F E B R U A R Y , 1 9 4 9

BULLETIN

Denis*. rpntrr, ia o n e o f thr Ittvkir*~ girl. in GI. \:,,:tirr brr:lllwc ~ h p h:t* nnr of the 1x0 qIc,II* in tho xholc- t o x n . llrr 'lcrll, ; ~ l r a , n i t ~ n ~ d 1)cniw. i. o n I I I P r i ~ h t ; t11:11'9 J I P T hinh?

l,,-<btI,"7 4#,, 11," IPft.

ST. NAZAlRE REBUILDS, SEE PAGES 4 AND 5

Reconciliation T H E message of reconciliation is clear and strong in the

Gospel. T h e function of a deep religious faith is to bring a message of understanding, reconciliation and love into areas of conflict. This phrase rolls off one's tongue easily and gives a pleasant glow of satisfaction to feel that Friends have a long tradition for work in this field.

It may not be amiss for us to cast up accounts and admit that our efforts havc not been very successful. The points of hot tension seem to increase in the world of our day over what they have been in the past. It may be worth our while to give some little thought to the function of recon- ciliation as a part of our service.

Recom-i/eil to zc'hnt is aln,ays a good question to raise. W e do not want to call people to reconcile themselves to injustice or to evil. W e do not want to work toward gloss- ing over actual situations of deep-seated wrong. Reconcili- ation to be significant, and where feelings and emotions run deep, can only come about by facing the sharpest features of a conflict and trying to find ways of eliminating the in- justice, the untrue and the extraneous, and finding some common ground.

Suppose we apply that formula to China today. One has only to think a little while to see 110~. dificult it is. At this point there probably is no such thing as genuinely reconciling Clliang Kai Shek and the leaders of the Com- munist administr;~tion. It is, however, possible to visit those ~ v h o represent both points of view, try to understand them so as to interpret them to the outside world, try to point out that while they fight, the real losers arc the people of China, and to encourage our own Government at least not to do an obviously \vrong thing in connection with this very tragic civil war. Reconciliation may take a long time, but with the background of five or six years of service in China, done on a non-controversial basis, our young men u.110 havc scrvcd therc, most recently led by Lewis Hoskins, have been playing this role ~vhich we believe to be true to the best of Quaker experience.

CLARENCI: E. PICKETT Eserr/tir!e Serretnrj

New Literature A I I J ? I / ~ / Report, 1948, 24 pages, describing the work of

the Committee in 1948. (;er. t~rm~?~,, t / ~ e P I . P . ~ P ~ ? / ATee~/. 6 pages, illustrating the need

and thc Quaker program in Germany at present. 0 ~ r l . b ~ ~ Se1.1,ir.r.r 01,er..rrtr.r, 8 pages, covering AFSC for- -

eign service work. Piol~r.er f i r Petl(-e, 8 pages, giving advance information

on youth projects for next summer.

Palestine Program The Service Committee is one of three agencies asked by

the United Nations to assume responsibility for its refugee relief program in Palestine and the Arab states.

Major relief \\fork in Israel and in the north and central Arab areas of Palestine is to be directed by the International Red Cross. The League of Red Cross Societies is undertak- ing aid in the Arab states. Service Committee efforts are to be concentrated principally around Gaza in Southern Pal- estine near the Egyptian border.

O n this narrow 22-mile strip of Arab-controlled territory, virtl~ally the entire Egyptian army, a few local residents and about 175,000 Arab refugees are concentrated. The Com- mittee's agreement with the United Nations is scheduled through August, 19.49.

Some months ago the Com- mittee started a small project among refugees in Israel, in the Acrc area, which will be continued.

It is hoped that the seeds of reconciliation sown in these troubled spots may help bring so~iie tlcgrcc of amity. This hope is accompanied by tlie Committee's belief that United Nations' cfforts toward peace in Palestine should be up- I1clcl.

About This Issue Plans for an espnn<led race relations program are described in

(:onrc-irnce for Cl~sto~n (page 3 ) . St. Naxaire Rehl~ilcls (pa,zes

.I an& 5 ) slion,2 the h:lrrnck town of St. Nazaire and activities of

tlie AFSC Nei~hhorIioc,d Center there in pictures.

Eleanor St.ihlcr Clarke, autlicr of Ten in Rags (page 6 ) , has

heen chnirninn of tlie AFSC's Clothing Committee for nearly 17

ye.11.s. S I ~ C h pent I:l<t summer in Europe, viqitin,~ AFSC clothing

cli~t~.ihutions in Fmncc, Germany 2nd Austria.

Reginalcl W'. Sorenwn, rne~iiher of the Housc of Commons for

the p:~\ t 15 years, tells of his cspcriences as an AFSC lecturer in

Soio~lr~i in n 1,ilntl of Prorni?ie (pagr. 7 ) . Reginald Sorensen is

;~Iso an author ; ~ n d was hfinister of the. Free Christinn Church in

U'nlth;~ni, En,cland, for 2 0 pears. H e is a memher of the Fnbi:m

Society and founder of the 1.ahor Pacifist Fcllon,ship.

The results of one of the AFSC's summer \vork a m p s are told

on page S.

T h e Rnllet ln is ptlhlishr(l mnnthly hy the American Frirn(1s S r rv ice Cotnmitte?. 1Icatlq11nrte1-s: 20 S . 12th St., Phl lndrlphle 7. Pa . Othe r offirrz: 19 S. Wells St.. Chlrnao 6. Ill.; 426 N. Raymonrl !\ve.. I'nnndrns 3 . Calif . : 1830 S u t t e r St.. 5:tn Frnnri*rn 1 5 . Calif.: 3959 15th i\ve.. N. E., Sonttls 5 , Wash.; 53 Ilroa(1way. New Ynrk 6 . N. I..: 11118 S. 1:. Granrl ~ \ v e . . Port land 14. 01- r . ; 1374 l lnss . .\ve.. Cnn,hrl<lce 38, hlass.: Jlox 27, IVoman's C n l l e ~ e , G r ~ r n v h o r o . N. C.: 1116 E. Universi ty Ave.. Dc* Moinnn 16. Iowa ; F r i r n d s Cniversi ty . Wrlrhit:a, T<:ln.; 1-1 N. 'Tliirrl St., Columbus 15, Oliio; University Y l I C A . , \ u s t i n 12,'Tex.;

Ouaker IIill, Rou te 28. Rirhrannd. 1n~Ii:tn:i. *> 10

2

Conscience for

I'FIII.AI)I:I.I'HIA \\soman who made A a r l i ; c io address not long ago SLIP-

porting the pass:lge of fair employment ~xacticcs Iegisl;~tion received a letter from an irate listener who a c c ~ ~ s e d her of trying to "substitute cornpi~lsion for conscience." In her reply, the I'hiladel- phian said, instead, she \\,as trying to substitute "conscience for custom."

Tliat is perhaps a good description of what the Service Committee is try- ing to tlo in its own race re1 a t ' ~ o n s program, \\,hich \vas reactivated just five years ago. In addition to substi- tuting conscience for custom, the Corii- ~ni t tec also tries to supplant ignorancc \\it11 f;~cts and hearsay wit11 experience.

Gunnar Myrd,~l, Swedish sociologist and author of An At~~e~.jciltz L ) ~ / ~ J I O ) I ~ ~ , the most authoritative study of the A~nerican racc cluestion, discovered in Arncrica a national need for cliniinat- ing what he called the "split in Ameri- can personality anel the arnbivnlence in American soci;~l morals." Dr. hlyr- dal writes, "Our central problem is neither the exploitation of the Negro people nor the various effects of this exploitation on Ariierican society, but mther tlic ~nora l conflict in the Ile;~rts of \\~hite Americans."

In spe&ing of tlic ~nanifest;~tions of race prejutlicc, Dr. Myrclal describes the situation as a vicious circle having three "interdependent caus:itive fac- tors." H e lists them as the economic level of tlie Negro people; tlle stand- ards of health, education, and general stnncl;~rd of living; and discri~nination by whites. Dr . Myrdal says tlt;~t no one factor is tlie final cause of the position of Ncgrocs in American lifc, for each one contrihutcs to the other. However, he considers some points "strategic" in that they c:ln be con- trolled. Dr . Myrdzll wrote, "Any change affecting any of these tlirce . . . factors \ \ r i l l bring ch:lnges in tlie other t\t7o, and . . . (therefore) move the

Custom

whole system along in one direction or the other."

The Service <:ornmittce, through all of its projects :~ncl especially through its rncc relations program, is working on some of these "strategic" points in the vicious circle of discrimination.

By personal interviews with top management, the Committee continues its atte~iipt to place minority group members in jobs cornmensnratc with their education and ability. Special at- tention is now being pait! to new and espanding enterprises. The Committee will cooperate with all groups work- ing for fair employnient, ancl especially Fvitli tlic official Fair Employment Prac- tices Commissions in different parts of the country. The Committee plans to invcstipnte opportunities for scientific vocation:~l guidance throughout the country and to stimulate communities to provicie this badly ncedccl service. A project which arill !ielp applicants to perfect their work techniclues as \\,ell as to develop their personal cl~l:~li- fications is also planned.

The Visiting Lectureship, which rnakcs prominent Ncgro teachers avail- able for a ~ e e k or more to preclorni- nantly \vhite schools nncl colleges. \\, i l l continue. The Coriirnittce plans to ex- panel the Lectureship to bring about ex- change ~>rofcssorships bet\\,cen w~hite ;lncl Negro colleges.

I:ollo\ving the Lcrturcship, several colleges have nppointed Negro faculty rnembcrs and others have b e g ~ ~ n to admit Negro stuclcnts. Also in the field of ccl~lcation, the AFSC is trying to persuade nieclic;~l training schools. starting wit11 I'hilndclpliia, to accept applicants ~>urely on the basis of merit, without regnrcl to rnce, crcccl or color, so tliat more Ncgro students \ \ . i l l Iiavc an opportunity to secure media l train- ing.

Because interracial activity is still a rarity instead of an accepted \Yay of

Tl l i r t ~ r t n ' * \i . i l ing Irr lurcrs :are 1)r. \ n n c M. ( :OIPLP ( l e f t ) itnd I)r. I.OPC~IO 'Turner ( r i g h ~ 1. n". C:OOLC. i s prof~ . .op o f dv:t t~~:a :,I IIC~W:,~CI 1;niver.il) . W;osltingtnn. I). C . : I)r. 'l'urnrr i- ~'rofc . .or of lnali- l l :,I I t o o * r v r l t Cc8llcc.r.

C1nir:tc.o.

life, the Committee's racc relations \vorkers act as advisers to other projects \vliich may not be "rnce relations" projects, but which nevertheless in- clude people of different races. Tile Committee also meets with and helps the AFSC regional offices in ~iieeting their responsibilities in this area of activity.

Through its community counseling program, the Race Relations Co~nmittee offers advice on methods and tech- niques of interracial and interreligious work, and gives coml-retent cncourage- nient to groups which arc seeking to eliminate ciiscrimination in their com- munities. In literature and speeclics. members of the rncc relations staff and committee present to 1:riencIs meetings, schools, and other groups the facts con- cerning racial discrimination, and urge them to take practical steps to eliminate inequalities in their own institutions :~ntl conimunities.

A recit:~tion of tlie projects carried on by the Race Relations Cornmittec does not give a full or complete pic- ture of the A12SC's objectives in this ficlcl. It is not e n o ~ ~ g h tliat \vc urge other institt~tions anel organizations to s ~ ~ b s t i t ~ ~ t e conscience for custom. W e must defy thc custom ourselves if u.e \\.is11 to proviclc a new cx:~mplc ant1 :I

new leaclership for a way of life which in theory is not new but in reality has never been reached. It is the nray of lifc \vhich hns its depths in the funtln- mental tcnchings of our religious faith and is c-oncrctely expressed in the con- stitution of our country.

Here children ~~n;~cc~ilaintecl \\,it11 balls or dolls, n'ho have played only in strects or in piles of rubblc, have happy times togethcr as children shoulcl.

Hcre young people may play and talk and stutly. AFSC workers report that nlost young people in Ellrope are keenly interested in the or kings of democracy in the United States. In the Neigliborhood Center they have a chance to participate in ~xactical democratic l ~ r o c e d ~ ~ r e s by planning projects, s11:lring that planning among themselves ant1 evalu- ating the process.

Here adillts, after years of ~ ~ p r o o t e d living, lvork to- qether to re-establish the mec.hanics of ci\~ilization. In SO

doing, they cannot help but talk together, plan other activi- ties, and gratlually reassume Inrgc community responsi- bilities.

The N c i ~ l ~ b o r l ~ o o d Center, set in a tvorld where the < '

pliysical task of finding houses. food, clothing and employ- ment looms all-important, carries on in a small way thc crowded with small St. Nazairiens who know lnost o l tllc

job of adding new and re-establishing old values to livcs story books by heart already. Center really started when a

thwarted and disrupted in recent yenrs. Quaker \vorker offered to give one little boy a haircut. Soon there \Yere so many "custo~ncrs" games \Yere st:lrted to enter-

~ { ( ) S T O F ST. N A Z A I R I ; ' S C:HIL.I)I<I.N 171ayed \ ~ d l t o y ~ for the first time \vhen they visited the Quaker Center. In ad- clition, there is a tot-size library, games. story-telling hours, singing, dmmntics, and occasionally ~novies. Hcre t\vo chilclren arrive to color books, a fine occupation for n Sun- day nfternoon. They are \velcometl by Quaker worker

Molly Rogers.

tain them, and the Center's program began.

T H I ~ \Y~ADING POOI., built by *

F Quaker workers and St. Na-

#-.*

zaire residents, is a favorite ' spot for two six-year-olds. .- There are also snntl boses, and a large doll h o ~ ~ s c . For '

older boys and girls tlierc is . ~ n athletic field \vhere basket- ball, soccer and \~olleyball

may be played.

I N T I ~ N S I : I \ I O N ~ I Y I I > Y ( ; A I \ ~ I ; takes place at the Center. There is a library of 500 books for acl~llts. a rccorcl-player, dis- cussion groups 2nd many other activities. An cspccinlly elcom come facility is a nsashing m;lchine for house\vivcs who

always before had washed clothes outdoors in a tub.

Ten in Rags

C LOTHING is as badly needed in Europe today as at any time since

the end of the war. In an effort to meet a part of this necd, the Service Committee shipped more than 1,100 tons of clothing, shoes, household lin- ens and bedding, soap and textiles abroad during 1948.

This [nay seem an impressive figure, but as I visited clothing distributions by our workers in Central Europe this lust summer and early fall, the very srnall part of the need that we are try- ing to meet became apparent. This is the heart-breaking thing-to clothe one child while 10 others in rags stand u.atching.

Shoes and men's clotl~ing are par- ticularly short. I saw children in the cool days of October going to school barefooted. Many will g o barefoot throughout the n-!lole winter. Return- ing prisoners of war are among the neediest in Austria and Germany, and to help all of them wlio collie to our distribution centers there nus st be much more mcn's clotlling than our ship- ments now contain.

Anything warm is useful-sweaters, caps, gloves, boys' trousers, jackets, coats, skirts, dresses. Underwear is one of the top needs. A little girl at one of our distributions this summer waved her gif t in the air, crying joyfully,

by ELEANOR STABLER CLARKE

"Now I have some underwear!" Amer- ican children take underwear for granted, but not so this little European.

Stockings and socks, especially wool, are necessary for the winter montlls. Layettes, diapers in particular, are des- perately needed. Some layettes dis- tributed recently had only two diapers per layette.

Quilts and blankets, sheets, towels, soap and se\ving materials are also needed. It is difficult for us Americans to realize how little a Central European fami!y has in clothes, soap, household articles and the necessary tools for the never-ending job of mending. Even fri.ilolous things, like men's ties, are morale blrilders.

Clothin,? and shoes are distributed by the Service Committee in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland and Japan; small shipments are sent to France, Finland, Palestine, China, India and Pakistan, and to a few centers in the United States. At each distribution indigenous agencies cooperate with the Committee, for it would be impos- sible for the handful of Quaker work- ers to decide \visely which persons among the thousands ax110 need cloth- ing should receive the limited number of articles we have to distribute.

In Poland, much of the clothing is distributed to orphans through insti- tl~tions. Poland has 1,500,000 or- phans. Distributions arc often made in Polish villages, where local com- mittees representing all groups 11elp determine who is most in necd, regard- less of religious afiliation, political point of view, or nationality. Need is the only criterion.

In Vienna, 90 per cent of the cloth- ing is distributed through the city's agencies. The remainder is used by our team to meet special requests, and the city also holds 10 per cent for needs which do not fit into the regular program.

A Gir l St-out K i t ,Iiutrihution :at 1Ireiw:nch. in tltc Frcnrh ronr of (;errn;any, prodorpd t h iw

smile.

In Germany, although distributions differ somewhat from zone to zone, they are also carried on largely by indigenous organizations with u~hich our workers are in close touch.

I would like to mention briefly a most satisfying project, the distribu- tions of the Girl Scout Kits. The Girl Scouts of America have had this past year a project of Clothing Kits-a complete outfit for a child or baby- wl~icli are shipped overseas and dis- tributed under the aus~ices of our

b

Committee. In some ways it is a ques- tion whether one child should receive so much in comparison to nrhat others have, but as one worker put it, "Let's for once be generous."

Because one child receives a big bundle of clothes, however, does not mean that he alone benefits. One of the characteristic results of receiving a kit is that immediately the happy child sees something he can give his mother or brother or the baby. T h e joy of giving is often greater than the joy of receiving, and one of the emotional trials of so many people in Europe today is that they have nothing to give to someone else.

The most gratifying part of the Committee's work in the distribution of clothing is the fact that \vc are able to make possible gifts from people in America to people overseas. ThougI1 the actual amount of clothing sent ful- fills only a fraction of the physical need, the act of giving clothes that are carefully mended, cleaned and packed, creates friendships that will not be easily dissolved.

Soiourn in a Land of Promise

AST September my \vifc and I ar- L rived in Nc\v York on the Q ~ e c i ~

1:'lhnhcth. Just before Christmas we boarded the E/:'ljz,?l)rth again for Eng- land. During our sojourn in America under the auspices of the American 1:riends Service Committee, wan- dered or were projected through Kan- sas to San Dicgo, along the Wcst Coast to Vancouver, :lnd from there across to Syracuse and down to Philn- tlelpl1ia. On the \\,ay we slept in 30 or i i0 beds; ate meals of all kinds; visited 5 0 or so to\t7ns, and spoke at well over 100 meetings. W e rcmcm- ber many a campus, as well as many clubs and cl~urcl~cs.

Evcrywherc we nlet the warmest hospitality and kindliness, antl for this and the efficient supervision by local American Friends Service Committee shepherds a re engrave our deepest thanks and appreciation. O n our part, we holx u7c contributed sotncthing Xvorthy to the causc of human frnter- nity, international untlerstanding and the humanity that yet shall be.

T h e U. S. A. in many respects dif- fers fro111 Britain, and is vaster in area,

by REGINALD W. SORENSEN, M.P.

~>olxil.~tion and \\~eCllth. One of my synthetic conclusions is that \vhilc both countries arc invol\'ed in a cornpetitivc econornic fight for "glittering prizes," the U. S. A. generally entlorses this as morally valid while Britain does not. Nevertheless, this judgment has many qualifications and beneath the differ- ences, there nre common mortal and spiritunl needs and in some measure a common ethical criterion for refer- ence. In both comm~~nit ies there is a sensitiveness to the tragedy and evil of nar , even though its impact has been more severe on Britain.

Peace demands change

T o Americans of vision, peace is seen not simply as a ~lesirable short or prolonged pause but as the requisite condition of true human fulfillment. The makers of that peace per(-eivc that this demands drastic social ancl cco- nolnic change and spiritual re-evalun- tion. The American Friend? Service Comrnittec is an invnluablc a,qent for this aupltst mission in its encour<lge- ment of human dignity, its ctnphasis on the corrosion of evil things and its call to that \\':~y of overcoming evil u~hich Go11 h;ls affirmed in Jesus Christ. Whether in America. Britain or the nrliole distracted earth. our obligation is to bear varietl ~vitness to that truth and so release the springs of recle~np- ti\rc peace. Concern for secondary con- scc l~ iencesk less important th.ln thc a\v;tkcning to the primacy of creative origins in lllilnan experience.

Any silgpcstions I make no doubt lla\~c alre,ldy reccived consideration, yet 1 venture to dr,~\v attention to the need of more successful effort by organiza. tions engaged in peace work to makc contnct with orgnnizctl labor; the ar- r;lnging of .irn:~ll specialist conferences 'Irnong miristcrs, teachers 2nd others; and the provision of attractive, arrest

ing posters for meeting display. SLI- prcmely, of course, is the necessity of increasing the number of those wlio, in the spirit of the Service Committce, will declicate their mintls and hearts to an enduring translation of values that exist in the peacc of God. N o national boundaries or historical circ~tlnstanccs can sunder those servants of peace who dwell in comnlunion nor pcrrnancntly frustrate the work they do. It is our blessed privilege to accept tllc oppor- tunities of this critical tirne, \vhatever our national sign, and to use them in the kno\\rlcdgc of God's pilrpose and the mind of Christ.

I AI.I. 01: T H ~ : PI<O.JEC.TS of the Amer- I icnn Friends Service Conilnittee arc designed to further peaceful living in our own country and abroad. The Committee ;ittempts to pro~note ~lndcrstanding bet\\~een nations and lxooples and to furnish a concrete cxaml,le of the n a y of love as a way of life.

Ho\\~cver. some projects are dc- signed especially to provide a place \vherc the iss~tcs of peace may be disc~~ssetl 2nd clarificd. These in- clude the sLIn1mc.r Institutes of Inter- n:ltion;tl Relations ant1 week-end antl one-day conferences sponsored throughout the year. Well-known people, wit11 varying points of view, are presented ;IS speakers in these projects.

In addition to Reginald Sorcn- sen, l cc t~~rers at this year's confer- ences i n c l ~ ~ d e d Kirby Page. author and former teacher. \Vilfred W7cll- ock, former hfembcr of Parliament nnd jor~rnalist, will begin a speak- ing tour for the Committee on April 1.

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FORTY-FOUR NAVAHO CHILDREN have enrolled in the Government boarding school at Aneth, Utah, this fall, fol- lowing the erection of two quonset-hut dormitories by the Service Committee work camp last summer ( lef t ) . More children are expected to enroll soon. The Aneth school had formerly been a day school, but was discontinued some time ago because the nomadic life of the Navaho sheep-herders makes it impossible for their children to at- tend a day school regularly and makes tlie establishment of permanent bus routes impractical.

The work camp, which was located a few m ~ l e s froin thc place where Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona merge, is one of the most des- olate ant1 remote areas of tile Navaho reservation. By applying thcmselvcs diligently, the campers completed the

erection of the q~ionset huts in three weeks, a task that many community leadcrs thought would take them the full eight accks to finish.

The catnpcrs then also helped build a stone pump house for the water supply, relaid the adobe roof of the school building itself, built several re- taining walls on the grounds, and ef- fected other improvements.

The climax of the work camp was the dedication of tlie dormitories. The camp invited the Navaho people to a dinner cooked and served outdoors by the campers, and the ceremonies after the feast appropriately turned over the dormitories to the community. Well over 100 Navaho men, women and children attended the dedication.

Clothing and toys are needed by the Navaho children. Gifts may bc sent to the Pasadena ofice.