faults and folds normal fault in normal faulting, the hanging wall block moves down relative to the...
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Faults and Folds
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UpliftUplift
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Mount EverestMount Everest
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French AlpsFrench Alps
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Normal Fault
In normal faulting, the hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall block. The fault plane usually makes a high angle with the surface (> 45 degrees). Normal faults are associated with crustal tension.
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Reverse Fault
In reverse faulting, the hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block. The fault plane usually makes a low angle with the surface (< 45 degrees). Reverse faults are associated with crustal compression and are also known as thrust faults.
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Strike-slip Fault
In strike-slip faulting, the two blocks move either to the left or to the right relative to one another.
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Joints have many important properties as planes of weakness in rock masses:
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Joints and other discontinuities such as faults, cleavage, metamorphic foliation, and bedding planes control many important properties of rock masses including:
Strength
Compressibility
Permeability
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GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES
• Importance of geologic structures– Oil and natural gas are formed and found
trapped in subsurface folds– Faults, joints, and fractures can act as a
passageway for groundwater and host for valuable mineral deposits as ores of gold, silver and copper, etc.
– Unconformities can be used to mark geologic time boundaries