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Externalities of emissions in the transport sector and their
internalisation.
Case study of the Czech Republic.
Paper presented at the 6 IMPRINT seminarBudapest, Oct. 16 - 17
Stanislav KutáčekTransportation Research Center in Brno
E-mail: [email protected]
Hana Foltýnová Charles University Environmental Centre in Prague
E-mail: [email protected]
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External costs of emissions - TRC
• marginal costs method
• derived from several foreign studies
• needs revision
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Average costs of road traffic - emissions
unit CZK EUR
cars Thpkm 86,0 2,77
buses Thpkm 311,0 10,03
heavy vehicles
Thtkm 276,9 8,93
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External costs of emissions from transport according to NUTS 3
(Czech Republic, 2002)
13%7%
6%
2%7%
4%6%5%5%12%
7%
5%10%
11%
Středočeský kraj
Jihočeský kraj
Plzeňský kraj
Karlovarský kraj
Ústecký kraj
Liberecký kraj
Královéhradecký kraj
Pardubický kraj
Kraj Vysočina
Jihomoravský kraj
Olomoucký kraj
Zlínský kraj
Moravskoslezský kraj
Praha
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External costs of road accidents by vehicle type
Czech Republic, 2001
Cars Heavy vehicles
Motor-cycles
Buses
Share on traffic accidents ( %)
72,0 15,0 10,6 2,9
Share of external costs
billion CZK
33,4 7,0 4,8 1,2
million EUR
1077,41 225,81 154,84 38,71
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Average costs of road traffic - accidents
unit CZK EUR
cars Thpkm 509,0 16,42
Buses Thpkm 129,5 4,18
heavy vehicles
Thtkm 172,6 5,57
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AveraTge costs of road traffic - GHG
unit CZK EUR
cars Thpkm 63,3 2,05
Buses Thpkm 67,7 2,18
heavy vehicles
Thtkm 70,6 2,28
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External costs of road traffic - noise
• recommendation of CEMT: 0,3 % HDP
• 6.47 billion CZK (208,71 m€)
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ExternE Project
ExternE = “External Costs of Energy” funded by European Commission DG Research,
since 1991
(current phases NewExt and ExternE-Pol)>100 scientists in all countries of EU
Methodology1) The impact pathway analysis2) Uniform World Model
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Uniform World Model and externalities in the transport sector
• 3 emissions: NOx, SO2, PM;
• 4 modes of transport: cars, buses, freight road transport, railways (motor section only);
• other externalities not taken into account (traffic accidents, congestions, climate change, noise, vibrations, degradation of land, partly costs of infrastructure etc.)
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External costs of emissions per performance unit in CR (2001)
Mode of transport
Railway passen.
Railway freigh
Urban mass
Public total
Cars Road freight
SO2 €c/p. unit
0,025 0,004 0,016 0,0259 0,040 0,042
NOx €c/p. unit
0,977 0,174 0,777 1,1342 0,621 1,541
TSP €c/p. unit
0,098 0,017 0,063 0,1022 0,007 0,137
€c/p. unit 1,100 0,200 0,860 1,26 0,670 1,720
CZK/p. unit 0,350 0,060 0,270 0,40 0,210 0,540
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External costs of emissions per vehicle kilometer (vkm) in CR (2001)
Mode of transport
Transport total
Railways Mass urban
Public – total
Cars Road freight
SO2 €c/vkm 0,74 0,03 - - 0,02 0,12
NOx €c/vkm 19,44 1,09 0,20 0,23 0,24 4,28
TSP €c/vkm 1,22 0,11 0,02 0,02 - 0,38
€c/vkm 21,40 1,23 0,22 0,25 0,26 4,78
CZK/vkm 6,74 0,39 0,07 0,08 0,08 1,51
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External costs of emissions per
energy consumption in CR (€c/MJ)
Mode of Transport 1999 2000 2001
Cars 0,36 0,30 0,26
Buses 0,19 0,23 0,25
Road freight 5,71 5,16 4,78
Urban mass 0,23 0,24 0,22
Railways (motor traction)
1,55 1,21 1,23
Transport total 20,89 20,64 21,40
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Results by GEMIS model
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
PETROL - nocatalysator
PETROL - EURO4
DIESEL - 80's DIESEL - EURO 4
€c/k
m
CO2 €c/km(18€/tCO2)
CO2 €c/km(2€/tCO2)
TSP €c/km (LDM**)
TSP €c/km
NOx €c/km
SO2 €c/km
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Comparisons of studies of transport externalities Author Date Cost components Method Data basis
OECD 2002 Damages (opportunity costs) of human health (lung disease and respiration problems) material/buildings (additional restoration costs) biosphere/crop losses (due to quality decrease).
PM10 dose response functions are the basis for the repair and damage costs.
Emission level per transport mode (OECD).
TRC 2003 Damages of health, materials and crops
Marginal costs transferred from the results of the ExternE project
Emission level per transport mode, within NUTS 3 and NUTS 1 (TRC)
CUEC 2003 Damages of human health Uniform World Model
Emission levels and performance of each transport mode
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External costs of transport due to emissions (in €c) per performance unit –
comparison of studies
Author Cars Busses Railways passen.
Freight road
Railways freight
OECD 0,41 0,38 1,98 4,18 1,62
TRC 0,28 0,10 - 0,89 -
CUEC 0,86 0,02 1,10 1,72 0,20
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Total external costs due to emissions from transport
• CUEC results – 49,27 bill. CZK (i.e. 1,46 bill. €)
• TRC results – 20,03 bill. CZK (i.e. 0,65 bill. €)
• OECD results – 88,11 bill. CZK (i.e. 2,63 bill. €).
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Future steps I
Model ROADPol:• predicts average annual concentrations of pollution (3
to 20 m from the source of emissions);• the parameters are velocity and direction of wind,
stability of atmosphere, the rise of pollution source and the rise of receptors;
• needs data about linear sources of pollution, about receptors of pollution and meteorological data.
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Future steps II
• Local dispersion models
• Externe-Pol
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Thank you for your attention!
Bye.