Externalities of emissions in the transport sector and their

internalisation.

Case study of the Czech Republic.

Paper presented at the 6 IMPRINT seminarBudapest, Oct. 16 - 17

Stanislav KutáčekTransportation Research Center in Brno

E-mail: kutacek@cdv.cz

Hana Foltýnová Charles University Environmental Centre in Prague

E-mail: hana.foltynova@czp.cuni.cz

External costs of emissions - TRC

• marginal costs method

• derived from several foreign studies

• needs revision

Average costs of road traffic - emissions

unit CZK EUR

cars Thpkm 86,0 2,77

buses Thpkm 311,0 10,03

heavy vehicles

Thtkm 276,9 8,93

External costs of emissions from transport according to NUTS 3

(Czech Republic, 2002)

13%7%

6%

2%7%

4%6%5%5%12%

7%

5%10%

11%

Středočeský kraj

Jihočeský kraj

Plzeňský kraj

Karlovarský kraj

Ústecký kraj

Liberecký kraj

Královéhradecký kraj

Pardubický kraj

Kraj Vysočina

Jihomoravský kraj

Olomoucký kraj

Zlínský kraj

Moravskoslezský kraj

Praha

External costs of road accidents by vehicle type

Czech Republic, 2001

Cars Heavy vehicles

Motor-cycles

Buses

Share on traffic accidents ( %)

72,0 15,0 10,6 2,9

Share of external costs

billion CZK

33,4 7,0 4,8 1,2

million EUR

1077,41 225,81 154,84 38,71

Average costs of road traffic - accidents

unit CZK EUR

cars Thpkm 509,0 16,42

Buses Thpkm 129,5 4,18

heavy vehicles

Thtkm 172,6 5,57

AveraTge costs of road traffic - GHG

unit CZK EUR

cars Thpkm 63,3 2,05

Buses Thpkm 67,7 2,18

heavy vehicles

Thtkm 70,6 2,28

External costs of road traffic - noise

• recommendation of CEMT: 0,3 % HDP

• 6.47 billion CZK (208,71 m€)

ExternE Project

ExternE = “External Costs of Energy” funded by European Commission DG Research,

since 1991

(current phases NewExt and ExternE-Pol)>100 scientists in all countries of EU

Methodology1) The impact pathway analysis2) Uniform World Model

Uniform World Model and externalities in the transport sector

• 3 emissions: NOx, SO2, PM;

• 4 modes of transport: cars, buses, freight road transport, railways (motor section only);

• other externalities not taken into account (traffic accidents, congestions, climate change, noise, vibrations, degradation of land, partly costs of infrastructure etc.)

External costs of emissions per performance unit in CR (2001)

Mode of transport

Railway passen.

Railway freigh

Urban mass

Public total

Cars Road freight

SO2 €c/p. unit

0,025 0,004 0,016 0,0259 0,040 0,042

NOx €c/p. unit

0,977 0,174 0,777 1,1342 0,621 1,541

TSP €c/p. unit

0,098 0,017 0,063 0,1022 0,007 0,137

€c/p. unit 1,100 0,200 0,860 1,26 0,670 1,720

CZK/p. unit 0,350 0,060 0,270 0,40 0,210 0,540

External costs of emissions per vehicle kilometer (vkm) in CR (2001)

Mode of transport

Transport total

Railways Mass urban

Public – total

Cars Road freight

SO2 €c/vkm 0,74 0,03 - - 0,02 0,12

NOx €c/vkm 19,44 1,09 0,20 0,23 0,24 4,28

TSP €c/vkm 1,22 0,11 0,02 0,02 - 0,38

€c/vkm 21,40 1,23 0,22 0,25 0,26 4,78

CZK/vkm 6,74 0,39 0,07 0,08 0,08 1,51

External costs of emissions per

energy consumption in CR (€c/MJ)

 Mode of Transport 1999 2000 2001

Cars 0,36 0,30 0,26

Buses 0,19 0,23 0,25

Road freight 5,71 5,16 4,78

Urban mass 0,23 0,24 0,22

Railways (motor traction)

1,55 1,21 1,23

Transport total 20,89 20,64 21,40

Results by GEMIS model

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

PETROL - nocatalysator

PETROL - EURO4

DIESEL - 80's DIESEL - EURO 4

€c/k

m

CO2 €c/km(18€/tCO2)

CO2 €c/km(2€/tCO2)

TSP €c/km (LDM**)

TSP €c/km

NOx €c/km

SO2 €c/km

Comparisons of studies of transport externalities Author Date Cost components Method Data basis

OECD 2002 Damages (opportunity costs) of human health (lung disease and respiration problems) material/buildings (additional restoration costs) biosphere/crop losses (due to quality decrease).

PM10 dose response functions are the basis for the repair and damage costs.

Emission level per transport mode (OECD).

TRC 2003 Damages of health, materials and crops

Marginal costs transferred from the results of the ExternE project

Emission level per transport mode, within NUTS 3 and NUTS 1 (TRC)

CUEC 2003 Damages of human health Uniform World Model

Emission levels and performance of each transport mode

External costs of transport due to emissions (in €c) per performance unit –

comparison of studies

Author Cars Busses Railways passen.

Freight road

Railways freight

OECD 0,41 0,38 1,98 4,18 1,62

TRC 0,28 0,10 - 0,89 -

CUEC 0,86 0,02 1,10 1,72 0,20

Total external costs due to emissions from transport

• CUEC results – 49,27 bill. CZK (i.e. 1,46 bill. €)

• TRC results – 20,03 bill. CZK (i.e. 0,65 bill. €)

• OECD results – 88,11 bill. CZK (i.e. 2,63 bill. €).

Future steps I

Model ROADPol:• predicts average annual concentrations of pollution (3

to 20 m from the source of emissions);• the parameters are velocity and direction of wind,

stability of atmosphere, the rise of pollution source and the rise of receptors;

• needs data about linear sources of pollution, about receptors of pollution and meteorological data.

Future steps II

• Local dispersion models

• Externe-Pol

Thank you for your attention!

Bye.