fall 2005 pflugerville isd 6th grade science cite: dunigan/moving_car.gif

Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD

6th Grade Science

Cite: http://revolution.3-cities.com/~dunigan/moving_car.gif

Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD

Unit 1Matter and Motion

Chapter 2: The Properties of MatterSection 1: What Is Matter?Section 2: Describing Matter

Chapter 3: States of MatterReview the States of Matter

Chapter 4: Matter in MotionSection 1: Measuring MotionSection 2: What is Force?Section 3: Friction: A Force That Opposes MotionSection 4: Gravity: A Force of Attraction

Chapter 2 Section 1 Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD

What is Matter?

• Cite: http://www.magicaweb.com/alienplaces/ice/ice4.jpg

Cite: http://www.bridgebuilder.plus.com/galleries/html02/images/Plasma-gems.jpg


What Do You Think?

What is Matter?Chapter 2 Section 1

What is matter?


Matter is everything that has mass and volume.

What is Matter?


Matter takes up space. This is known as volume.No item can take up the space of another object.

What is Matter?


Let’s prove that no object can take up the space of another object.1. Crumple a piece of paper and tightly fit it in the bottom of a clear plastic cup.2. Turn the cup upside down and lower the cup in a bucket of water. 3. Why didn’t the paper get wet?

What is Matter?

Activity

See speaker notes for lab.


Liters and milliliters express volume of liquids.

Use a graduated cylinder to measure volume.

Measure the meniscus or the bottom of the curve.

What is Matter?

Cite: http://www.morrisonlabs.com/images/volumexamples/662meniscus.jpg


To practice finding volume go to the following website: http://www2.newpaltz.edu/~gaines79/powerpoint_files/frame.htm

Activity

What is Matter?

See speak note for lab.

http://www2.newpaltz.edu/~gaines79/powerpoint_files/frame.htm

http://www2.newpaltz.edu/~gaines79/powerpoint_files/frame.htm


Solid Volume is expressed in cubic units- cm3

Volume= length x width x height. 1 cm

1 cm

1cm

What is Matter?


Measuring the Volume of Solids

Follow the step to find the volume of a solid.

1. Record your volume of liquid in a graduated cylinder.2. Drop in a solid object.3. The water level will rise.4. Record new level of water.5. Find the difference between the old water level and the new water level. 6. Record the volume of the solid in units cubed.7. This is known as displacement.

What is Matter?


What is Matter?


What is Matter?

Mass is the amount of matter that something is made of.

Mass is expressed in units of grams (g) and milligrams (mg).

Cite: http://www.arborsci.com/images/Triple_beam.jpg


Mass is the matter an object is made up of.

Mass is constant.

Mass is found using a balance.

Mass is measured in mg, g, kg.

What is Matter?


Weight is due to gravitational force.

Weight varies in relationship to the Earth.

Weight is found using a spring scale.

Weigh is measured in newtons.

What is Matter?


1. What is matter?

Let’s Review


Matter is anything that has volume and mass.

Answer


2. How is volume measured? How is mass measured?

Let’s Review


Volume of a liquid is measured using a graduated cylinder.

Volume of a solid can be measured by

• l x w x h or by displacement.

Mass of an object is measured by using a balance.

Answer


Describing Matter


How Can Matter Be Measured and Compared?

If you had to describe an orange to someone who had never seen an orange,

what would you tell the person?

What Do You Think?

Describing Matter


Describing Matter

Physical properties of matter can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter.

Cite: http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/matter_states1.jpg


Examples of Physical Properties

Color DuctilityOdor MalleabilityThermal ConductivityDensity SolubilityStateTouch

Describing Matter

See speaker notes for more examples.


Density is the amount of matter in a given space.

Density =Mass/Volume

Golf Ball

Ping Pong Ball

Describing Matter



In a graduated cylinder, pour in different liquids. See which one goes to the top and which sinks to the bottom.

Describing Matter

Activity

See speaker notes for materials.


Describing Matter

Chemical properties describe matter based on its ability to change into new matter with different properties.

Cite: http://www.woodstone-corp.com/images/animation_fire_window.gif


Describing Matter

Flammability is the ability to burn.

Oxidation is the reaction with oxygen to form rust.


Physical Changes effect one or more physical properties of a substance.Examples:Freezing water to iceSanding a piece of woodCutting your hairDoesn’t change the identity of the matter.

Describing Matter


Describing Matter

Chemical change happens when two or more substances are changed into one or more new substances with different properties.

ActivityDrop some effervescent tables in water. How is this a chemical change?

Cite: http://www.ipl.be/private/Chimie/a_voir/archives/cestavoir1/Images/effervescent%20tablets.jpg


Change of color

Heat

Fizzing or foaming

Production light or sound

Describing Matter

See speaker notes for Core Lab.


Practice some examples of physical and chemical properties:

Describing Matter

http://www.quia.com/jg/320858.html

http://www.quia.com/jg/320858.html


Density is mass/volume.

Determine the density of an unknown substance and use a graphing calculator to analyze data taken in a laboratory.

Pre-AP Extension



Let’s Review

1. Classify each of the following properties as either physical orchemical: reacts with water,

dissolves in oil, is blue, and doesn’treact with hydrogen.


Reacts with water- chemical

Dissolves in oil- physical

Is blue- physical

Doesn’t react with hydrogen- chemical

Answer


2. Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas can chemically combine to make water. How do the physical and chemical properties of

the original substances (hydrogen and oxygen) differ from those of the new

substance (water)?

Let’s Review


Hydrogen and oxygen are colorless gases and are not very dense.

Hydrogen is flammable and oxygen enables substances to burn.

Water is a liquid, is denser than the two gases, and is not flammable.

Answer


3. Using one physical property, classify the following substance as a group: water, oil, mercury,

and alcohol.

Let’s Review


Accept any reasonable answer:

All are liquid at room temperature.

Answer

Chapter 3 Review Only Fall 2005 Pflugerville ISD

States of Matter

Cite: http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/graphics.states/4states2.jpg


What Are Three States of Matter?

What are the four states of matter?

What Do You Think?

States of Matter


The four states of matter are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

Click here to review the four states of matter and their properties.

Develop a concept map with the four states of matter and their properties.

States of Matter

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.html

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.html


Describe the characteristics of the primary three states of matter and observe matter moving from one state to another.

Pre-AP Extension



Measuring Motion


What Are Three States of Matter?

How is motion measured?

What Do You Think?

Measuring Motion


The object that appears to stay in place is a reference.

When the object changes position in relation to a reference point over a period of time, the object is in motion.

Measuring Motion


Earth surface

Buildings

Trees

Mountains

Measuring Motion


The rate at which an object moves is speed. Speed depends on distance and time.

Units used for speed= m/s, km/h,

s= d/t

Measuring Motion

See speaker notes for Core Lab


Velocity is the speed of an object in a particular direction.5km/h northVelocity = Speed + directionHow does speed and velocity differ??

Measuring Motion


Constant Velocity is if the speed and direction don’t change. It will follow a straight line.

Change in velocity will occur if the speed or direction change= 5km/h south to 10 km/h south.

Measuring Motion


Resultant Velocity is combining two velocities.

When two velocities are moving in the same direction- add them together.When two velocities are moving in different directions- subtract.

Measuring Motion

See speaker notes for examples.


Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes.

Increase in speed= positive acceleration

Decrease in speed = deceleration Slow down

Measuring Motion


The formula for average acceleration is

Acceleration= Final Velocity – Starting Velocity Time it takes to change velocity

Measuring Motion


Cite: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5d/Acceleration.png

Measuring Motion


You are always moving because the Earth is always moving.

Centripetal acceleration is acceleration that occurs in circular motion.

Measuring Motion


Energy is the ability to work.Potential Energy is the energy an object has because of its shape or position.Kinetic energy is energy in motion.

Explain the potential and kinetic energy in the picture below.

Measuring Motion

http://www.st-agnes.org/~lstinson/webpages/kinpot.htm


Let’s practice some with speed and acceleration

Click here

Measuring Motion

http://www.fearofphysics.com/Xva/xva.html


A graph is a mathematical representation of a real life situation. Using the graphing calculator, explore the concepts of distance, time and velocity through physical motion.

Pre-AP Extension



1. What is a reference point?

Let’s Review


A reference point is an object that appears to stay in place relative to another object

that is being observed, and is used to determine if the object being observed is

in motion.

Answer


Let’s review

Cite: http://www.halls41.freeserve.co.uk/quiz/GIF/graph6.gif

Graph 1 represents speed or acceleration?

Cite: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5d/Acceleration.png

Graph 2 represents speed or acceleration?


Graph 1 shows speed

Graph 2 shows acceleration

Answer


3. What is the difference between speed and velocity?

Let’s review


Speed does not include direction, while velocity does.

Answer


What is Force?


Where do you see force happening in the room around you.

What Do You Think?

What is Force?


Force is simply a push or a pull on an object.

What is Force?


Scientists express force using Newton (N)

What is Force?


Motion doesn’t need to occur to exert a force on an object.

For example: you sitting in a chair.

(Chair)

What is Force?


More than one force can act on an object.

Net force is the force that results from combining all the forces exerted on an object.

For example : moving a piano.

What is Force?

See speaker notes for examples.


When the net force is greater than zero - unbalanced force.

Unbalanced forces produce a change in motion.

Soccer - what moves the ball? What causes the piano to move?

What is Force?


When the net force is zero the object doesn’t move.

–Light hanging from ceiling

–birds nest in a tree

–hat resting on your head

What is Force?


What can force do?1. change the position of an object2. change the speed of an object3. change the direction of an object.

What is Force?


What is Force?

and look at the following situations and try to work out what would happen with the balanced and unbalanced forces.

Click here

http://www.highfieldschool.org.uk/Links/MrH's%20Science%20Pages/forces/balanced_and_unbalanced_forces.htm


The acceleration of an object depends on its mass and the initial force applied to it. Test the strength of different materials by applying compressive, tensile, and sheer force.

Pre-AP Extension



1. Explain the differences between balanced and unbalanced forces, and explain how

each force affects the motion of an object?

Let’s Review


Unbalanced Forces occur when the net force on an object is not zero, while

balanced forces occur when the net force equals to zero. Unbalanced forces cause

a change in an object’s motion, while balanced forces cause no change.

Answer


2. In the picture, two dogs are playing tug of war. The arrow shows the direction in which the two dogs are moving. Describe how the speed, direction of motion, and position of the dog on the left is changed by the other dog.

Let’s Review

Cite: http://blogranger.typepad.com/photos/family_photos/tug_of_war.jpg


The speed of the dog on the left is increasing because more force is being

applied by the dog on the left. The direction of motion is to the left. The dog

on the right is moving to the left also.

Answer


Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion


What Do You Think?


Why are there signs everywhere at the pool that say “NO RUNNING”?


Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching.

What is the force that stops this ball?



Friction occurs because the surface of any object is rough.

Hills and valleys of one surface stick to the hills and valleys of another.


Surface of glass

Cite: http://grove.ufl.edu/~bratt/Manatee%20and%20Researches/Fractals/rough%20surface%20of%20%20a%20glass.jpg


Rougher surfaces create more friction- more hills and valleys

Greater force creates more friction.

Baseball on the grass

Bowling Ball on the grass.



1. Sliding Friction - two objects are sliding across each other.

2. Rolling Friction- object rolling over a surface.

3. Fluid Friction- involves fluids and gases.

4. Static Friction- holds object in place until greater force is applied to move the object.

Rolling Friction

Sliding Friction

Fluid Friction


Static Friction


How can friction be harmful or helpful in a car?

Tires push against the road to move car.

Friction between engine parts wear down parts faster.



–To reduce friction use lubricants such as motor oil, wax or grease.

–Use rolling friction instead of sliding friction to make a job easier.

–Make the surface smoother.



1. Make the surfaces rougher.

2. Increase the force- push the surfaces together.

Push down on scrubber to increase friction thus cleaning better.




Friction is a force the resists motion. Study the effects of surface smoothness and the nature of materials in contact on sliding friction.

Pre-AP Extension



1. How can friction change the speed of an object?

Let’s Review


Friction can speed objects up or slow objects down by increasing

or decreasing friction.

Answer


2. Name three common items you might use to increase friction.

Let’s Review


Sticky tape

Sand

Work gloves

Answer


3. List the type of friction and explain each.

Let’s Review


Sliding Friction - two objects are sliding across each other.Rolling Friction- object rolling over a surface. Fluid Friction- involves fluids and gases.Static Friction- holds object in place until greater force is applied to move the object.

Answer


Gravity: A Force of Attraction


What Do You Think?


Why is leaping on the moon easier than leaping on Earth?


Gravity is the force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses.

Gravity can effect the position of an object or the direction of an object.

Property of NASA



All matter is affected by gravity because all matter has mass.

Gravitational force pulls objects toward each other.

Earth’s gravitational force is large thus you must apply force to overcome its gravity.



There's a big gravity low off the coast of India, where there are thought to be the remains of some old mantle features associated with the plate tectonics of India that led it to collide with the Himalayas. There's a big gravity high in the South Pacific, also thought to be due to mantle structures. Click here to see an image of the Bumpy Earth, an exaggerated map of Earth's gravity field.




Cite: http://www.spacedaily.com/images/gravity-earth-map-bg.jpg


The Law of Universal Gravitation states the unbalanced forces are needed to move objects and there is a relationship between gravitation force, mass, and distance.



1. Gravitational force increases as mass increases.

2. Gravitational force decreases as distance increases.

Large MassSmall Mass

Sun has a huge gravitational pull.



Weight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object.

100 grams = 1N



Mass

–Amount of matter in an object doesn’t change.

Weight

–Changes when gravitational force changes.



Measure the mass and weight of several objects to verify the relationship between mass and weight on the surface of the Earth.


Activity



1. How does gravity affect the path of the a ball when you throw it?

Let’s Review


Gravity pulls the ball downward after the ball leaves your hand.

So the ball travels along a curved path.

Answer


2. How does the distance between objects affect the gravity between

them?

Let’s Review


As the distance between objects increases, the gravitational force between them decrease. As the

distance between objects decreases, the gravitational force

between them increases.

Answer

fall 2005 pflugerville isd 6th grade science cite: dunigan/moving_car.gif

Documents

pflugerville isd matter

properties of matter

states of matter chapter

pflugerville isd mass

pflugerville isd solid

motion chapter

pflugerville isd liters

pflugerville isd unit