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JURNAL READING RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF PRE-ECLAMPSIA
PEMBIMBING :DR. SJAFRIL SANUSI, SPOG OLEH:PARTOGI ANDRES M. G4A014017RINDA P. ANGGUNINGTYAS G4A014018SILVIA ROSYADA G4A014019
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PENDAHULUAN Preeklampsia
merupakan salah satu penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas ibu dan bayi
yang tertinggi di Indonesia
Insidens preeklamsia relatif stabil antara 4-5 kasus per
10.000 kelahiran hidup pada negara maju. Pada negara
berkembang insidens bervariasi antara 6-10 kasus per 10.000 kelahiran hidup
kematian ibu berkisar antara 9,8% - 25,5%,
sedangkan kematian bayi lebih dari tinggi lagi, yakni 42,2% - 48,9%
kematian ibu dan bayi di negara-negara maju lebih kecil. negara maju terdapat kesadaran untuk melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal dan natal secara rutin (Wiknjosastro, 2007).
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TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
hipertensi dan proteinuria yang timbul setelah 20 minggu kehamilan yang sebelumnya normal yang disebabkan oleh banyak faktor (Solomon, 2006)
• Faktor usia• Paritas• Kehamilan ganda• Faktor genetika• Riwayat preeklamsia• Riwayat hipertensi
kronis • Obesitas • Riwayat
pemeriksaan antenatal
Definisi Faktor resiko
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PATOMEKANISMETerdapat dua hal penting yang memegang peranan sentral terhadap terjadinya preeklamsi (Wang dan Alexander, 2000 ; Hladunewich dkk, 2007) :
1. Disfungsi trofoblas plasenta2. Disfungsi endotel dalam vaskularisasi maternal
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PENEGAKAN DIAGNOSIS
hipertensi dan Adanya keluhan
seperti nyeri kepala, gangguan
penglihatan, atau nyeri epigastrium
menunjukkan penyakit ini sudah lanjut. Selain itu perlu ditanyakan apakah terjadi
peningkatan berat badan. Penderita
juga biasanya dating dengan keluhan edema baik local maupun anasarka
(Cunningham, 2014).
• Ureum dan Elektrolit
• Asam urat • Darah
Lengkap • Test Fungsi
Hati • Urinalisis • USG • KTG
• Keadaan umum
• Vital sign • Status
generalisata
Anamnesis Pemeriksaan fisik
Pemeriksaan penunjang
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Penatalaksanaan
Pencegahan
Persalinan
• Manipulasi diet : diet rendah garam, suplementasi kalsium atau minyak ikan.
• Latihan fisik : aktivitas fisik, peregangan otot. Kasawara dan kawan-kawan (2012) melaporkan bahwa latian fisik dapat mengurangi resiko terjadinya preeklampsia.
• Anti oksidan : asam askorbat (vitamin C), alfa tocopherol (vitamin E), vitamin D
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Rekurensi ibu hamil yang menderita sebelumnya sebesar 10%.
Ibu hamil mengalami preeklampsia pada usia kehamilan <30 minggu, maka rekurensinya mencapai 40% (Lim, 2015).
Superimposed preeklampsia dapat mengarah pada komplikasi maternal seperti kejang pada eklampsia, perdarahan intraserebral, edem pulmo, gagal ginjal akut, sindrom HELLP, pembengkakan hepar dengan atau tanpa kegagalan fungsi.
komplikasi pada janin meliputi abrupsio plasenta, IUGR, IUFD, dan persalinan premature (Carson, 2015).
Prognosis Komplikasi
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PEMBAHASAN JURNAL Abstrak
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PENDAHULUAN
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PERKEMBANGAN TERBARU DALAM PREDIKSI
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KOMPLEKSITAS DIAGNOSISAda suatu kebutuhan yang mendesak untuk mengembangkan suatu metode yang akurat dalam mendiagnosis wanita yang datang dengan dugaan preeklamsia
Rana et al 2014 meringkas cara prediksi dan diagnosis dalam editorial terbaru : Hipertensi diklasifikasikan sebagai tekanan darah minimal 140/90 mm Hg dan penting dalam diagnosis pre-eklampsia
Ketidakakuratan1. Pengukuran tekanan darah2. Pengukuran proteinuria dipstik dan secara
kuantitas
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Verdonk et al., 2014 : pengukuran polymerase chain reaction (PCR) serial dalam 24 jam dan menunjukkan bahwa PCR berkorelasi kuat satu sama lain serta dengan ekskresi protein 24 jam, tetapi menunjukkan adanya variasi di sepanjang hari
Untuk semua alasan ini, saat ini penanda spesifik dari penyakit yang serius dan peran biomarker angiogenik seperti PlGF sebagai alat diagnostik yang baru muncul
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Rana et al 2012, menunjukkan bahwa pada wanita yang dicurigai preeklampsia, rasio median sFlt-1 / PlGF yang muncul meningkat pada partisipan yang mengalami hasil buruk dibandingkan dengan mereka yang tidak
Chappell et al 2013, mempublikasikan penelitian prospektif multi senter - Konsentrasi PlGF maternal di bawah sentil-5 terbukti memiliki sensitivitas tinggi dan nilai prediktif untuk memprediksi perkembangan preeklampsia yang membutuhkan persalinan dalam14 hari
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PENGOLAAN
1. Tekanan darah peningkatan kontrol tekanan darah yang lebih ketat terhadap pre-eklampsia pada mereka dengan hipertensi esensial atau hipertensi gestasional
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) sekarang merekomendasikan untuk menjaga tekanan darah sistolik di bawah 150 mmHg dan tekanan darah diastolik di bawah 80-100 mmHg dan menggunakan labetolol sebagai pengobatan lini pertama
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The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines menyarankan mengobati tekanan darah lebih dari 160/110 mmHg
World Health Organization (WHO) merekomendasikan pengobatan tekanan darah sistolik lebih dari 170 mmHg
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2. MgSO4
dianjurkan pada preeklamsia berat untuk mencegah kejang eklampsia pada ibu (Altman et al., 2002)
diberikan pada:a. hipertensi berat atau proteinuria b. hipertensi ringan sampai sedang
atau proteinuria dengan penambahan tanda-tanda klinis atau biokimia.
Cochrane Collaboration : MgSO4 sebagai neuroprotektor untuk bayi prematur (<37 minggu)
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PERSALINAN
Rekomendasi persalinan NICE : manajemen konservatif di bawah usia kehamilan 34 minggu
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists : wanita dengan hipertensi gestasional ringan atau preeklampsia tanpa gejala parah, persalinan pada 37 minggu lebih baik
Terdapat kontroversi persalinan elektif antara kehamilan 34 dan 37 minggu untuk mereka dengan hipertensi ringan atau sedang
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KESIMPULAN Penanda angiogenik, terutama PlGF memiliki
potensi yang cukup untuk memprediksi dan diagnosis preeklampsia
Kontrol tekanan darah yang lebih ketat Risiko / manfaat dari persalinan elektif yang
lebih awal sedang diselidiki Magnesium sulfat melindungi bayi prematur
dari gangguan neurologi dan penggunaan dalam prematur preeklampsia dibenarkan
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