farmer participatory evaluation of bean (phaseolus … · therefore involved in participatory...

July. 2014. Vol. 2, No.3 ISSN 2311 -2476 International Journal of Research In Agriculture and Food Sciences © 2013 - 2014 IJRAFS & K.A.J. All rights reserved http://www.ijsk.org/ijrafs.html

13

FARMER PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION OF BEAN (Phaseolus

vulgaris L) VARIETIES FOR SEED PRODUCTION IN TESO-

KARAMOJA SUB-REGION, UGANDA

Samuel Kayongo Njuki,1

Per Andersson2

Agronomist-NabuZARDI 1Nabuin Zonal Agricultural Research Development Institute (NabuZARDI)-NARO-Uganda

Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

2Svalof Consulting AB, Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) Sweden

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The need for smallholder farmers to understand the benefits and value of growing pure quality bean variety seeds

instigated from seed status survey analysis. The analysis highlighted farmer’s lack of knowledge and access to

improved seed varieties and absence of Seed companies in the Teso-Karamoja sub-region. The situation left

farmers with no choice but growing farm-saved seed recycled from subsequent cropping seasons. Farmers were

therefore involved in participatory evaluation of 10 improved bean varieties obtained from NaCRRI, to identify

adaptable varieties that posses farmer desired attributes for seed and food production. A research-farmer

participatory process for evaluating bean varieties was therefore carried out to: Equip farmers with knowledge of

producing and maintaining good quality seeds; Identify varieties with desired traits and adaptable to the local dry

mid-altitude environment; Create awareness and popularizing the existence and demand of improved bean seeds.

Achieved results indicated that most varieties were highly affected by drought, however, variety Nabe15 and Nabe4

performed exceptionally well in maturity periods with relative yield of 1.32 and 1.29 MT Ha-1

respectively. Both

varieties expressed traits for resistance to diseases and were selected for seed production in the semi-arid region of

Teso-Karamoja sub-region.

Key words: Grains, adaptability, drought-stress

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Sixteen improved bean varieties, bred and released

by beans Program at National Agricultural Crops

Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) were during

the first season tested at on-farm for adaptability in

Karamoja sub-region. The varieties were in series of

‘NABE’ from 1-16, with variation in seed texture,

colour, size, crop maturity, cooking time and other

agronomic traits.

Variety testing was conducted at Nabuin Zonal

Agricultural Research and Development Institute

(NabuZARDI) in Karamoja for performance in yield,

maturity period, tolerance to drought, resistance to

pests and diseases among others. Ten varieties out of

sixteen were selected given their good performance

and advanced to testing for seed suitability and

quality. In order for farmers to sustainably access

bean seeds, the venture for seed multiplication was

sought with farmer involvement to enhance choice

and production of bean varieties with desired farmer

attributes. However, it was difficult to know whether

the tested varieties possessed attributes desired by

farmers. Therefore participatory evaluation of the

varieties with farmers at gazette farm land enhanced

assessing the actual performance and farmer choice

of desired varieties for seed production.

Whilst, most farmers are smallholders with large

chunks of land for cultivation and animal grazing but

have no access and knowledge about good quality

bean seeds or its benefits. The locally predominant

amount of bean seed utilized by small-scale farmers

mailto:[email protected]




14

comes from regular crop harvest meant for food.

Most farmers use “farm-saved” seed or that produced

by neighbours or fellow farmer (informally).

Consequently, few seed companies (formal sector)

are keen to produce bean seeds resulting in the little

available certified seed being expensive and less

accessible to most rural farmers. This situation is

contributed to because of lack of a reliable and

constant seed supply especially at planting time. It

has been shown and documented in a number of

countries that with some technical support, farmers

can produce clean and potentially certifiable seed

(Turner, 2010).Therefore, to support farmers, a

program of change (POC) was designed to conduct a

participatory evaluation of the varieties to allow

farmers exploit the chance of selecting varieties with

designed attributes for advancing into seed

production. This program was support by SIDA

through a scientific training in plant breeding and

seed production. The evaluation could help in

reducing the cost of seed and bean production;

enhance accessibility of good quality seed in a timely

manner and facilitate faster dissemination of

improved and local varieties. The study therefore

sought to conduct on-farm participatory farmer

evaluation of the improved bean varieties to allow

choice of varieties possessing the desired attributes

and learning how to produce seeds, maintenance,

delivery and sustainable access to the seeds.

2.0 Materials and Methods

2.1 Plant Material and growth conditions

Ten varieties namely, K131, K132, NABE1, NABE2,

NABE3, NABE4, NABE5, NABE6, NABE11,

NABE15 and one local check variety called Tapara

bean (most important local variety) were included in

on-farm evaluation. The experiment was carried out

on a farm area used by farmers but belonging to

NabuZARDI in Karamoja. The choice of field was

based on central convenience to farmers given the

area insecurity. The trial was designed as a

randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3

replications and the 11 bean varieties. Each plot

consisted of 8 rows planted at a distance of 0.1m

within hills, and 0.5m between rows on a plot size of

10x5m.

Planting was done with 21 farmers from 8 parishes

during the short rainy season (Sept- December, 2011)

and results validated with another cropping season

(Apr-June, 2012). Farmers participated right from

planting to management, through physical

observation of bean variety growth to final evaluation

of foliar incidences to pests and diseases, agronomic

stresses and yield. Farmer roles were to learn the

bean plant growth habits, observe any changes

occurring to beans plants in terms of disease

expression and manifestation on leaves, record the

days taken to flower and attain physiological

maturity, pod bearing and filling, yield and

palatability taste. During trial management no

chemicals were applied to manage diseases or pests.

The soils were sandy loam and had not been

cultivated for a period of over a year. Temperatures

ranged from 240-34

oC and bimodal precipitation

ranging from 500-900mm. The assessment of bean

cultivar performance started 21 days after planting

(DAP).

2.2 Data collection and analysis

2.2.1 Agronomic data on seed production

All data collections started at 21 days after planting

and continued in cumulative fortnights. The

agronomic data collected included an assessment of

tolerance to heat or drought, number of days to

flowering (DTF), pod development and filling and

physiological maturity period (DTM) (Table 1).

Actual yield data were collected at harvest by field

weight in correlation with number of plants at

harvest. Seed traits, such as seed colour, shape, size,

brilliance and desirability were recorded (Table 2).

Harvesting was done with full farmer participation

after ascertaining the physiological maturity the

plants. Collected data were subjected to analysis of

variance (ANOVA) using the statistical programme

Genstat, 13th

edition.

2.2.2 Data for evaluation of bean varieties to

fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens

Foliar diseases assessed included bean angular leaf

spot (Phaseoriopsis griseola), bean anthracnose

(Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), bean common

mosaic virus (BCMV), common bean blight

(Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli) and bean leaf

rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) (Table 4). The

disease incidence and severity levels were assessed

using a scale from 0 to 6 for disease incidence and 1

to 9 for disease severity as characterized by Stavely

(1991) and CIAT (1987).

2.2.3 Data on field pest effect on bean varieties

The found colonizing pests were assessed to

determine the level of damage inflicted on plants. But

the most predominant observed to damage the plants

included bugs eg Giant Coreid (Anoplocnemis spp),

legume pod borer (Acanthomyyia), bean fly

(Ophiomyia spp) and red mites (Table 5). A scale of

1-5 was used (1= no damage, and 5= highly

damaged) beginning at one month after planting (1


15

MAP) to the time of harvesting. All collected data

were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA)

using the statistical programme Genstat, 13th

edition.).

3.0 Results of study

3.1 Performance of selected varieties

Bean variety evaluation showed variable response to

naturally occurring abiotic stresses. Given the hot

environment in the region (330C average) with long

dry spell, varieties such as Nabe15, K131 and Nabe4

exhibited adaptation traits (drought avoidance

mechanisms) to the drought as indicated in Table 1.

3.2 Bean seed appearance characteristics

Harvested bean seed varieties were subjected to

appearance analysis for acceptance based on farmer’s

perception of desired qualities. Among selected

attributes considered important included seed colour,

shape, size, brilliance and seed weight (Table 2),

similar to bean variety characteristics evaluated by

Garcia et al., (1996).

Table 1: Bean variety performance for selected traits

Variety DS prone DTF DTM Yield (seed)

(Scores) (Days) (Days) (MT Ha-1

) Rank

K131 2.0±0.0d 49 79 809±67.9

d 10

K132 3.0±0.0c 44 74 1172±80.6

bc 3

Nabe1 3.1±0.3c 49 79 862±14.6

d 8

Nabe11 4.0±0.0a 46 76 1014±5.84

c 6

Nabe15 2.0±0.0d 32 62 1324±51.0

a 1

Nabe2 3.0±0.2c 49 79 816±31.4

d 9

Nabe3 2.3±0.2d 49 79 1091±18.7

c 4

Nabe4 2.0±0.0d 42 70 1294±7.18

ab 2

Nabe5 3.7±0.2b 41 71 1032±13.4

c 5

Nabe6 3.0±0.0c 49 79 502±42.9

e 11

Tapara Bean 2.2±0.0d 46 70 945±62

cd 7

Lsd (Var) 0.102 122.8

% CV 7.2 7.3

Figure 1: Showing duration for bean variety growth

Bean Variety Maturity Period

49

4139

4949

32

4649

44

49

79

7170

7979

62

7679

74

79

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

K131 K132 Nabe 1 Nabe 11 Nabe 15 Nabe 2 Nabe 3 Nabe 4 Nabe 5 Nabe 6

Varieties

Dur

atio

n (d

ays)

Days to Flower

Days to maturity

July. 2014. Vol. 2, No.3 ISSN 2311 -2476

International Journal of Research In Agriculture and Food Sciences © 2013 - 2014 IJRAFS & K.A.J. All rights reserved

http://www.ijsk.org/ijrafs.html

16

Table 2: Bean seed physiological traits

Seed Seed Weight of 50 seeds Seed Seed Acceptance

Variety Colour Shape 50 seeds : 1 seed Size Brilliance (Desirability)

K131 Brown (Gold orange flecked) Round 8.9 0.178 Small seeded Opaque Fair

Nabe2 Black Oval 8.8 0.176 Small seeded Opaque Fair

Nabe3 Purple-wish Brown Oval 10.1 0.202 Small seeded Opaque Fair

Nabe6 White Oval 10.0 0.200 Small seeded Brilliant Good

Tapara White Oval 8.8 0.174 Small seeded Opaque Fair

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

Nabe15 Dark Brown (Dark-red flecks) Oval 19.3 0.386 Medium size Brilliant Excellent

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------

Nabe1 Dark-Red (Brown flecks) Truncate fastiate 22.6 0.452 Large seeded Opaque Fair

K132 Dark-Red (Brown flecks) Kidney shaped 23.1 0.462 Large seeded Intermediate Good

Nabe11 Brown (Dark-red flecks) Kidney shaped 21.7 0.434 Large seeded Brilliant v. good

Nabe4 Dark red (Brown flecks) Cuboids 17.7 0.354 Large seeded Intermediate Good

Nabe5 Cream- Brown (Dark red flecks) Kidney Shaped 22.3 0.446 Large seeded Intermediate Fair

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Table 3: Attributes considered by farmers in selection of variety for seed production

Attribute Variety selected

Drought Resistance Nabe15: K131: Nabe4

Days to flower Nabe15: Nabe4

Days to maturity Nabe5: Nabe4

Seed Brilliance Nabe15

Seed shape Oval

Disease resistance Varieties with mean separation letter c (Tab. 4)

Insect resistance Varieties with mean separation letter d,c,b (Tab. 6)

Seed weight Nabe3, Nabe15, and K132

Yield Nabe15

3.3 Evaluation of bean varieties to fungal and

bacterial pathogens

Varieties reacted significantly to naturally occurring

pathogens (Table 4). The manifestation of diseases on plant

parts was generally low indicating the possibility of

tolerance to the pathogens. The expression of Angular leaf

sport (Phaseoriopsis griseola), one of the most serious and

widely distributed disease of beans was lower on most

varieties with scores ranging from 2.0 - 3.5 (Table 4) and

incidence of 3.0 - 4.0 representing a range of 25 - 40% leaf

area infection (Table 5). The scores were determined using a

general scale of 1-9 as prescribed by CIAT (1987) while the

disease incidence was estimated by counting the number of

diseased and healthy plants in a plot using a modified cobb

scale of 0-5 as prescribed by Stavely (1985).

Another foliar disease known to affect bean productivity is

bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum). The

disease is one of the widespread, common and most

important diseases of bean worldwide especially in regions

with frequent rainfall. Its considered more destructive under

cool to moderate temperatures with high relative humidity.

However, its evaluation in Karamoja showed less potential

for disease effect on improved bean varieties (Table 4).

Apart from var. K132 that exhibited some characterized

foliar symptoms (3.7 score), the rest of varieties appeared

tolerant.

Table 4: Variety reaction (severity) to naturally occurring diseases

Variety B. ALS B. Anthr B. Mosaic CBB Leaf Rust

K131 2.5±0.1c 1.3±0.7

c 1.0±0

d 2.3±0.2

c 1.4±0.1

b

K132 3.5±0.1a 3.7±0.2

a 4.4±0.3

a 3.7±0.2

a 1.9±0.1

a

Nabe1 2.8±0.2bc

1.1±0.0c 1.0±0

d 1.8±0.2

d 1.5±0.1

b

Nabe11 3.2±0.2ab

2.4±0.2b 2.8±0.2

b 3.0±0.1

b 2.0±0

a

Nabe15 2.9±0.1abc

2.3±0.9b 1.5±0.1

d 2.3±0.1

c 1.6±0.1

b

Nabe2 2.8±0.1bc

2.1±0.1b 2.0±0.2

c 3.1±0.2

b 2.0±0

a

Nabe3 2.4±0.2c 1.7±0.1

c 1.0±0

d 1.6±0.1

d 1.0±0

c

Nabe4 3.0±0.1abc

3.5±0.2a 1.0±0

d 3.0±0.1

b 2.0±0

a

Nabe5 2.0±0.1d 1.5±0.1

c 1.0±0

d 2.3±0.2

c 1.8±0.1

a

Nabe6 3.0±0.2abc

2.2±0.1b 1.0±0

d 2.4±0.1

c 1.0±0

c

Tapara 2.8±0.1bc

2.0±0.0b 2.0±0.0

c 3.1±0.2

b 2.0±0

a

Lsd (Var) 0.375 0.279 0.226 0.327 0.093

% CV 26.4 25.3 27 25.5 11.3

(Scores 1-9, 1=Health, 9= highly affected) source CIAT (1987)

Other significant diseases evaluated included common

bean blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli). The

disease is widespread throughout Africa’s bean growing

regions, and is favoured by warm to high temperatures and

high humidity (Buruchura et al., 2010) similar to typical

Karamoja hot environment. The disease affect leaf

expansion potential with leaf spots enlargement and

mergence to form large brown irregular lesions

surrounded by a narrow yellow zone (Fig 1B appendix).

The incidence on plants were relatively high ranging from

10-40% leaf area infected (Table 5) on not more than 50%

plants. High severity rates were observed on var K132 (3.7

severity), Nabe 4 and 11 at 3.0 score of severity. The least

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affected varieties included Nabe1,3, 5,15, K131 and Tapara bean

Table 5: Incidence of foliar leaf infection (Cobb scale) to naturally occurring diseases

Variety Bean ALS B. Anth B. Mosaic CBB Leaf Rust

K131 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0

K132 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0

Nabe1 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0

Nabe11 4.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.0

Nabe15 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0

Nabe2 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0

Nabe3 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0

Nabe4 4.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 3.0

Nabe5 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0

Nabe6 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0

Tapara 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0

(Scores 0-5, 0=No visible infection; 1=1- 5%; 2= 6-10%; 3=11-25%; 4=26-40%; 5= 65-100% leaf area infected) Source: Stavely

(1985)

3.4 Evaluation of bean varieties to pest attack

Results on evaluation of bean varieties against natural foliar

pest attack showed important variety response. Minimal

below threshold level, the Giant Coreid Bug (Anoplocnemis

spp) and legume pod borer (Acanthomyyia) pest attack were

observed on leaves and pods respectively. Variety

susceptibility was observed to red mite and bean fly

(Ophiomyia spp) attack (Fig. 1C). The effect of red mite was

high on variety Nabe11 at 4.5 and 3.0 severities respectively

(Table 6).

Bean fly (Ophiomyia spp) is another pest of economic

importance widely distributed throughout Africa and attacks

beans (Fig 1C), cowpeas, soybean and other leguminous

plants. The same pest affected variety Nabe4, Nabe 11, Nabe

3 and K131 (Table 6). It affected plant growth at an early

stage where plants stem got rotten from the damage by

maggots of adult bean flies. The attacked plant failed to grow

up due to affected phloem and xylem vessels. Such

susceptible varieties are however not good for seed

production since the control measures justifies for high

economic intervention that growers may not easily access.

Table 6: Bean variety evaluation against pest attack

Variety G.C. Bug Pod Red Bean

Damage Mite Fly

K131 1.5±0.1a 1.0

c 2.5±0.1

cd 2.3±0.3

a

K132 1.0b 1.9±0.2

a 2.9±0.1

b 1.0b

Nabe1 1.0b 1.1

c 2.3±0.2

d 1.2±0.1

b

Nabe11 1.0b 1.0

c 4.5±0.1

a 2.0±0.2

a

Nabe15 1.0b 1.0

c 2.3±0.1

d 1.1±0.1

b

Nabe2 1.0b 1.5±0.8

b 2.8±0.1

bc 1.1±0.1

b

Nabe3 1.5±0.1a 1.1

c 3.0±0.2

b 1.4±0.2

b

Nabe4 1.0b 1.8±0.1

a 2.2±0.1

d 2.5±0.3

a

Nabe5 1.0b 1.0

c 2.4±0.1

d 1.1±0.1

b

Nabe6 1.0b 1.0

c 1.9±0.1

e 1.4±0.2

b

Nabe6 1.0b 1.0

c 2.0±0.

e 1.4±0.2

b

Tapara 1.0b 1.0

c 2.0±0.

e 1.2±0.2

b

Lsd (Var) NS 0.128 0.201 0.475

% CV NS 20.7 14.8 62.0

(Scores 1-5, 1=Health, 5= highly affected)

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4.0 Discussion of results

4.1 Performance of selected varieties

Farmers identified varieties Nabe15, K131 and Nabe4 to

establish well in Karamoja areas despite drought stress.

However, other varieties such as Nabe11, Nabe5 and Nabe1

(Table 1) exhibited no satisfactory drought avoidance

mechanisms for survival in drought prone areas. Therefore

the best farmer selected varieties to grow in drought prone

areas are Nabe15, K131 and Nabe4 due to possession of

superior traits for drought avoidance mechanisms. Other

traits of importance evaluated for selection of good

performing bean varieties included the maturity periods

involving days to flower and physiological maturity. Such

traits are important to farmer’s choice in view of projecting

the time for planting, executing management practices and

planning effective harvesting and marketing or market

demand. Similar variables were also considered by CIAT

(1987) in evaluating seed traits.

In semi arid areas, varieties that can potentially grow well

are preferred in a sense of escaping the stress. It was

observed that early flowering varieties synchronized with

peak rain season and upon moisture significant deficit, the

plant had already matured. Similarly varieties such as

Nabe15 exhibited outstanding potential of early flowering

whereby at 32 days (50% of whole variety plot) had

flowered. Varieties that flowered early also attained early

physiological maturity (Table 1). Variables that potentially

correlate to yield were also evaluated for selection of high

yielding bean varieties. Among attributes that farmer

considered to adopt varieties of interest is yield. In the

results obtained variety Nabe15, Nabe4 and K132 if planted

early can yield highly at 1.3 MT Ha-1

, 1.2 MT Ha-1

and 1.1

MT Ha-1

respectively (Table 1) (Fig. 2), leading to abundant

bean seed and food supply for subsequent production and

consumption. Therefore the varieties reach physiological

maturity the better are chances of harvesting reasonable

yield.

4.2 Bean seed appearance characteristics

Seed shape, brilliance and weight were considered to

determine commercial value for marketing beans for food

and in addition to viability and germination potential for

commercial bean seeds. Large seeded varieties were more

preferred due to early maturity period and high marketable

weight than small seeded varieties. Farmers considered

large seeded varieties to be easy in raising productivity and

marketing for better income. Overall, variety Nabe15

possessed the most desired attributes (Table 3) considered

important in seed production and delivery and marketing.

The same variety excelled in maturity days, tolerance to

drought stress through escape mechanisms, seed brilliance,

weight and yield (Table 1 and 3). Similar traits were also

found important in beans evaluation by Teshale et al.,

(2005).

4.3 Evaluation of bean varieties to foliar fungal and

bacterial pathogens

Variety K132 and Nabe11 exhibited the highest severity rate

of leaf area infection to angular leaf spot (ALS) at 3.5 and

3.2 scores respectively, less than half of the whole disease

score scale. The scores suggested variety tolerance and

ability to perform well given the lower incidence rate of the

disease effect. Therefore, selection intensity of varieties for

seed production dropped var. K132 and Nabe11 due to

potential susceptibility to angular leaf spot disease

incidence.

Another foliar disease known to affect bean productivity is

bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum). Its

evaluation in Karamoja showed less potential for disease

effect on improved bean varieties (Table 4). Apart from var.

K132 that exhibited some characterized foliar symptoms

(3.7 score), the rest of varieties appeared tolerant. The

tolerance was attributed to variety resistance and the hot

environment characterized with bimodal rainfall that did not

favour the fungus spread and activity. Though the fungus is

known to penetrate through the pod or seed coat causing

discoloration and distortion of the seed, however, the grown

variety seeds were pure from the fungus attack. However, in

case of disease build up, famers were trained in early

detection in identification and management through seed

dressing and phytosanitary measures. The same variety

(K132) also succumbed to bean common mosaic virus

(Table4) with an incidence of 40% (Table 5) infected plants

in plots. Other varieties appeared resistant to the virus

effect. Therefore variety K132 was dropped from other

varieties for seed production.

Other significant diseases evaluated included common bean

blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli). The

incidence on plants was relatively high ranging from 10-

40% leaf area infected (Table 5) on not more than 50%

plants. High severity rates were observed on var K132 (3.7

severity), Nabe 4 and 11 at 3.0 severity. The least affected

varieties included Nabe1,3, 5,15 and K131. The low

severity and incidence rates were attributed to variety

tolerance and hence led to a suggestion that the tolerant

varieties are favourable for seed production in regards to

CBB effect. Whilst some varieties reacted positively to

natural disease attack, all varieties exhibited general

tolerance to bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) (Table 4).

The tolerance was attributed to unfavourable environment

(hot temperatures) for the fungus epidemiology.

4.4 Evaluation of bean varieties to pest attack

The evaluation of bean varieties against natural foliar pest

attack showed important variety response. Minimal below

threshold level, the Giant Coreid Bug (Anoplocnemis spp)

July. 2014. Vol. 2, No.3 ISSN 2311 -2476



20

and legume pod borer (Acanthomyyia) pest attack were

observed on leaves and pods respectively. Variety

susceptibility was observed to red mite and bean fly

(Ophiomyia spp) attack (Fig. 1C). The effect of red mite

was high on variety Nabe11 at 4.5 and 3.0 severities

respectively (Table 6). The presence of mites in production

plots were attributed to favourable environment for their

multiplication. The attack justifies the need to breed for

variety resistance in addition to screening available varieties

for tolerance. Varieties that exhibited tolerance to mites

attack include Nabe 6, Nabe 4, Nabe15 and Nabe 1 at

severity rate ranging from 1.9-2.3 (Table 6) which justifies

the suitability for tolerant varieties for continued production

given low level of pest damage.

Bean fly (Ophiomyia spp) is another pest of economic

importance widely distributed throughout Africa and attacks

beans (Fig 1C), cowpeas, soybean and other leguminous

plants. The same pest affected variety Nabe4, Nabe 11,

Nabe 3 and K131 (Table 6). It affected plant growth at an

early stage where plants stem got rotten from the damage by

maggots of adult bean flies. The attacked plant failed to

grow up due to affected phloem and xylem vessels. Such

susceptible varieties are however not good for seed

production since the control measures justifies for high

economic intervention that growers lack.

5.0 General recommendation and conclusion

5.1 Recommendations

The following aspects need further scrutiny for successful

implementation and sustainability of farmer seed production

venture.

Conduct a market demand survey to know the following

Potential for bean seeds demand across the region

including attributes desired

Potential for bean consumption and utility

Knowledge of seed processing and quality control

Introduction of farmer to protocol for purity monitoring

and seed certification

Contract farming for market linkage

5.2 Conclusion

Prior to project start up, farmers didn’t know the jurisdiction

between seeds and food grains since seeds were used both

for food and growing new crops. Currently farmers are

aware of difference between seeds and food grains and their

sources. Farmers have observed that bean seeds obtained

from research established well and expressed unique traits

of viability, purity (uniform crop), strong vigour, tolerance

to drought stress and variation in anthesis stage in this short

rain season contrary to their local bean varieties. Farmers

have practiced, admired and owned the method of crop

growing particularly seed production where row cropping

without mixing crops and varieties is conducted so as to

produce quality seeds. Whilst farmers are now aware of

their potential to produce and save own pure seeds for the

next cropping season. The method has explored them to

knowledge of producing own seeds to avoid overspending

on seed purchases; and avoiding poor quality seeds from

Seed Companies, and have known the potential for

commercial seed production to earn a living. Famers liked

the method of allowing them to select varieties based on

their desired attributes, eg selection of early flowering

varieties for early maturity and selection of late flowering

varieties so that they mature after harvesting the early

flowering varieties hence continuous harvesting. They have

also identified places suitable for seed and food crop

production. However, they are yet to learn seed processing

methods. Varieties therefore selected for seed production

are those that have exhibited high tolerance to both abiotic

and biotic stresses and the primary trait (Yield). The

considered varieties based on evaluation include Nabe 15

and Nabe 4.

Acknowledgement

This study was carried out in connection with my

participation in a SIDA (Swedish International

Development Agency financed course in Plant Breeding and

Seed Production, conducted by Svalöf Consulting AB,

Alnarp, Sweden. I am grateful to both SIDA and Svalöf

Consulting for the training, while special thanks to

NabuZARDI and NARO in General for the financial

support to carry out the study

.

List of Tables Page

Table 1: Bean variety performance for selected traits……………………………………8

Table 2: Bean seed physiological traits……………………………………………………9

Table 3: Attributes considered by farmers in selection of variety for seed production 10

Table 4: Variety reaction (severity) to naturally occurring diseases…………………….11

Table 5: Incidence of foliar leaf infection to naturally occurring diseases……………...12

Table 6: Bean variety evaluation against pest attack……………………………………..13

List of Figures

Figure 1: Showing duration for bean variety growth……………………………………….8

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21

Figure 2: Systematic representation of bean trial (A); foliar disease (B- C); variety

observation (D) and produced bean varieties (E)……………………………….20

A- Established bean trial with farmer participation in variety performance observation

B- Common bacterial blight C- Effect of Bean fly D: Variety brilliance Observation

E: Improved Bean Varieties

Figure 2: Systematic representation of bean trial (A); foliar disease (B- C); variety observation (D) and produced bean varieties (E).

Table 1: Bean variety performance for selected traits

Variety DS prone DTF DTM Yield (seed)

(Scores) (Days) (Days) (MT Ha-1

) Rank

K131 2.0±0.0d 49 79 809±67.9

d 10

K132 3.0±0.0c 44 74 1172±80.6

bc 3

Nabe1 3.1±0.3c 49 79 862±14.6

d 8

Nabe11 4.0±0.0a 46 76 1014±5.84

c 6

Nabe15 2.0±0.0d 32 62 1324±51.0

a 1

Nabe2 3.0±0.2c 49 79 816±31.4

d 9

Nabe3 2.3±0.2d 49 79 1091±18.7

c 4

Nabe4 2.0±0.0d 42 70 1294±7.18

ab 2

Nabe5 3.7±0.2b 41 71 1032±13.4

c 5

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Nabe6 3.0±0.0c 49 79 502±42.9

e 11

Tapara Bean 2.2±0.0d 46 70 945±62

cd 7

Lsd (Var) 0.102 122.8

% CV 7.2 7.3

Figure 1: Showing duration for bean variety growth

Bean Variety Maturity Period

49

4139

4949

32

4649

44

49

79

7170

7979

62

7679

74

79

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

K131 K132 Nabe 1 Nabe 11 Nabe 15 Nabe 2 Nabe 3 Nabe 4 Nabe 5 Nabe 6

Varieties

Du

rati

on

(d

ay

s)

Days to Flower

Days to maturity

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Table 2: Bean seed physiological traits

Seed Seed Weight of 50 seeds Seed Seed Acceptance

Variety Colour Shape 50 seeds : 1 seed Size Brilliance (Desirability)

K131 Brown (Gold orange flecked) Round 8.9 0.178 Small seeded Opaque Fair

Nabe2 Black Oval 8.8 0.176 Small seeded Opaque Fair

Nabe3 Purple-wish Brown Oval 10.1 0.202 Small seeded Opaque Fair

Nabe6 White Oval 10.0 0.200 Small seeded Brilliant Good

Tapara White Oval 8.8 0.174 Small seeded Opaque Fair

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

Nabe15 Dark Brown (Dark-red flecks) Oval 19.3 0.386 Medium size Brilliant Excellent

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

Nabe1 Dark-Red (Brown flecks) Truncate fastiate 22.6 0.452 Large seeded Opaque Fair

K132 Dark-Red (Brown flecks) Kidney shaped 23.1 0.462 Large seeded Intermediate Good

Nabe11 Brown (Dark-red flecks) Kidney shaped 21.7 0.434 Large seeded Brilliant v. good

Nabe4 Dark red (Brown flecks) Cuboids 17.7 0.354 Large seeded Intermediate Good

Nabe5 Cream- Brown (Dark red flecks) Kidney Shaped 22.3 0.446 Large seeded Intermediate Fair


24

Table 3: Attributes considered by farmers in selection of variety for seed production

Attribute Variety selected

Drought Resistance Nabe15: K131: Nabe4

Days to flower Nabe15: Nabe4

Days to maturity Nabe5: Nabe4

Seed Brilliance Nabe15

Seed shape Oval

Disease resistance Varieties with mean separation letter c (Tab. 4)

Insect resistance Varieties with mean separation letter d,c,b (Tab. 6)

Seed weight Nabe3, Nabe15, and K132

Yield Nabe15

Table 4: Variety reaction (severity) to naturally occurring diseases

Variety B. ALS B. Anthr B. Mosaic CBB Leaf Rust

K131 2.5±0.1c 1.3±0.7

c 1.0±0

d 2.3±0.2

c 1.4±0.1

b

K132 3.5±0.1a 3.7±0.2

a 4.4±0.3

a 3.7±0.2

a 1.9±0.1

a

Nabe1 2.8±0.2bc

1.1±0.0c 1.0±0

d 1.8±0.2

d 1.5±0.1

b

Nabe11 3.2±0.2ab

2.4±0.2b 2.8±0.2

b 3.0±0.1

b 2.0±0

a

Nabe15 2.9±0.1abc

2.3±0.9b 1.5±0.1

d 2.3±0.1

c 1.6±0.1

b

Nabe2 2.8±0.1bc

2.1±0.1b 2.0±0.2

c 3.1±0.2

b 2.0±0

a

Nabe3 2.4±0.2c 1.7±0.1

c 1.0±0

d 1.6±0.1

d 1.0±0

c

Nabe4 3.0±0.1abc

3.5±0.2a 1.0±0

d 3.0±0.1

b 2.0±0

a

Nabe5 2.0±0.1d 1.5±0.1

c 1.0±0

d 2.3±0.2

c 1.8±0.1

a

Nabe6 3.0±0.2abc

2.2±0.1b 1.0±0

d 2.4±0.1

c 1.0±0

c

Tapara 2.8±0.1bc

2.0±0.0b 2.0±0.0

c 3.1±0.2

b 2.0±0

a

Lsd (Var) 0.375 0.279 0.226 0.327 0.093

% CV 26.4 25.3 27 25.5 11.3

(Scores 1-9, 1=Health, 9= highly affected) source CIAT (1987)

Table 5: Incidence of foliar leaf infection (Cobb scale) to naturally occurring diseases

Variety Bean ALS B. Anth B. Mosaic CBB Leaf Rust

K131 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0

K132 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0

Nabe1 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0

Nabe11 4.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.0

Nabe15 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0

Nabe2 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0

Nabe3 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0

Nabe4 4.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 3.0

Nabe5 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0

Nabe6 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0

Tapara 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0

(Scores 0-5, 0=No visible infection; 1=1- 5%; 2= 6-10%; 3=11-25%; 4=26-40%; 5= 65-100% leaf area infected)

Source: Stavely (1985)

Table 6: Bean variety evaluation against pest attack

Variety G.C. Bug Pod Red Bean

Damage Mite Fly

K131 1.5±0.1a 1.0

c 2.5±0.1

cd 2.3±0.3

a

K132 1.0b 1.9±0.2

a 2.9±0.1

b 1.0b

Nabe1 1.0b 1.1

c 2.3±0.2

d 1.2±0.1

b

Nabe11 1.0b 1.0

c 4.5±0.1

a 2.0±0.2

a


25

Nabe15 1.0b 1.0

c 2.3±0.1

d 1.1±0.1

b

Nabe2 1.0b 1.5±0.8

b 2.8±0.1

bc 1.1±0.1

b

Nabe3 1.5±0.1a 1.1

c 3.0±0.2

b 1.4±0.2

b

Nabe4 1.0b 1.8±0.1

a 2.2±0.1

d 2.5±0.3

a

Nabe5 1.0b 1.0

c 2.4±0.1

d 1.1±0.1

b

Nabe6 1.0b 1.0

c 1.9±0.1

e 1.4±0.2

b

Nabe6 1.0b 1.0

c 2.0±0.

e 1.4±0.2

b

Tapara 1.0b 1.0

c 2.0±0.

e 1.2±0.2

b

Lsd (Var) NS 0.128 0.201 0.475

% CV NS 20.7 14.8 62.0

(Scores 1-5, 1=Health, 5= highly affected)

References

1. Beaver J.S. 1993. A simple method for producing seed

from crosses hybrid dwarfs derived from crosses

between Middle American and Andean gene pools.

Ann. Rep. of the Bean Improv. Coop. 36:28-29.

2. Buruchara R., Mukankusi C. and Ampofo K. (2010).

Bean disease and pest identification and management:

International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT);

Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA), 67 p. —

(CIAT publication no. 371. Handbooks for small-scale

seed producers no. 04). ISSN 2220-3370

3. CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical).

1987. Standard system for the evaluation of bean

germplasm. Van Schoonhoven, A. and M.A. Pastor-

Corrales (compilers). Cali, Colombia. 54 p.

http://www.google.com/books?id=e7144M7teYcC

4. Garcia E. H., Valdivia C.B., Aguirre J.R., and Muruaga

J.S.M. (1996). Morphological and Agronomic Traits of

a Wild Population and an Improved Cultivar of

Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

5. Hall R. 1991. The bean plant. p. 1-5 In R. Hall (ed).

Compendium of bean diseases. APS Press. Saint Paul,

Minnesota.

6. Schoonhoven A., Pastor-Corrales, MA. (1994). Standard

system for evaluation of bean germplasm. International

Centre for tropical Agriculture (CIAT).

7. Stavely, J.R. 1985. The Modified Cobb Scale for

estimating bean rust intensity. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv.

Coop. 28:31-32.

8. Teshale A., Girma A., Chemeda F., Bulti T., Abdel-

Rahman M. (2005) Participatory Bean Breeding with

Women and Small Holder Farmers in Eastern Ethiopia

9. Turner, M. (2010). The Tropical agriculturalist SEEDS’.

CTA MACMILLAN.

Abbreviations

BCMV : Bean Common Mosaic Virus

DTM : Days to Maturity

DTF : Days to Flower

MAP : Month after Planting

NabuZARDI : Nabuin Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute

NaCRRI : National Crop Resources Research Institute

NARO : National Agricultural Research Organization

POC : Program of change

ALS : Angular Leaf Sport

Anthr : Anthracnose

CBB : Common Bean Blight

farmer participatory evaluation of bean (phaseolus … · therefore involved in participatory...

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