favorable stratigraphic conditions for carbon sequestration exist in rocky mountain basins

7/30/2019 Favorable Stratigraphic Conditions for Carbon Sequestration Exist in Rocky Mountain Basins

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Favorable Stratigraphic Conditions for Carbon Sequestration Exist in the Rocky Mountain Basins*

Ronald M. Drake II1

and Sean T. Brennan

Search and Discovery Article #80274 (2012)**Posted December 17, 2012

*Adapted from oral presentation given at AAPG Rocky Mountain Section meeting, Grand Junction, Colorado, 9-12 September 2012

**AAPG2012 Serial rights given by author. For all other rights contact author directly.

1U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO ([email protected])

2U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA ([email protected])

Abstract

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) was directed by the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (Public Law110-140) to assess the potential geologic storage resources for carbon dioxide (CO2) within the United States. The USGS,following its published, wholly probabilistic methodology for this national assessment, began these assessments in the Rocky

Mountain States in the Fall of 2010. The basic unit of assessment for the USGS methodology is the Storage Assessment Unit(SAU), which consists of a storage formation and an overlying regional seal formation. The SAUs are defined by geologic

criteria, primarily based on depth, rock properties, and regional extents of the storage and seal formations. The methodologyrequires that the storage formation be between 3,000 and 13,000 ft below ground surface. This minimum required depth

ensures that CO2 will be supercritical. Within the Rocky Mountain basins, a significant portion of the Mesozoic section (such

as the Dakota Sandstone), fits within this interval. However, when rock properties indicate that CO2 could be stored at depthsgreater than 13,000 feet, a separate deep SAU is assessed. The areal extent of the storage formation and overlying seal are

required to be continuous and regional in extent. Most Rocky Mountain basins contain thick laterally extensive marine shaleslike the Pierre Shale or Mowry Shale that would inhibit flow to superjacent strata. In some cases, the stratigraphy includes the

potential for multiple or stacked seals. During the assessment, the seal is evaluated for leakage potential and a minimum sealthickness is defined. This minimum seal thickness must exist over the extent of the storage formation and no portion of the

SAU may exist where the seal is too thin or nonexistent. A final consideration is the salinity of the water within the pore spaceof the storage formation; based on available salinity data and geologic models, estimates are made as to how much of the SAU

contains water that has less than 10,000 parts per million total dissolved solids. Much of the stratigraphic section in the Rocky

Mountain area is composed of porous and permeable sedimentary rock, though much of the rock contains low salinity waters.The USGS Carbon Sequestration assessments have shown that the stratigraphy of the Rocky Mountain basins is conducive to

potential CO2 sequestration, with some restrictions.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/[email protected]://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/[email protected]:[email protected]


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References

Brennan, S.T., R.C. Burruss, M.D. Merrill, P.A. Freeman, and L.F. Ruppert, 2010, A probabilistic assessment methodology for

the evaluation of geologic carbon dioxide storage: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 20101127, 31 p. Web accessed30 November 2012. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1127 .

Covault, J.A., M.L. Buursink, W.H. Craddock, M.D. Merrill, M.S. Blondes, M.A. Gosai, and P.A. Freeman, 2012, Geologic

framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resourcesBighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana, ChapterA: in P.D. Warwick, and M.D. Corum, (eds.), Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage

resources: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 20121024-A, 23 p. Web accessed 30 November 2012.http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/a/ .

Duncan, D.W., and E.A. Morrissey, 2011, The concept of geologic carbon sequestration: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet

FS-2010-3122, 2 p. Web accessed 30 November 2012. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3122/pdf/FS2010-3122.pdf .

Energy Independence and Security Act, 2007: Web accessed 30 November 2012.http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-

110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htm

Higley, D.K., R.R. Charpentier, T.A. Cook , T.R. Klett, R.M. Pollastro, and J.W. Schmoker, 2002, Petroleum systems and

assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the Denver Basin Province, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, andWyoming-USGS Province 29: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-69-P, Chapter 1, 4 p.

Higley, D.K., and D.O. Cox, 2007, Oil and Gas Exploration and Development along the Front Range in the Denver Basin of

Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming, in D.K. Higley,(ed.), Petroleum Systems and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the Denver Basin Province, Colorado, Kansas,

Nebraska, South Dakota, and WyomingUSGS Province 39. U. S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-69-P, Version1.0. Chapter 2.http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdf

Huffman, C.A., Jr., 1995, San Juan Basin Province (022), in D.L. Gautier, G.L. Dolton, K.I. Takahashi, and K.L. Varnes,

(eds.), 1995 National assessment of United States oil and gas resources--Results, methodology, and supporting data: U.S.

Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-30, Release 2, one CD-ROM.http://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/noga95/prov22/text/prov22.pdf
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1127http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1127http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/a/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/a/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3122/pdf/FS2010-3122.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3122/pdf/FS2010-3122.pdfhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htmhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdfhttp://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/noga95/prov22/text/prov22.pdfhttp://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/noga95/prov22/text/prov22.pdfhttp://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/noga95/prov22/text/prov22.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdfhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htmhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3122/pdf/FS2010-3122.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/a/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1127


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U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2010, Carbon sequestration atlas of the United States

and Canada (2d ed.; Atlas III): 162 p. Web accessed 30 November 2012.

http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/atlasIII/.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008, Federal requirements under the underground injection control (UIC) programfor carbon dioxide (CO2) geologic sequestration (GS) wells: Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,

proposed rule: Web accessed 30 November 2012. http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2008/July/Day-25/w16626.htm.

U.S. Geological Survey Bighorn Basin Province Assessment Team, 2010, Executive Summary-Assessment of undiscovered

oil and gas resources of the Bighorn Basin Province, Wyoming and Montana, 2008, in Petroleum Systems and GeologicAssessment of Oil and Gas in the Bighorn Basin Province, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data

Series DDS69V, Chapter 1, 7 p., accessed March 22, 2011. Web accessed 30 November 2012.http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdf.

U.S. Geological Survey San Juan Basin Province Assessment Team, 2002, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resourcesof the San Juan Basin Province of New Mexico and Colorado, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 147-02, 2 p., Web

accessed 30 November 2012.http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdf

Wyoming Geological Association, 1969, Wyoming stratigraphic nomenclature chart: Wyoming Geological Association 21st

Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 7.
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/atlasIII/http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/atlasIII/http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2008/July/Day-25/w16626.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2008/July/Day-25/w16626.htmhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2008/July/Day-25/w16626.htmhttp://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/atlasIII/


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Favorable Stratigraphic Conditions

for

Carbon Sequestration

Exist in the

Rocky Mountain Basins

Ronald M. Drake II

and

Sean T. Brennan

U.S. Geological SurveyDepartment of the Interior


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Outline for Presentation

Introduction

Overview of legislation

Geologic sequestration model

Methodology

Assessment examples from Rocky Mountain basins

Summary


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Energy Independence and Security Act 2007

TITLE VIICARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION

Subtitle BCarbon Capture and Sequestration Assessment and Framework

SEC. 711. CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION CAPACITY ASSESSMENT.

(b) METHODOLOGYshall develop a methodology for conducting an assessment

under subsection (f), taking into consideration

(1) the geographical extent of all potential sequestration formations in all States;

(2) the capacity of the potential sequestration formations;

(3) the injectivity of the potential sequestration formations;

(4) an estimate ofpotential volumes of oil and gas recoverable by injection and

sequestration of industrial carbon dioxide in potential sequestration formations;

(5) the risk associated with the potential sequestration formations; and

(6) the work done to develop the Carbon Sequestration Atlas (USDOE, 2010) of the

United States and Canada that was completed by Department of Energy (DOE).

(c) COORDINATION

(1) Federal Coordination

(2) State Coordination For more information on the Energy Independence andSecurity Act 2007

See: https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2010/07/08/2010-16236/energy-independence-and-security-act-pub-l-110-140


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(Duncan and Morrissey , 2011)

What is Geologic CO2 Sequestration?

, ""land ucochange

",

Conee!!! of Geologic Carbon S e q ~ s t r J l l t l ' o nContnbution to atmoslheric:cO 2 by human ac tivity,.i ,. !..,

" ' ",."

,, '

"

",,

Electricrty ge nerationusing fossil fue ls

Energy dem and(consumption)

EXPLANAT ION

..,

TransportatlOn

,. ,. .. :.:.:.: CO zstorage volurne ~ ~ ~ ~ Ga s flow- Oill'lnd gas flow

Petrochemical andcement manufacture andheavyindu5try

Seal forma tionStorage forrnation


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USGS Assessment Methodology for

Geologic CO2 Storage Capacities

The USGS assessment focuses on CO2 injected at depths of 3,000 to 13,000 ft

(deeper if rock properties indicate potential storage resources)

CO2 (pressurized and supercritical at depths > 3000 ft) is buoyant and displaces existing

water, oil, or gas

Storage formation must have an overlying seal to retain buoyant CO2

USGS assessment methodology addresses buoyant and residual trapping

Salinity of groundwater in storage formation must be >10,000 ppm TDS per

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations (U.S. EPA, 2008)

Assessment results provide probabilistic ranges of storage capacities

(Modified from Warwick, written comm., 2012 NETL CCUS)


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Salinity of water in storage formation must be > 10,000 ppm TDS perEPA regulations

(Modified from Brennan and others, 2010)

Muddy Sandstone

Mowry Shale


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What are Favorable Conditions for Potential CO2

Storage?

Storage Assessment Unit (SAU) with a minimum depth of 3,000 feet below

the surface

A storage formation with reservoir-quality rock properties

Storage formation must have a robust overlying seal that is

Impermeable

Regionally extensive

Maintains a minimum thickness (e.g. 75)


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Rocky Mountain Basin Stratigraphy

Laramide Orogeny --

formed and preservedstructural basins

Alternating storage

unit/seal stratigraphy

Western Interior Seaway

sea level changes

(Regional)

Ancestral Rockies,

erosion

(Wyoming Geological Association, 1969)

= Regional Seal

= Reservoir


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= Regional Seal

= Reservoir (Wyoming Geological Association, 1969)

Examples of Cretaceous seals and reservoirs

~ ~ ~ : : : : ~ ~ I f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~UNHA .. O

Ut[,. Sit t - ; ; : ; ; : ; : : : - : : = - ; : - ; . ~ , C O O Y SH~ [ J t f t [ SM

IUT[1t SM . MItTO $ "

ClO'lt/l.Y" ClCN(ftLY-

TR IASSIC


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Denver Basin in Colorado, Wyoming and Nebraska

Lytle and Plainview Formations

Muddy (J) Sandstone and

D sandstone

Greenhorn Limestone

Niobrara Formation,Codell Sandstone

Member

Pierre Shale and

sandstone members

(Modified from Higley and Cox, 2007)

(Higley and others, 2002)

Regional seal (blue)

and reservoir (red)


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San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado

(Huffman, 1995)

(USGS, San Juan Basin Province Assessment Team, 2002)

1) Mesaverde Group w/ Lewis Shale seal

2) Gallup Ss. with upper Mancos Shale seal

3) Dakota Ss. with lower Mancos Shale seal

4) Entrada Ss. with Todilto Member (evaporite) seal


and reservoir (red)

PERMIAN


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Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana

(Covault and others, 2012) 6 standard SAUs and 6 deep SAUs were assessed


and reservoir (red)

PryorMounbllna

v - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

WiMq"Xl ' _ River ...,

Mountalnl5

~ I O ' O GoIIIgo ~_ I _ r : w - ~ _...... I0I0.:.__........ lqoaI_,.,....

Montana

.-EXPLANATION

8iClGIA 8"" , Gitlin,m o d ~ i d Ir .. USGSNlllill .O i l . ~ ~ 101' I I I ~ " t B i t ~

Wyoming

8. . i. ~ I I I h " ~ I ..mSyttlW . ! u " ~ ' "US. G,olo,inl $Uf\'8Yb ~ r n 8 .. o

" ' . . . . . .. T . . . . 20Hl

Eoten,Paleocen,

Upp ar

e"Lowe r

i! Uppar"lT';assie

Penn sylvanan

Devontan

" I ISundance Formation

Goon EIIIIFo rmalton

Frontier Sandstone SAUC50340111 Slandard) and C50340112(Deep1Se al: Cody ShaleReservoir: Frontier Fo rmlltionMuddy Sandstooe SAUC503401 09 IStandard) and C5034011D Deep 1Se al ' Mow ry ShaleReservoir: Muddy San ds to neCloverly fOlmlllion SAUC503401D7IStanda rd) and C503401D8 (Deep 1

I

Crow Mountai nSan dSSone SAUC50340105 !Standard)and C50340106 (Dee p1Sea l: Gypsum Spring Fam etionReservoir: Crow Moun tain Sandstone 01 he Chugwa tel GfOUpEIVay Me mber SAUC50340103 ISland'rd) lind C50340104 (Deep 1Se al ' Phosphoria Formation and Dinwoody Fo rmationRe servoir: Evay Member 01 he Phosp horia Form allooTenslup Sandstone SAUC50340101 tSlandard) and C50340102 (DeepISe aL Phosphoria FormationReservoir: Tens leep Sa ndstone


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500-1100 ft

(Covault and others, 2012)

Seal is impermeable Gypsum Spring Formation

(80

200 ft thick).

Triassic Crow Mountain Sandstone of Chugwater Group

~ " " " " v ' r . o . . , , , . . s . . . . ,-'11_ :0 o..o.liItIIoIN__....._-....,.., .. . . . . . . . II"


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(Covault et al., 2012)

Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation

Seal is Thermopolis Shale (up to

230 ft thick).

1---- ,

r:-._ho ..1C-, .. " ....._-_."..-l lCOlJl .... .o. ..._'b ..... . . "'r.."''' ...... ''' 'III'l'N~ ,. '"

.'= .. . , .10 .... ..'. ~. ..... - ~ ~.... ~

' ..... ~,.. r: s .;.. : - . -. I,'r.' . ~ . . ,~ .... :..... ;. ~ . : ......"

"EXf'lANATlON

CIOlfrty formal i. C!J(l:MD IDlD"' . I .. . _ . . . . . 01Cloverty f o r m l i l l l l J e e f o ~ .

1 . / 1 M _ ...... 11c:::::J eitl_nb, insl"". ,"

]Well pn",,'" .... '1.... _ . . . . . . . . .- ...4-11

1l-l 1

Eaten,Pa leocene

Upper

Lower

Uppe r

Triassic

Pervlsylvenian

OQvoman

M B , a d : ' : : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ S ; ; d , ; ; ; ; S i l l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Frontier SandstoneSAU

fra ro . Far abon

Wowry

Sundance FOImatioll

Chugw 191

Goon EggFormatIOn

C5034011 1lS1andardland C5034011210eep lSeal: Cody ShaleReservoir: Frontier FormationMuddy Sandstone SAUC50340109IStanda rdl andC50340IU IDeep lSeal: Mow ry ShaleRese rvoir; Muddy Sand stonoClove rly fC fmalion SAUC503401 07 IStanda rdl andC503401[)8lQeeplSea l: Ii Shale

Crow Mountllin Sa ndstone SAUC50340105 lStanda rdl and C5034010610eeplSea l: Gypsum Formatio nRese rvoi r: Crow Mountain Sands tone 01 he Chugwa tef GroupErvay Membe rSAUC50340103lSlanda rdl and C503401MIDeep lSeal-Phosphoria Formation and [Jinwoody Forma tionRe servoir: Ervay Member 01 he Phosphona Form ationTensleep Sandstone SAUC50340101 lStanda rdl and C503401021DeeplSeal: Phosphoria FormationReser\loir: Tens leepSa nd sto ne

USGS N ti l S t ti A t S


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36 basins assessed containing 200+ SAUs

USGS National Sequestration Assessment Summary

Sedimentary Basins and AssessedAreas fo r CO, Storage

EXPLANATION_ Assessed Areas_ Evaluated Areas~ Sedimentary Basins of the United States


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Summary

Most Rocky Mountain basins contain rocks formed in amultitude of depositional environments

The USGS national assessment has shown that many units

meet the criteria of the CO2 storage assessment methodology

and may be suitable as potential CO2 storage formations

The USGS CO2 storage assessment methodology can estimate

the technically accessible CO2 storage resource at a variety of

levels of uncertainty across a formation

The assessment process has been completed; final products

are expected in 2013


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Also on the web at:

http://energy.usgs.gov

http://rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov/carbon_seq/

http://energy.er.usgs.gov/health_environment/co2_sequestration/

For more information contact:

Ron Drake

[email protected]

303-236-5677

Sean Brennan

[email protected]

703-648-6434

Peter [email protected]

703-648-6469


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References

Brennan, S.T., Burruss, R.C., Merrill, M.D., Freeman, P.A., and Ruppert, L.F., 2010, A probabilistic assessment methodology for the evaluation of geologic carbon dioxide

storage: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 20101127, 31 p., available only at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1127.

Covault, J.A., Buursink, M.L., Craddock, W.H., Merrill, M.D., Blondes, M.S., Gosai, M.A., and Freeman, P.A., 2012, Geologic f ramework for the national assessment of carbon

dioxide storage resourcesBighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana, chap. A of Warwick, P.D., and Corum, M.D., eds., Geologic framework for the national assessment of

carbon dioxide storage resources: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 20121024-A, 23 p., at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/a/.

Duncan, D.W., and Morrissey, E.A., 2011, The concept of geologic carbon sequestration: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-2010-3122, 2 p. available only at

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3122/pdf/FS2010-3122.pdf.

Energy Independence and Security Act, 2007, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htm

Higley, D.K., Charpentier, Ronald R., Cook, Troy A., Klett, Timothy R., Pollastro, Richard M., and Schmoker, James W., 2002, Petroleum systems and assessment of

undiscovered oil and gas in the Denver Basin Province, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming-USGS Province 29: U.S. Geological Survey Digital

Data Series DDS-69-P, Chapter 1, 4 p.

Higley, D.K., and D. O. Cox, 2007. Oil and Gas Exploration and Development along the Front Range in the Denver Basin of Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming. In Higley, D.

K., ed., Petroleum Systems and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the Denver Basin Province, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming

USGS Province 39. U. S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-69-P, Version 1.0. Chapter 2. http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdf

Huffman, C.A. Jr., 1995, San Juan Basin Province (022), in Gautier, D. L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I., and Varnes, K.L., eds., 1995 National assessment of United States oil

and gas resources--Results, methodology, and supporting data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-30, Release 2, one CD-ROM.

http://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/noga95/prov22/text/prov22.pdf

U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2010, Carbon sequestration atlas of the United States and Canada (2d ed.; Atlas III): 162 p., accessed April

21, 2011, at http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/atlasIII/.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008, Federal requirements under the underground injection control (UIC) program for carbon dioxide (CO2) geologic sequestration (GS)

wells: Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, proposed rule, accessed April 21, 2011at http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2008/July/Day-

25/w16626.htm.

U.S. Geological Survey Bighorn Basin Province Assessment Team, 2010, Executive Summary-Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Bighorn Basin Province,

Wyoming and Montana, 2008, in Petroleum Systems and Geologic Assessment of Oil and Gas in the Bighorn Basin Province, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological

Survey Digital Data Series DDS69V, Chapter 1, 7 p., accessed March 22, 2011, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdf.

U.S. Geological Survey San Juan Basin Province Assessment Team, 2002, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the San Juan Basin Province of New Mexico

and Colorado, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 147-02, 2 p., accessed at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdf

Wyoming Geological Association, 1969, Wyoming stratigraphic nomenclature chart: Wyoming Geological Association 21st Annual Fi eld Conference Guidebook, p. 7.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1127http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/a/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3122/pdf/FS2010-3122.pdfhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htmhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdfhttp://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/noga95/prov22/text/prov22.pdfhttp://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/atlasIII/http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2008/July/Day-25/w16626.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2008/July/Day-25/w16626.htmhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-147-02/FS-147-02.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-v/REPORTS/69_V_CH_1.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2008/July/Day-25/w16626.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2008/July/Day-25/w16626.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2008/July/Day-25/w16626.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2008/July/Day-25/w16626.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2008/July/Day-25/w16626.htmhttp://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/atlasIII/http://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/noga95/prov22/text/prov22.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-p/REPORTS/69_P_CH_2.pdfhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htmhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3122/pdf/FS2010-3122.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3122/pdf/FS2010-3122.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3122/pdf/FS2010-3122.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/a/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/a/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1127

favorable stratigraphic conditions for carbon sequestration exist in rocky mountain basins

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