PHARMACOTOXICOLOGY(Block of CHEM I)

Eman SutrisnaDepartement of Pharmacology and Therapy

Medical School Unsoed

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Student able to explain : Definition and field of

pharmacotoxicology Various of Pollutant Method of poisoning Prevention of poisoning The principles of poisoning

management process.

TOXICOLOGY

The study of poisoning and the harmful effect of chemicals on the living organism

THE FIELD OF TOXICOLOGY

Descriptive or experimental toxicology

Mechanistic toxicology Regulatory toxicology Forensic toxicology Enviromental toxicology Occupational toxicology Clinical toxicology

Environmental Toxicology The study pollutant on wildlife and its

hurmful consequences on our ecosystem Duffus (1980): the study of the effects of

toxic substances occurring in both natural and man-made environments

Landis and Yu (1995): the study of the impacts of pollutants upon the structure and function of ecological systems (from molecular to ecosystem)

Occupational Toxicology The specialized study of chemicals

and how it effects workers in the industrial or other workplace setting.

Ecotoxicology Truhaut (1977): the branch of toxicology

concerned with the study of toxic effects, caused by natural and synthetic pollutants, to the constituents of ecosystems, animals (including human), vegetable and microbial, in an integrated context

Moriarty (1983): the natural extension from toxicology, the science of poisons on individual organisms, to the ecological effects of pollutants

Levin et al. (1989): the science that seeks to predict the impacts of chemicals upon ecosystems

VARIOUS TOXICANTS

Chemical Industrial Household

Agricultural Pesticides Natural toxicants

Mushrooms Plant toxin Snake/insect toxin Marine toxin

Heavy metal Pb Mercury Arsen Cadmium Iron

Heavy Metals

Wide dispersion Tendency to accumulate Ability to do damage/be toxic at low

levels

Heavy Metals

GLOBAL CONCERNS AND LOCAL TOXIC HAZARDS WASTE lead, Mercury Arsenic Cadmium

Heavy Metals

Routes of Exposure: Food Inhaled

Heavy Metals

LEAD – most studiedSources:

Lead organic compounds such as motor vehicle fuelBatteries (MV)Pigments, glazes, solder, plasticsroot vegetableswater with low pHceramic glazes,

Heavy Metals

MERCURY Sources: thermometers, dental amalgams,

batteries must stay below 40 ug/L workers

Exposure:-If left standing or aerosolized it is taken into lungs-Dispersed through waste incineration-soil and water deposits; converted into methyl mercury by microorganisms then bio-concentrated up the food chain (fish, tuna, mackerel)

Heavy Metals

ARSENIC Sources: earth’s crust, smelting

industry, wood preservatives, pesticides, paints, fossil fuel combustion, folk remedies, wells

Exposure: toxic and carcinogenic. Scientists are debating safe exposure standards

Human Health and Heavy Metals

CADMIUM:Source: toxicity is relatively uncommon but

exposure causes distinctive clinical syndromes

Exposure: Industries dealing with pigment, metal

plating, plastics, batteriesCadmium pollution introduces cadmium into

sewage sludge, fertilizers and groundwater resulting in contamination in foodstuffs, grains, cereals and leafy vegetables

-cigarette smoking

HISTORIC : Heavy Metal Poisoning Two horrible epidemics from contaminated

food had occurred in Japan. 1950s, organic mercury was transferred through

the marine foodweb to poison hundreds of people. Nearly a thousand people fell victim to Minamata Disease before Chisso Corporation halted discharge_of_mercury into Minamata Bay.

From 1940 to 1960, Japanese in the Toyama Prefecture were poisoned by cadmium in their rice. This itai-itai disease was linked to irrigation water contaminated from metal mine wastes.

itai-itai, reflects the extreme joint pain associated with the disease

PREVENTION OF POISONING

Avoid the exposure Education about chemical hazard

and risk situation with chemical Information about poison

management

METHOD OF POISONING

Natural exposure Accidental Suicidal Substance abuse/drug misused Chemical disaster (mass poisoning)

THE PRINCIPLES IN MANAGEMENT OF POISONING

Treat the patient and not the poison Clinical history taking Live-saving measures

Stands for provision of airway Stands for breathing and ventilation Stands for circulation support Stands for drugs-induced depression Stnds for electrolyte and metabolic

abnormalities and their correction

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