f w schroeder 04 l 9 – seismic resolutioncourtesy of exxonmobil lecture 8 layer thickness 11020 20...
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F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Lecture 8Lecture 8
Layer ThicknessLayer Thickness11 1010 2020
20 m
s20
ms
3030
basebase
toptop toptop
**
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Vertical ResolutionVertical Resolution
• Resolution vs Detection
• Thin Bed Response and Tuning
Lateral ResolutionLateral Resolution
• Fresnel Zone
• Migration and Lateral Resolution
Outline
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Detection vs. Resolution - Analogy
You are driving at night. You spot a light in the distance.
Is it a car or a motorcycle???
Aha, it is a car!
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Detection: Detection: Ability to identify that some feature Ability to identify that some feature existsexists
Detection: Detection: Ability to identify that some feature Ability to identify that some feature existsexists
• Detection limit is always smaller than the resolution limit
• Detection limit depends upon Signal-to-Noise
Resolution vs. Detection
Resolution: Ability to distinguish two features Resolution: Ability to distinguish two features from one anotherfrom one another
Resolution: Ability to distinguish two features Resolution: Ability to distinguish two features from one anotherfrom one another
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
What is the minimum vertical What is the minimum vertical distance between two distance between two subsurface features such subsurface features such that we can tell them apart that we can tell them apart seismically?seismically?
What is the minimum vertical What is the minimum vertical distance between two distance between two subsurface features such subsurface features such that we can tell them apart that we can tell them apart seismically?seismically?
Vertical Resolution
Sh
ale
San
dS
d
Gamma Ray
ShaleBaseline
For Example: Based on seismic data, could you determine that there is a thin shale layer between the two sands?
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Thick Bed Response
Question: What is a thick bed?Impedance CompositeWavelet
1R. C. Wavelet
2
NOInterference
Dp
Wavelet 1 ends before Wavelet 2 begins
Top of BedResponse
Base of BedResponse
Answer: A thick bed is one that has a TWT > Dp
B
A
C
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Partial Interference
TWT thickness = 0.9 * Dp
Impedance CompositeWavelet1
R. C. Wavelet2
SomeInterference
Wavelet 2 starts before Wavelet 1 ends
Top of BedResponse
Base of BedResponse
2nd half-cycle from Wavelet 1and 1st half-cycle from Wavelet 2
form a trough doublet
B
A
C
Dp
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Maximum Interference - Tuning
TWT thickness = ½ Dp
Impedance CompositeWavelet1
R. C. Wavelet2
MaximumInterference
Wavelet 2 starts before Wavelet 1 ends
Top of BedResponse
Base of BedResponse
2nd half-cycle from Wavelet 1and 1st half-cycle from Wavelet 2
are completely in phaseresulting in 2x amplitude
B
A
C
Dp
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Determining Vertical Resolution
Per
iod
(ms)
wavelength = period X velocity
PulseInput Parameters:
Velocity at the zone of interest
Peak Frequency of the pulse at the zone of interestComputations:
Period = 1/Peak Frequency
Wavelength = Period * Velocity
Limit of Vertical Resolution = Wavelength/4
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
A Simple Exercise - 2 Zones
Calculating Vertical Resolution
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Typical Vertical Resolution
Shallow EventShallow EventVelocity = 2000 Meters / secVelocity = 2000 Meters / sec
Pulse:Pulse:
Center Frequency = 50 HzCenter Frequency = 50 Hz
Period = 1 / 50 = .020 secPeriod = 1 / 50 = .020 sec
Wavelength = .020 x 2000 = 40 Wavelength = .020 x 2000 = 40 MetersMeters
Limit of resolution = 40 /4 = 10 Limit of resolution = 40 /4 = 10 MetersMeters Deep Event Deep Event
Velocity = 3000 Meters / secVelocity = 3000 Meters / sec
Pulse:Pulse:
Center Frequency = 20 HzCenter Frequency = 20 Hz
Period = 1 / 20 = .050 secPeriod = 1 / 20 = .050 sec
Wavelength = .050 x 3000 = 150 Wavelength = .050 x 3000 = 150 MetersMeters
Limit of resolution = 150 / 4 = 37.5 Limit of resolution = 150 / 4 = 37.5 MetersMeters
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Summary: Vertical Resolution
• Resolution is the ability to distinguish distinct events
• Thin bed response occurs below tuning thickness
• Short-duration seismic pulses are preferred
– Broad bandwidth, zero-phase pulses are best
– Pulses with minimal side-lobe energy enhance interpretability
• To Improve Resolution
– Bandwidth can be increased by deconvolution
– Frequencies to be included must have adequate S/N
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
What Is Lateral Resolution?
Would we image the narrow horst?
Would we image all three channel sands?
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
What is the minimum horizontal distance What is the minimum horizontal distance between two subsurface features such that we between two subsurface features such that we can tell them apart seismically?can tell them apart seismically?
Lateral Resolution
Neidell & Poggiaglioimi, 1977
AAPG©1977 reprinted with permission of the AAPG whose permission is required for further use.
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
• An event observed at a detector is reflected from a zone of points
• The raypaths from source to detector which differ in length by less than a quarter wavelength can interfere constructively
• The portion of the reflector from which they add constructively is the Fresnel zone
The Fresnel Zone
• Changes that occur within this zone are difficult to resolve
• The size of the Fresnel zone depends upon the wavelength of the pulse and the depth of the reflector
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
800 m
Migration Reduces Lateral Smearing
Ideal / ModelResponse
Image AfterMigration
StackNo Migration
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Standard Migration High-end Migration
Good Migration Enhances Resolution
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Fresnel Zone Equations
Pre-Migration Post-Migration
where:
Fd = Fresnel Diameter
Vavg = Average Velocity T = Time F = Frequency of Pulse λ = Wavelength
Fd = λ /4 = Vavg /4 FFd = Vavg T/F
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Another Simple Exercise - 2 Zones
Calculating Fresnel Zone Diameters
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Typical Lateral Resolution
• Shallow Event– Time = 1.0 s
– Vint = Vavg = 2000 m/s
– Pulse = 50 Hz– PreMig Fresnel Diameter = 282 m– PostMig Fresnel Diameter = 10 m
• Deep Event– Time = 5.0 s
– Vint = 4600 m/s
– Vavg = 3800 m/s
– Pulse = 20 Hz– PreMig Fresnel Diameter = 1900 m– PostMig Fresnel Diameter = 47.5 m
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Graphical Answers
Fresnel Zone Circles
Shallow Window282 m pre-migration10 m post-migration
Deep Window1900 m pre-migration47.5 m post-migration
1 km1 km
F W Schroeder ‘ 04
L 9 – Seismic ResolutionCourtesy of ExxonMobil
• Migration enhances lateral resolution
• Large aperture (receiver cable length) is needed for high lateral resolution
• Fine spatial sampling is needed for high lateral resolution
• Prestack migration provides better lateral resolution than poststack migration
• Depth migration provides better resolution than time migration
Summary: Lateral Resolution