sources- green pastures, cereal grains, hay, milk, fish solubles, and animal proteins

Minerals

Needed in small amountsContain NO Carbon (if the feed was burned the ash left would be minerals)Provide material for growth of bones, teeth, tissue, regulate chemical processes, aid in muscular activities, and release energy for body heatTwo types - Major and Trace Minerals

Major Minerals

Needed in large amounts

Salt, calcium, and phosphorus

Trace Minerals

Needed in small amounts

Potassium, sulfur, magnesium, iron, iodine, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese, boron, molybdenum, fluorine, and selenium

Most trace minerals are in the feed

Water

Makes up the most of the living organism (40%-80%)

Helps dissolve nutrients, controls body temperature of the animals body.

Water in the blood acts as a carrier of nutrients and is necessary for chemical reactions

Animals can live longer without food than water

Review Objectives

Identify sources of nutrients and classes of feeds related to the ruminant and non-ruminant animals

Describe sources of nutrients and classes of feeds related to the ruminant and non-ruminant animals