factor - a factor is a gene. organisms have 2 genes for every trait they show. allele – an allele...

Factor - A factor is a gene Organisms have 2 genes for every trait they show

Allele ndash An allele is a version or form of a gene (dominant vs recessive)

If an organismrsquos two genes are the same it is homozygous for that trait Ex RR or rr

If your two genes are the different it is heterozygous for that trait Ex Rr

The two alleles you actually have in your DNA is your genotype

Ex RR Rr and rr are possible genotypes

The way your alleles are shown on the outside or expressed is known as your phenotype

Ex rolling or not be able to roll is a phenotype

The Law of Dominance States that some alleles are dominant and some alleles are recessive

A dominant allele will be expressed (show up) in the phenotype if it is present in the genotype

A recessive allele will be expressed only if no dominant allele is present

Mendelrsquos law of segregation states that alleles will separate when gametes (sex cells) are formed and they will go to different sex cells

Mendelrsquos ExperimentshellipcontinuedhellipIndependent Assortment


Mendel wanted to determine if certain traits were passed along together (linked)

Ex Do yellow and round pea traits get passed along together to offspring

Do green and wrinkled traits get passed along together

The experiment Y=Yellow R = Roundy = green r = wrinkled


Parents true breeding for both traitsYYRR x yyrr



Poss YR YR yr yrGam



Poss YR YR yr yrGam

F1



Poss YR YR yr yrGam

F1 YR YRyr YyRr YyRr Phenotype

ratioyr YyRr YyRr

Did this tell Mendel whether or not traitsAre passed along together or linked

No

Mendel crossed the F1 individualsYyRr x YrRr


Poss Gam

Mendel crossed the F1 individualsYyRr x YyRr

Poss YR Yr yR yr YR Yr yR yrGam

Phenotype ratio Period 3 Bio ndash Wait untiltomorrow for Phenotype ratios

Did this tell Mendel wether or not traitsAre passed along together or linked

Mendel found that traits were NOT linked and alleles assort independent of one another during gamete formation the Law of Independent Assortment

What might be an exception to this law

An exception to this would be when genes are found on the same chromosome

Carnations Incomplete Dominance

Snapdragon Incomplete Dominance

Roan Cattle Codominance (RW)

Sickle cell anemia Codominant

clumps with anti-A anti-B anti-A none

anti-B

Genes Chromosomes and Heredity


In 1902 it was discovered that Mendelrsquos genes were found on chromosomes



Chromosomes can be viewed in their homologous pairs by photographing them and organizing them into a picture known as a karyotype

A normal human karyotype

Humans have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs The fist 22 pairs are called autosomes

The last pair are called sex chromosomes

XX = female (chromosomes are homologous)

XY = male because a Y is present (they are nonhomologous)

Sex linkage ndash A gene is said to be sex-linked when it is located on the sex chromosomes These are most commonly on the X chromosome


Sex linked traits are more commonly found in males than in females

Why Look at some examples

Hemophilia ndash Normal is dominantNormal genotypeMale Female

Hemophilia genotypeMale Female

Fruit fly eye color ndash Red is dominant over whiteRed genotypeMale Female

White genotypeMale Female

Draw identical twins here

Himalayan rabbit Siamese Cat

The environment can affect the way your genes are expressed This means that the phenotype is affected

End Result

Different polypeptide or protein chainscan be made from differentamino acid sequences These proteinswill have different functions

Chromosomal Mutations

Diseases associated with chromosomal mutations

- Downs Syndrome- Kleinfelters disease - Turnerrsquos Syndrome

MUTATIONS IN THE DNATypes of mutations

1048708Frame Shift - when either insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotide bases When this occurs the ldquoreading framerdquo is changed so that all thecodons read after the mutation are incorrect

Disorders that result from DNA mutations

1048708 Sickle Cell Anemia1048708 PKU1048708 Cystic Fibrosis

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The two alleles you actually have in your DNA is your genotype

Ex RR Rr and rr are possible genotypes

The way your alleles are shown on the outside or expressed is known as your phenotype

Ex rolling or not be able to roll is a phenotype















Poss YR YR yr yrGam



Poss YR YR yr yrGam

F1



Poss YR YR yr yrGam


ratioyr YyRr YyRr


No



Poss Gam













anti-B























End Result









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Poss YR YR yr yrGam



Poss YR YR yr yrGam

F1



Poss YR YR yr yrGam


ratioyr YyRr YyRr


No



Poss Gam













anti-B























End Result









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Poss YR YR yr yrGam

F1



Poss YR YR yr yrGam


ratioyr YyRr YyRr


No



Poss Gam













anti-B























End Result









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Poss YR YR yr yrGam


ratioyr YyRr YyRr


No



Poss Gam













anti-B























End Result









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No



Poss Gam













anti-B























End Result









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Poss Gam













anti-B























End Result









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anti-B























End Result









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End Result









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factor - a factor is a gene. organisms have 2 genes for every trait they show. allele – an allele...

Documents

yr yyrr yyrr slide

wrinkled slide

f1 slide

heredity slide

traits yyrr x yyrr slide

codominant slide

yyrr x yrrr slide

independent assortment