fall final exam review. chapter 1.1 1. astronomy- scientific study of the universe beyond earth;...
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Chapter 1.2 Biosphere- all living organisms on Earth Atmosphere- the gases that surround Earth Geosphere- the area from the surface to the core Hydrosphere- the water on EarthTRANSCRIPT
Fall Final Exam Review
Chapter 1.1• 1. Astronomy- scientific study of the universe
beyond Earth; space.• 2. Earth Science- scientific study of the Earth and
the universe that surrounds it.• 3. Geology- scientific study of the origin,
structure, and history Earth.• 4. Oceanography- scientific study of Earth’s
oceans• 5. Meteorology- scientific study of Earth’s
atmosphere; weather.
Chapter 1.2
• Biosphere- all living organisms on Earth• Atmosphere- the gases that surround Earth• Geosphere- the area from the surface to the
core• Hydrosphere- the water on Earth
Chapter 1.3
• 1. Purpose/Problem• 2. Research• 3. Hypothesis• 4. Experiment• 5. Analyze• 6. Conclusion
Chapter 2.1
• 25 degrees• 15 minutes• 22 seconds
Chapter 4.1• Mineral: naturally occurring, inorganic solid
with a specific chemical composition and a definite crystalline structure.
• Luster: the way that a mineral reflects light from its surface; two types-metallic and nonmetallic
• Color: visual appearance, color of mineral.• Hardness: measure of how easily a mineral
can be scratched, which is determined by the arrangement of a mineral’s atoms.
Chapter 4.1• Streak: color a mineral leaves when it is
rubbed across an unglazed porcelain plate or when it is broken up and powdered.
• Cleavage: the manner in which a mineral breaks along smooth planes
• Fracture: when a mineral breaks into rough uneven surfaces
• Density: mass per volume of mineral.
Chapter 4.2
• A silicate is a mineral that is composed of both silicon and oxygen. A nonsilicate does NOT have both silicon and oxygen.
Chapter 4.3
• Softest is talc• Hardest is diamond
Chapter 5/6.1
• From fire: igneous• Changed form: metamorphic
Chapter 5/6.2
• Igneous• Sedimentary• Metamorphic
Chapter 5/6.3
• James Hutton
Chapter 5/6.4
• Clastic• Chemical• Biochemical
Chapter 5/6.5
• Melt at different rates: partial melting• Cool at different rates: Fractional
crystallization
Chapter 5/6.6
• Granitic, intermediate, basaltic, and ultrabasic• They are classified according to silica content
Chapter 5/6.7
• Buildings
Chapter 5/6.8
Metamorphic
Sedimentary Rock
Magma
Igneous Rock
Sediment
Magma cools and hardens
Weathering and
transportationlithification
Heat and Pressure
melting
Chapter 5/6.9
• As glaciers started to retreat they melted and left behind a sea over Indiana. As that sea evaporated the particles from the living substances settled to the ground and reacted chemically to each other and the water to form chemical sedimentary rocks.
Chapter 7/8.1
• Ice Wedging• Thermal Expansion• Abrasion• Organic Activity• Biological Activity
Chapter 7/8.2
• Oxidation• Dissolution
Chapter 7/8.3
• Differential Weathering: Rocks weather at different rates.
• Mass movement: downslope movement of earth materials due to gravity, can occur quickly or slowly.
• Abrasion: Is the grinding and wearing away of rock surfaces through the mechanical action of other rock or sand particles.
Chapter 7/8.3• Erosion: process in which the materials of
Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and transported from one place to another by a natural agent, such as wind, water, ice, or gravity
• Mechanical weathering: produces smaller pieces
• Chemical Weathering: Chemical alteration of minerals, changes both the composition and physical appearance of the rock.
Chapter 9.1• Evapotranspiration: all water that is lost from
an area• Precipitation: water of any form that falls to
the earth• Evaporation: when liquid water changes to a
water vapor (gas)• Condensation: When water vapor turns to
liquid gas• Transpiration: plants and animals release
water vapor into the atmosphere
Chapter 10.1
• Groundwater: water beneath the ground.• Well: hole that is dug to below the level of the
water table and through which groundwater is brought to Earth’s surface.
• Spring: natural flow of groundwater to Earth’s surface in places where the ground surface dips below the water table.
Chapter 10.2
• Hot springs• geysers
Chapter 10.3
• Amount of Precipitation• Topography• Permeability of aquifer• Rate humans use water
Chapter 10.4
• Seasons
Chapter 17.1
• Wegener• Pangaea
Chapter 17.2
• Convergent: 2 plates move towards each other
• Divergent: Away from each other• Transform: Slide past each other
Chapter 17.3
• Transform: earthquakes• Convergent: Volcanic island arc, trenches,
volcanoes, and mountains• Divergent: Sea floor spreading, mid ocean
ridges
Chapter 17.4
• Pacific Plate
Chapter 17.5
• Puzzle like fit• Animal fossils• Plant fossils• Climate clues• Rock formations
Chapter 17.6
• Hot material rises• Cool material sinks• This creates a circular motion
Chapter 17.8
• 1. continental crust• 2. lithosphere• 3. asthenosphere• 4. oceanic crust• 5. Mantle
Chapter 17.9
• The Atlantic Ocean is expanding because of the divergent plate boundaries which causes sea-floor spreading. The Pacific ocean is shrinking because it has convergent plate boundaries with subduction.
Chapter 18.1
• Supervolcano• Stratovolcano (composite)• Cinder Cone• Shield
Chapter 18.2
• Caldera: large crater, can form when the summit or side of a volcano collapses into the magma chamber during or after an eruption
• Pyroclastic Flow: swift-moving, potentially deadly clouds of gas, ash, and other volcanic material produced by a violent eruption.
Chapter 18.3
• Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI)
Chapter 18.4
• Supervolcano• Composite• Cinder Cone• Shield
Chapter 18.5
• Hawaii
Chapter 18.6
• Form along convergent plate boundaries and hot spots.
• Volcanoes along convergent boundaries are more common. (Composite volcanoes are most common type)
Chapter 18.7
• Yellowstone: Supervolcano• Mt. St. Helen’s: Composite
Chapter 19.1
• Epicenter is the point on the surface where the earthquake took place
• Focus: the exact point beneath the surface where the earthquake took place
Chapter 19.2
• 3
Chapter 19.3
• Modified Mercalli scale measures intensity of earthquake.
• Richter scale measures the magnitude of earthquake.
Chapter 19.4
• Body Waves: P-waves and S-Waves• Surface waves: Rayleigh and Love• P waves are the fastest
Chapter 19.5
• Alaska
Chapter 19.6
• Strike Slip: shear stress, movement is side by side
• Normal: tension, move away from each other• Reverse: Compression, move towards each
other
Ch. 21.1
• Widespread• Distinct (recognizable)• Occur over a large area• Exist for a relatively short period of time
Chapter 21.2
• sedimentary
Chapter 21.3
• Law of Superposition says that the older layers of rock are on the bottom while the newer layers are at the top.
• Cross-cutting relationships says that the rock cutting through layers of rock must be younger than the layers it’s cutting across.
• Oldest: Q, O, N, M, L, P, H, I, J, K: Youngest
Chapter 21.4• Mummification: remains are often found in very
dry places, because most bacteria which cause decay cannot survive in these places.
• gastrolith: stones from digestive systems• Coprolite: fossilized feces.• Petrification: Mineral solutions such as
groundwater replace the original organic materials that were covered by layers of sediment with new materials.
• Amber: Hardened tree sap is called amber. Insects become trapped in the sticky sap and are preserved when the sap hardens.
Chapter 21.5
• Absolute Age: actual age• Relative Age: establish order of age• Radiometric dating
Chapter 21.6
• Half-Life: Time it takes for 50% of a sample to decay.
• 1 half life: 50%• 2 half lives: 25%• 3 half lives: 12.5%
Chapter 21.7
• Theory that geologic processes occurring today have been occurring since Earth formed.
Chapter 24.1
• Renewable energy source is a source you can use over and over again (ex. Wind, solar). Nonrenewable is a source that you can only use once (ex. Oil, natural gas)
Chapter 24.2
• Carbon Cycle: Carbon dioxide is absorbed when plants are undergoing photosynthesis, oxygen is released as a by product. Plants also form carbohydrates which is consumed by animals and is the basis for life. Other organisms release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during respiration. The cycle starts all over again.
Chapter 24.2
• Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen is an element used by organisms to produce proteins. Nitrogen fixing bacteria have to convert nitrogen from the atmosphere to be used by organisms to produce proteins. This cycle continues as animals eat one another and as waste is excreted by animals.
Chapter 24.3
• Desalination• Dams/reservoirs
Chapter 24.4
• Very expensive• Not practical for large populations