fecal sludge management in bangladesh: institutional and...

Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman

Fecal Sludge Management in Bangladesh: Institutional and Regulatory Framework

i. Background of IRF Development


Professor of BUET

&

Coordinator

South Asia Urban Knowledge Hub

Bangladesh, ITN-BUET

Rajendrapur BRAC Center18 December 2016


Global Context

Of 7.0 billion global population, 2.4 billion people have access to sewers and 1.9 billion lack any services *

2.7 billion people worldwide depends on on-site sanitation (OSS); about 1.0 billion in urban areas; expected to grow to 5.0 billion by 2030 *

Estimated volume of faecal sludge about 245 billion litres/year with a market potential of $2.3 billion/year *

593 million in southern Asia depends on OSS

About 156 of 160 million in Bangladesh uses OSS

(* Ref: The Boston Consulting Group, December 2012)


Shift in Global Thinking Re Sustainable Sanitation

OSS no more temporary solution; with effective FSM in place OSS could be effective, long term, sustainable solution

5.0 m3 untreated FS into environment is equivalent to about 5000 people practicing OD;

Cost of FSM technologies could be 5 times less expensive than conventional sewer based solutions

FSM based OSS can result in immediate environmental improvement as it does not have to wait for huge Capex to be arranged , which is required for sewer based solutions


Sanitation Situation in Bangladesh

Improved sanitation 61%

Shared latrines 28%

Unimproved latrines 10%

Total 99%

Use some form of

latrines!1990 2000 2015

1%


National-Scale Sanitation Status: JMP 2015(Unicef-WHO)

Country Improved Sanitation

(% of population)

Open Defecation(% of population)

Sri Lanka 95 0

Bangladesh 61 1

Pakistan 64 13

Nepal 46 32

India 40 44

• Improvement in Sanitation Coverage in Bangladesh over the past decade is “remarkable”.


Sanitation technologies behind this rapid sanitation coverage

• Rapid increase in sanitation coverage was achieved through use of on-site sanitation facilities:

– Pour-flush latrines, and

– Septic tank system

7

Septic Tank System Major Option in All Urban Areas (including some Slums)

Sludge

Scum

Sludge

Fecal Sludge

Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman 8

Pour Flush Sanitation(Rural areas; Urban slum/low-income communities)

Liquid

Infiltration

Pit

Fecal Sludge


Fecal Sludge Management (FSM)

Fecal sludge is a growing concern in the developing world including Bangladesh.

In absence of appropriate management system discharge of fecal sludge into storm drains, adjacent water bodies or low-lying areas is common.

Such practice leading to serious environmental degradation giving rise to significant public health concerns and economic loss.

FSM therefore is a critical need throughout the developing world including Bangladesh


FSM System Elements

Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Disposal or reuse


FSM Versus Network Sewerage

Household/ community OSS facility

Collection Transport Treatment Enduse/ Disposal

Household/ community

Private Company and/ or NGOs

DWASA DNCC/ DSCC

MoLGRDC Development partners

Private Company and/ or NGOs

FSM deals with the management of sludge from OSS facilities while wastewater management deals with sewered sanitation

FS may be treated separately or may be co-treated in a sewage treatment plant or may be treated with household solid waste

FSM must be seen as complete system


FSM: Challenges related to Containment

Most human faeces are not contained

safely

Pit latrines and ‘septic tanks’ do not

function effectively

Faecal sludge finds its way directly

into the environment

Need to ensure safe containment of

onsite sanitation by setting and

enforcing building and emptying

regulations

Who will ensure that?


FSM: Challenges related to Emptying and Transportation

Access to OSS facility

Appropriate collection system

(vehicle, safety issues)

Travel distance/ Transfer station

Often sludge does not reach official

dumping site due to indiscriminate

dumping of sludge

Existing services: informal and

outside public sector control

Small operators: difficult to run a

profitable business

Which institutions are

responsible?


FSM: Challenges related to Treatment and Disposal

Only a small % is being treated due

to lack of dedicated facilities

Land for treatment

Standard treatment facilities require

massive investments

Quality assurance of treated FS for

enduse

Appropriate sludge treatment

plants are needed to ensure a

complete and effective sanitation

value chain

Institutional roles and responsibilities

need to be clearly defined.


Why Institutional/ Regulatory Framework?

To clearly assign responsibility of FSM to specific institutions based on based on existing laws, policies and strategies.

To avoid overlapping and unclear allocation of responsibilities of concerned institutions.

To identify specific roles/activities to be carried out by concerned institutions.

To ensure stakeholders coordination.

To facilitate attaining environmental, financial and social sustainability.


Background of Developing IRF for FSM in Bangladesh

Recognizing that

No specific institutional and regulatory framework exists for FSM, and

Lack of specific regulatory/institutional framework for FSM and absence of proven technology for treatment/disposal of fecal sludge are major barriers to successful FSM.

The 16th Meeting of National Forum for Water Supply and Sanitation (held on September 4, 2014) took a decision to develop the Institutional and Regulatory Framework for Fecal sludge Management.


A 32 member Working Committee (WC) was formed for drafting of the FSM framework on 18 November 2016


Background…

04 September 2014: National Forum for Water Supply and Sanitation in its 16th meeting decided to develop an institutional and regulatory framework for FSM.

18 November 2014: A 32 member Working Committee (WC) was formed for drafting of the FSM framework, to ensure all stakeholders’ participation.

03 December 2014: First meeting of the WC held; modalitiesof developing FSM framework decided.

23 December 2014: First National Consultation on FSM held, where Secretary, LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C was present as the Chief Guest.


Background…

16 February 2015: A Focus Group Discussion was held with the top management of DNCC and DSCC on FSM in Dhaka city, in the presence of the Secretary, LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C.

21 March 2015: Second meeting of WC held; more members co-opted; field consultation plan finalized.

13 May 2015: Workshop on “field consultation” in urban and rural areas.

01 June 2015: A consultation meeting was held with Municipal Association of Bangladesh (MAB) on FSM in Paurashavas.

24 August 2015: Third meeting of the WC held; content of FSM frameworks finalized and drafting sub-committees formed.

May – August 2015: 22 field consultations held; 11 in rural areas and 11 in urban areas.


Field Consultation: UrbanSerial

NoLocation Responsible

OrganizationStatus

District Upazila/PourashavaCity Corporation

1 Chittagong Chittagong CC WaterAid, Chittagong CC

Completed

2 Tangail Shakhipur Pourashava WaterAid Completed

3 Khulna Khulna CC SNV Completed

4 Jhenaidah Jhenaidah Pourashava SNV Completed

5 Kushtia Kushtia Pourashava SNV Completed

6 Barisal Barisal CC PAB, DSK and Wash Alliance

Completed

7 Faridpur Faridpur Pourashava Practical Action Completed

8 Satkhira Satkhira Pourashava Practical Action Completed

9 Gaibandha Gaibandha Pouroshava Practical Action Completed

10 Rangpur Rangpur CC Practical Action Completed

11 Rajshahi Rajshahi CC VERC Completed


Field Consultation: Rural and Non-Paurashava Towns

SerialNo

Location Responsible Organization

Status

District Upazila/PaurashavaCity Corporation

1 Munshiganj Gazaria Upazila NGO-Forum Completed

2 Tangail Bhuapur Upazila NGO-Forum Completed

3 Rajshahi Bagmara Upazila VERC Completed

4 Gazipur Kaliakoir Upazila VERC Completed

5 Borguna Borguna Sadar Plan Bangladesh Completed

6 Dinajpur Khansama Upazila Plan Bangladesh Completed

7 Kishoreganj Nikli Plan Bangladesh Completed

8 Sylhet Sadar Dakshin BRAC Completed

9 Jessore Sarsha BRAC Completed

10 Sylhet Golapganj BRAC Completed

11 Comilla Brahmanpara, Comilla(Non-Pouroshova Town)

LGED Completed


Rural and Non-Pouroshava Towns

Urban (Except Dhaka)

District Upazila/PourashavaCity Corporation

Munshiganj Gazaria Upazila

Tangail Bhuapur Upazila

Rajshahi Bagmara Upazila

Gazipur Kaliakoir Upazila

Borguna Borguna Sadar

Dinajpur Khansama Upazila

Kishoreganj Nikli

Sylhet Sadar Dakshin

Jessore Sarsha

Sylhet Golapganj

Comilla Brahmanpara, Comilla(Non-Pouroshova Town)

Chittagong Chittagong CC

Tangail Shakhipur Pourashava

Khulna Khulna CC

Jhenaidah Jhenaidah Pourashava

Kushtia Kushtia Pourashava

Narayanganj Narayanganj CC

Barisal Barisal CC

Faridpur Faridpur Pourashava

Satkhira Satkhira Pourashava

Gaibandha Gaibandha Pouroshava

Rangpur Rangpur CC

Rajshahi Rajshahi CC


Background… 22 October 2015: Drafting sub-committee finalized draft

FSM frameworks.

04 November 2015: WC meeting reviewed and finalized draft FSM frameworks for presentation before the National Consultation.

18 November 2015: Final National Workshop held, where Secretary, LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C was present as the Special Guest. Based on feedback received, the FSM frameworks were finalized.

The National Forum for WSS finally recommended the IRF for

FSM in Bangladesh which is currently being translated in

Bangla.


FSM Framework for Bangladesh

National FSM Framework

Rural FSM Urban FSM

Mega City Dhaka City Corporations Paurashava Towns

The frameworks have

been developed based

on provisions of the

Local Government Acts

(2009)


Planning

Technology

Management

FSM requires an integrated systems approach,

incorporating technology, management and planning


Fecal Sludge Management in Bangladesh: Institutional and Regulatory Framework

ii. Content of IRF for FSM in Bangladesh

Rajendrapur BRAC Center18 December 2016

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali

Professor of BUET

&

Director, ITN-BUET


Outline of Each Framework

Chapter 1: Context

Chapter 2: Objectives and Scope of FSM Framework

Chapter 3: Participating Institutions

Chapter 4: Distribution of Institutional Roles and Responsibilities

Chapter 5: Financial Aspects of FSM Service Chain


Chapter 1: Context

• Describes the existing situation of sanitation and fecal sludge management (FSM) in the respective areas.

• Identifies the major challenges for implementing scientific and effective FSM.


Chapter 2: Objectives and Scope of FSM Framework

The Frameworks:

(a) Identify ways and means of implementing FSM services; and

(b) Define specific roles and responsibilities of various institutions and stakeholders (e.g., DNCC and DSCC for Dhaka, Khulna City Corporation, FaridpurPaurashava, DWASA, City Development Authorities, MoEF, etc.)


Chapter 3: Participating Institutions

(a) Ministries: to endorse FSM framework; secure funding; technical support through respective line agencies (DPHE, LGED, WASAs); ensure enforcement of laws/ regulations; initiate inclusive planning and implementation of FSM; and monitoring through NFWSS.

• Local Government Division, Ministry of

LGRD&C: Lead Ministry

• 12 Other Ministries


Chapter 3: Participating Institutions ….

(b) Local Government Authorities:

• DNCC and DSCC: Primary responsibility for Dhaka

• City Corporations: Primary responsibility for CC areas

• Paurashavas: Primary responsibility for Paurashava towns.

• Union Parishad: Main responsibility for rural areas; Upazila Parishad will play supporting role

• DPHE, LGED, WASAs: Supporting/ technical role


Chapter 3: Participating Institutions ….

(c) Institutions for Capacity Building: e.g., Ministries and line agencies; academic/research institutions, development partners, I/NGOs, private sector.

(d) Institutions for Awareness Building: e.g., Ministries and line agencies; development partners, I/NGOs, CBOs, print/electronic/social media; private sector.


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Section 4.1: Overview of existing laws, rules and regulations

Section 4.2: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities

4.2.1 Primary responsibility of FSM

Mega City Dhaka: DNCC and DSCC

Areas under City Corporations: City Corporations

Paurashava towns: Paurashava Authority

Rural Areas: Union Parishad supported by Upazila Parishad

The Lead institutions may outsource specific activities to private organizations or may go for partnership with appropriate institutions for achieving certain goals



4.2.2 Sanitation facilities and disposal of fecal sludge/sewage

• Emphasis on proper design, location, construction of sanitation facilities (e.g., septic tanks) for new constructions;

• Inspection of sanitation facilities of existing structures;

• Prevention of disposal of sewage/ wastewater/ garbage in water bodies/ open places in accordance with provisions of Local Government Acts;



4.2.3 Fecal sludge collection and transport

• Focus on hygienic collection/emptying of fecal sludge, without adverse impacts on environment and public health, especially heath and safety of emptiers.

• Ensuring mechanical desludging and use of safety/ protective gears; integrating traditional pit emptier community in FSM services.

• Ensuring proper transportation of collected fecal sludge to treatment/ disposal site.

• Involvement of private sector in FSM services.

• Fixing of fees for collection and transport of fecal sludge.

• Development of database of sanitation facilities and service recipients.



4.2.4 Fecal sludge treatment, disposal and reuse

• Emphasis on development of FS treatment facilities in collaboration with DPHE, LGED, WASAs, Private Sector.

• Interim facility (e.g., pits/ trenches) for disposal of fecal sludge before treatment facilities are built.

• Collaboration/ coordination with DoE, IEDCR, DAE for environmental compliance, and quality assurance and marketing of end products.

• Involvement of private sector in FS treatment.



Section 4.3: “Environmental Police” for Field Compliance

• Development of necessary standards and guidelines for enduse and disposal of treated sludge.

• Ensuring environmental compliance.

• Initiative for developing “environmental police”.



Section 4.4: Capacity Building, Training and Research

• Setting up of Unit/ Division in relevant LGIs (CCs, Paurashavas, Union Parishads) for FSM for effective delivery of FSM services.

• Skill development of LGIs and relevant stakeholders.

• Research and development.

• Coordination by LGD in capacity building, research and training initiatives on FSM, and dissemination of knowledge/ information.



Section 4.5: Awareness Building

• With support from Ministries, involvement of local, national, international NGOs, research organizations, media to work on awareness raising.

Section 4.6: Technical Assistance and Funding Support

• Increased funding of GoB for development of FSM infrastructure.

• Development partners may provide technical assistance and funding support for establishing FSM services.

• Development of relevant standards/ guidelines for emptying, transportation, treatment and disposal; quality control/standardization of end products.


Chapter 5: Financial Aspects of FSM Service Chain

Section 5.1: Cost of FSM services

Section 5.2: Proposition of Fund Flow for FSM Services


Household/ Community/

Institution

Collection andTransportation

Farmer/ Private Company/ NGOs

Paurashava/ City Corporation/

DNCC, DSCCTreatment Facilities

MoLGRDC

Collection Transport Treatment End-use/ DisposalEmptying Household/ Community/

Institution OSS facility Fecal Sludge Flow

Flow of Funds

Financial Aspects of FSM Service Chain


Thank You

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