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EXTERIOR LIGHTINGLED, INDUCTION, HPS, MH, PLASMA, FLUORESCENT

EXTERIOR LIGHTINGLED, INDUCTION, HPS, MH, PLASMA, FLUORESCENT

STAN WALERCZYK, CLEP, LC

LIGHTING WIZARDS8/8/10 version

STAN WALERCZYK, CLEP, LC

LIGHTING WIZARDS8/8/10 version

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WHO ARE YOU?• Please introduce yourselves

– Name– Company (optional)– Function

• If too many people, please somebody from Chula Vista, Marty Turock at San Diego Regional Street Lighting Working Group and Kenny Perez at Nate Mullen Visual Concepts introduce themselves, because they have been making some neat stuff happen down here– If anybody else has new and relevant news, please share

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STAN WALERCZYK’S BIO• 21 years experience

– Distribution, maintenance, installer, retrofit contractor, fixture designer, consultant, lighting designer, policy maker, researcher

• 500+ projects• 30+ published articles• 600+ seminars• IESNA Member 1995 - 2008

– Currently on Spectrally Effects Committee

• Certified Lighting Energy Professional by AEE– CLEP Review Board member

• Lighting Certified by NCQLP• Consultant for California Title 20 and Federal EPACT• Consultant for Army Corp of Engineers Construction Energy Research

Lab• Assisted on DOE spectrally enhanced lighting research• DOE CALiPER Guidance Committee member

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NO ENDORSEMENTS

• Although several manufacturers and models are listed, none are endorsed

• Easier to talk about specifics than generalities

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FORMAT• Please ask questions when we are on that

subject

• Periodic breaks

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BACKGROUND INFO• HPS (High pressure sodium)

– Yellow light– 24,000+ rated hours

• MH (Metal Halide)– White light– 20,000 rated hours for over 300W – 10,000 - 15,000 rated hours for most lower wattage– Probe start, which are also called standard, not very good

• Mercury Vapor (also called merc vap)– White light– 24,000+ rated hours– Low lumens per watt, so should be replaced

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FIRST LET’S TALK ABOUT

LEDs

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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Department of Energy Solid State Lighting

– Google search ‘doe ssl’• CALiPER test reports• Benchmark reports• Gateway studies• Fact sheets• Webinars and more

– Good streetlighting webinar on July 20, which you can get PDF

– Lighting Facts• www.lightingfacts.com

– Municipal Streetlighting Consortium• www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/gatewaydemos_consortium.html

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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Department of Energy

– Commercial Building Energy Alliances• Technology and System Specification

Development–LED Site (Parking Lot) Lighting–High Efficiency Parking Structure Lighting–And some interior and nonlighting ones

• www2.eere.energy.gov/buildings/alliances/technologies.html

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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Energy Star

– www.energystar.gov

• L Prize– www.lightingprize.org

• Lighting For Tomorrow SSL Awards– www.lightingfortomorrow.com

• Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition– www.ngldc.org

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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Lighting Research Center

– www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/index.asp • LEDs Magazine

– www.ledsmagazine.com

• Architectural SSL Magazine– www.architecturalssl.com

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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Iowa Energy Center

– Exterior Lighting Demonstration Project• LED, induction, MH & CFL comparisons• Tri-level LED pole fixtures

– Low level late night– Medium level when students and staff – High level for snow removal

• Students manually measured footcandles• Occupancy sensors and other controls• Data management system• www.energy.iastate.edu/ERS/presentations.htm • Even worth it to travel to Des Moines

– Could also see bridge and office building

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HELPFUL EMAIL• Postings: From the Desk of Jim Brodrick

– About once a week– postings@lightingfacts.com

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LED• It is amazing how much LEDs have

improved just over the last year– Some manufacturers have products that provide

over 100 lumens per watt out of the fixture at steady state temperature

• Which is much better than any other technology

– Even at 70 or lower lumens per watt out of the fixture and being able to aim the light where it should go is better than other technologies for many applications

– Pricing has really come down

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LED• We now have good tools to compare LED kits and fixtures

with each other and with other technologies– L70

• LEDs typically do not burn out, just get dimmer and dimmer over time, so rated life is based on when have 70% of initial lumens

– LM79• Initial lumens per watt out of the fixture at steady state temperature,

where lumens are directed, etc.• Make sure performed by a lab approved by the DOE

– LM80• At least 6000 hour so lumen maintenance data for the LED package• Energy Star requires 6000 hour lumen maintenance of 94.1% for

35,000 hour life or 91.8% for 25,000 hour life• Verify in situ temperature of the LED package in the fixture• Lumen maintenance is just one aspect of luminaire life and reliability

– Highly recommended not buy any LED product unless they have very good LM79 and LM80 numbers

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LED• Energy Star Rating

– This can make it easier, because good LM79 and LM80 ratings are necessary to qualify

– There may be no Energy Star category for exterior fixtures yet

• Manufacturers that have deep enough pockets to handle any potential large warranty issues and have a long enough proven track record

• DOE has been working with many of the big box chain stores to help reduce amount of low price junky LED products that are sold– Including trying to get stores to only carry products that

have been tested for lumen maintenance

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LED• Looking ahead…

– By 2015, just five years away • LEDs could provide 130+ lumens per watt out of the

fixtures• Pricing should be significantly less, like maybe $100 -

$200 for a cobrahead or shoebox pole fixture replacing 100- 150W HPS

– That will probably make other technologies obsolete for many applications

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LED• If LED fixtures and kits will be so much

better and less expensive in a few years should you buy them now or wait?– Let’s use the computer analogy– So, if your existing system is in good shape and

fairly efficient, maybe wait– But if your existing system is not in the best

shape or is not efficient, probably buy– For new construction, since have to buy

something anyway, LED fixtures are usually already cost effective

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LED• Maybe we will see fixtures with internal

clocks or photocontrol loops, so the drivers underdrives the LEDs to begin with, and slowly increase milliamps over rated life to maintain light levels

• This could also be done with a central control system

• At least one induction fixture manufacturer slowly increases generator wattage over time to provide better lumen maintenance

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MAJOR MANUFACTURERS• Again no endorsements• Beta Lighting

– Division of Ruud Lighting in Wisconsin– Got into exterior LED lighting in a big way sooner than

any other company– More sales, experience, DOE studies and track record

than any other manufacturer– Edge, LEDway and other product lines– Mainly made in the USA.– www.betaled.com

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MAJOR MANUFACTURERS• Leotek

– Especially new Green Cobra – www.leotek.com

• GE, divisions of Philips, Holophane, etc.

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MANUFACTURERS, ETC.• There are numerous other manufacturers from the USA,

China, etc.• Ecofit recently introduced kits for cobraheads, etc. with

very good thermal design– www.ecofitlighting.com

• Some manufacturers that do not have long track record may have potential problems that they are not aware of– Such as thinking that they have sufficient surge protection and then

customers finding out the hard way that they do not

• In a year or two it should be a much more even playing field

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THREE IMPORTANT

ATTRIBUTES OF

LEDs

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1. DIRECTING LIGHT WHERE IT SHOULD

• Well designed LED fixtures can properly illuminate between fixtures and around designated perimeters without providing an excessive blob of light directly underneath fixtures, like all other light sources, including HPS, MH, LPS, MV, fluorescent and induction

• That excessive blob of light wastes energy, so LED fixtures can save energy

• Plus it is easy for well designed LED fixtures to be full cut-off, which is dark sky friendly

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2. LONG LIFE• Although some LED fixture manufacturers are

quoting 150,000+ hours, it may be more realistic to consider 50,000+ or 60,000 - 70,000 hours– Which is considerably longer than HPS, LPS, MH, MV

and is about the same as useable life for induction

• This long life can save cities, town, counties and other customers a lot on maintenance labor and parts

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3. BI-LEVEL LIGHTING• Some good LED fixtures can have bi-level or

dimming drivers and occupancy sensors for high/low lighting

• This can save a lot of KWH in parking lots, garages, walkways, etc.– This does not work well when there are trees and

bushes near fixtures that the branches moving in the wind trigger the sensors

• IESNA states lower light levels are appropriate when less traffic, so light levels could reduced late at night, which can also save considerable KWH and is friendlier to observatories

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NOW LET’S GET INTO SOME

DETAILS REGARDING LEDs

AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES

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CITIES THAT HAVE INSTALLED OR HAVE DECIDED TO GO WITH

LED STREETLIGHTS• Anchorage, Alaska was the first major U.S. city to

go with LED streetlights• Pittsburgh, San Jose and numerous other cities

have decided to go LED• The big dog is Los Angeles, which is planning to

replace 140,000 HPS streetlights over 5 years– First phase selected Beta and Leotek after testing several

manufacturer’s fixtures– Every year LA plans invite several manufacturers for

mock-ups, to avoid getting stuck with outdated technology

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BETA’S LEDWAY COBRAHEAD

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LEOTEK’S GREEN COBRA

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WHAT AT LEAST ONE UTILITY IS DOING

• Pacific Gas & Electric is the largest utility in the country– For cities and towns in its turf that switch to LED

• Dedicated lower electric rate• Rebates• Technical design assistance• Turnkey volume discount pricing and installation• 1st year total warranty and remaining 4 year parts warranty

– Following are at least some manufacturers that are on PG&E’s pre-approved LED street light list

• Beta Lighting www.betaled.com • Cooper Streetworks www.cooperlighting.com• LED Roadway Lighting www.ledroadwaylighting.com • Leotek www.leotek.com• Check on PG&E’s website about additional manufacturers and models

www.pge.com

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FOR WHITE LIGHT AREA LIGHTING, THERE IS MORE

THAN COBRAHEADS

• Following slide will show examples of several exterior LED fixtures– Although garage and canopy fixtures can

be considered interior or damp location, they are included in this seminar

AREA LIGHTING

The Edge by Beta Lighting

Parking structure

Outdoor area

BollardWall pack

Canopy

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

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THERE ARE ALSO SEVERAL LED FIXTURES AND KITS FOR

ACORN, COACH LANTERN, ETC. FIXTURES

• Precision Paragon– www.p-2.com

• Holophane– www.holophane.com

• Sylvania– www.sylvania.com

• And others– One concern with kits is how can LM79 and LM80 be done when

there are so many fixtures that these kits can go into

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LEDs ON MISSISSIPPI BRIDGE

• LEDs can also be used for aesthetics – RGB (red, green & blue) LEDs are the primary light colors– Certain of the these colored LEDs can be dimmed and other can get

more drive current to provide various colors– Applications include building walls and bridges– My good friend, Michael Lambert, was the lead designer on the Norbert

Beckey Bridge in Iowa• The bridge and it’s approaches are 3,018 feet overall length with about 1,500

feet of the steel structure lighted. The total installed cost for the project was $350,000 with Musco donating $250,000. The controller and program is Nicolaudie's "Sunlite" shown at the link below... it's a great little program and the controller fits in the palm of your hand. You can download the software for free.... but the controller runs about $600, and of course you need that to control any fixtures. Which is why they let you have the software for nothing.

– http://www.nicolaudie.com/

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WALL WASHING EMC BUILDING IN IOWA

• Another Mike Lambert project

• Custom Musco LED fixtures

• Reduced wattage by 88.5% replacing MH

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WALL WASHING EMC BUILDING IN IOWA

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WHITE LEDs AT WHITE HOUSE

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LED ISSUES THAT YOU

SHOULD BE AWARE OF

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LED DRIVE CURRENT• Drive current or milliamp (ma) is sort of

like ballast factor (BF) for T8s– Higher ma or BF is more light and wattage

– But lumens per watt with various T8 BF ballasts is linear

– But T8 lamp life is not shortened with high BF, as long as BF is not over 1.20

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LED DRIVE CURRENT

drive current

(milliamps)

lumen multiplier

power multiplier

L70 hours @ 15C, 59F

175 0.6 0.5 >150,000350 1.0 1.0 >150,000525 1.3 1.5 70,000

525 117,000700 64,000

drive current (milliamps) L70 hours @ 15C, 59F350 >150,000

0.9625C, 77F40C, 104F

lumen multiplier1.000.800.75

lumen multiplier1.111.041.00

3500Kambient temperature

-20C, -4F10C, 50F

OUTPUT MULTIPLIERS EXAMPLE

color temperature6000K4300K

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LED DRIVE CURRENT• Although increasing drive current shortens

LED life, can still be a good strategy– Can get by with fewer LEDs per fixture, so initial

cost can be less– With occupancy sensors can go high/low light

levels with one driver per fixture• For example 700ma for high and 375ma for low• For many parking garages and parking lots, the lights

can be in low mode a majority of the time, so overall life will still be good

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KELVIN• As shown in previous table higher Kelvin LEDs

provide more lumens• Some LED fixture manufacturers lean toward

6000K, because highest lumens• Other LED fixture manufacturers lean toward

4000 - 4500K, because less bluish and more like moonlight and MH

• 6000K LEDs may work very well in cities and 4000 - 4500K LEDs may be better in towns

• Newly developed 4000 - 4500K LEDs with lower CRI are getting closer and closer to matching lumens of 6000K LEDs

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LED LIFE• LED life is based on when still provides 70% of initial

lumens– Rated life for other lighting sources is when 50% of the lamps have

burned out and 50% are still working– LEDs can be called the mercury vapor of this generation, because

merc vap does not usually burn out, just gets dimmer and dimmer over time

• I have been under 1000W merc vap hibays that only provides about 5 footcandles on the floor, but maintenance point up, see the lamps are still on, and do not want to replace them

– Customers who buy LED fixtures will have to learn when they should be replaced, even when they are still working

• I have already seen many 1st generation LED exit signs that are still working, but do not provide sufficient light for NFPA or city codes, and facility people do not want to replace them because they are still working

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LED LIFE• Since high lumen white LEDs are a relatively new

technology and keep improving– Please be very aware that rated lives are projections, and

even the best projections are still projections– For example 100,000 hour rated LED

• Never turned off, would take 11.4 years to lose projected 30% of initial lumens

– A lot of different stuff can happen to an LED chip in 11 years

• On 4000 hours per year would take 25 years to lose projected 30% of initial lumens

– A lot more can happen in 25 years

• Even if the LEDs last 100,000 hours, will cherry picker trucks or lifts be required to clean fixtures much more frequently?

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LED LIFE• Just because one LED fixture manufacturer states

100,000 or 150,000 hours and another one lists 50,000 or 50,000+ hours does not automatically make one better– One fixture manufacturer just may be much more

conservative

• Especially when comparing to induction, may be best to use 50,000, 60,000 or 70,000 hours for both technologies

• IES in TM21 is considering LED fixture rated life should not be more than 6 times what the LED chips are rated for– Currently LED chips are tested for 6000 hours– Which would max at 36,000 hours

courtesy of Beta Lighting 4949

USA Average Nighttime USA Average Nighttime Temperatures Temperatures

courtesy of Beta Lighting 5050

Derived Lumen Depreciation Data(From LED Manufactures LM-80 Data)

courtesy of Beta Lighting 5151

Light Loss Factors – LEDway Light Loss Factors – LEDway Street Lighting LuminaireStreet Lighting Luminaire

night time ambient °C

drive c urrent

50K hrL L F

100K hrL L F

350 0.98 0.925 525 0.89 0.76

700 0.77 0.57

350 0.95 0.8810 525 0.86 0.71

700 0.74 0.52

350 0.93 0.8315 525 0.82 0.65

700 0.70 0.48

350 0.90 0.7820 525 0.78 0.60

700 0.66 0.43

350 0.86 0.7325 525 0.74 0.54

700 0.63 0.39

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LED LIFE• Leotek recently had Intertek do worst case thermal tests

– Green Cobra fixtures with • 80 Lumileds LEDs, which is the maximum number of LEDs that will fit

– 150C maximum LED junction temperature rating

• 700 ma, which is the highest drive current

– Test 1• Junction temperature was below 75C

– Leaving 75C to spare

– Test 2 (burying fixture in one inch of sand)• Junction temperature was below 80C

– Leaving 70C to spare

• You can get this February 17, 2010 report from Leotek– www.leotek.com

• So Leotek feels very confident that their Green Cobras will work quite well even in areas, like Miami, New Orleans, Houston, Phoenix & Las Vegas

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DRIVER LIFE• Heat is the enemy of all electronics, including

ballasts and drivers• Just like electronic ballasts, the achilles heel of

LED drivers are the electrolytic capacitors• So what if LEDs can last 100,000+ hours if the

driver only lasts 50,000 - 60,000 hours• Some fixture manufacturers are using drivers with

mil spec capacitors and state that the drivers can last as long as the LEDs– That may be true, but again, that is a projection

• Maybe it would be good to remote the drivers in the base of pole fixtures so easy access

courtesy of Beta Lighting 5454

Philips Advance Drive Philips Advance Drive LifetimesLifetimes

in Beta LED Fixtures in Beta LED Fixtures

courtesy of Beta Lighting 5555

Philips Advance Driver Philips Advance Driver Lifetime Projection CaveatsLifetime Projection Caveats

Driver life projections are accurate only for Beta LED fixtures (EDGE & LEDway at 350mA LED drive current), each manufacturer must account for the thermal impact of their fixture design on components.

This data does not constitute a warranty. The data represents accelerated life testing and electronic industry accepted component life modeling to a 0.5% failure rate.

Philips Advance model numbers covered by this life model include: LEDINTA0350C425FO, LEDINTA0700C210FO, LEDINTA700C140F3O.

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LIFE REALITY CHECK• Even based on 50,000 hour projected life, that is

12.5 years based on dusk to dawn operation• Just think what can fail in 12.5 years with hot sun,

cold, rain, etc. – Solder joints– Wires– Capacitors and/or other components in drivers– LEDs (which may be most resilient)

• Expand this to 100,000 hour projected life, which would be 25 years

• This issue also applies to other long life technologies, such as induction, which will be discussed later

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WARRANTY• Standard warranty is 5 years parts• Warranty can usually be negotiated longer,

like up to 10 years– With a moderate initial price increase

• Be cautious of long warranties from fixture manufacturers that maybe have only been in business for a year or so

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GLARE CONCERN• At certain angles some LED fixtures can be

considered glary– Like looking into several high wattage MR16

narrow spots– Usually not a deal killer, but be aware

• Widelite Vizoled fixtures have indirect lighting, which reduces glare

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MODULAR DESIGN• Some LED fixtures are modular so parts are easily

replaceable for maintenance and upgrades– LED panels– Driver(s)

• LEDs are improving lumen watts about 20% per year• For example

– If fixtures with 4 LED panels are purchased now, maybe in 3 - 5 years, each fixture could be retrofitted with 3 LED panels, providing the same amount of light, but saving almost 25% wattage

• On the other side, if an LED fixture lasts for 50,000, which for dusk to dawn, that will be about 12 years, and new high performance fixtures then may be much smaller and different design

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RECYCLING• There is a lot of valuable metal, used as

heat sinks, etc. in LED fixtures

• This should be recycled

• Several manufacturers have programs to pay for their old LED fixture returned and offer a discount on new LED fixtures for down the road

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FTE• Fitted-Target Efficacy metric

– May become a very common and important term for many exterior LED lighting fixtures

• But NEMA may prefer something else based on watts per square foot after seeing problems in TER (Target Efficacy Rating)

– Similar to luminaire efficacy, but differentiates useful lumens from those that may cause glare, wasted light, and /or light trespass

– Also addresses uniform target coverage and light pollutions and/or light trespass

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BUG• Stands for Backlight, Uplight and Glare

• In the process of replacing terms like full cut-off– But many people still feel more comfortable

with old terminology

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Although some chips have better LPW without heat losses, other chips perform better in real life applications

CHIP FIXTURE

WITHOUT DRIVER OR TEMPERATURE

LOSSES

AT STEADY STATE TEMPERATURE

INCLUDING FIXTURE EFFICIENCY

PAST 70 402009 100 702010 120-130 90-1002011 150- 160 120-130

LED APPROXIMATE LUMENS PER WATT

TIME FRAME

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CALiPER Testing: Measurable Progress

12/06-5/07

6/07-12/07

1/08-5/08 6/08-9/0810/01-1/09

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

CALiPER Results Over Time

Average Efficacy of SSL (lm/W)

Vertical lines show range from best to worst luminaire efficacy

2006 2009

Source: Department of Energy

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LED DEVICE PERFORMANCE PROJECTIONS

US DOE SSL R&D MYPP, March 2008, table 4-2.

Metric 2007 2010 2012 2015

Efficacy-Lab (lm/W)

120 160 176 200

Efficacy-Commercial Cool

White (lm/W)84 147 164 188

Efficacy-Commercial Warm

White (lm/W)59 122 139 163

OEM Lamp Price-Product ($/klm)

25 10 5 2

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LED LUMINAIRE PERFORMANCE PROJECTIONS

US DOE SSL Multi-Year Program Plan, March 2008, table 4-11.

Metric 2007 2010 2012 2015

Device Efficacy-Commercial Cool White (lm/W, 25 degrees C) 84 147 164 188

Efficacy-Commercial Warm White (lm/W)

59 122 139 163

Thermal Efficiency 85% 89% 91% 95%

Efficiency of Driver 85% 89% 91% 95%

Efficiency of Fixture 77% 84% 88% 95%

Resultant luminaire efficiency 56% 66% 73% 86%

Luminaire Efficacy-Commercial Cool White

(lm/W)47 97 121 161

Luminaire Efficacy-Commercial Warm White

(lm/W)33 80 101 140

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Round 7Bollards Side-by-Side Comparison

SSL

CFL

MH

0

200

400

600

800

0 4 8 12 16 20

Luminaire Efficacy

Luminaire Output

Same ModelSimilar DistributionType III or House-Side Shield

Source: Department of Energy

6868

6969

courtesy of Beta Lighting 7070

100 Watt HPS

70 Watt HPS

60 LED Type 3(350 mA)

30 LED Type 2(525 mA)

Incumbent Technology - HPS

Trial Technology - LED

Graphics above show a representation of the uniformity of the illumination provided by each of

the technologies

Graphics above show a representation of the uniformity of the illumination provided by each of

the technologies

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DOE GATEWAY STUDIES

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RALEY’S SUPERMARKET PARKING LOT STUDY

• West Sacramento• Compared 320W pulse start MH cobraheads with

high performance bilevel LED fixtures– Not really apples to apples comparison because

cobraheads are so bad

• DOE study released on March 2009– www.ssl.energy.gov/gatewaydemos_results.html

• 1st Source Lighting is planning to install some induction fixtures and have PG&E/DOE make light measurements

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I-35W BRIDGE MINNEAPOLIS

• New construction pole fixtures– Compared with simulated HPS

• Biggest advantage of LED is projected reduced maintenance, which requires lane closures to replace 30,000 hour rated HPS lamps

• DOE study released on August 2009– www.ssl.energy.gov/gatewaydemos_results.html

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MORE GATEWAY STUDIES

• Lija Loop, Portland, Oregon– Oregon Energy Trust project

• Gresham, Oregon– PGE– Should be available soon

• Palo Alto, California– Compared HPS, LED & Induction

• T.J. Maxx, Manchester, New Hampshire• Oakland, California

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TROPHY CHIPS• In production runs, there are often some

LED chips that have very high lumens per watt, which can be called trophy chips

• Be cautious of sample fixtures, especially for large projects– If free or directly furnished sample fixture(s)

from a manufacturer look very good, buy one or more samples through a third party and compare performance with original ones

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BIRD CONCERNS• Good LED fixtures are designed so LED

junction temperatures do not get too hot• Depending on fixture design, you may want

to be aware of poop from medium to large birds, including sea gulls, 6 month or longer periods, that many parts of California can go without rain– Maybe get the spikes or other devices on top of

fixtures so birds do not land and do their business

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LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS

FOR LEDS• Where full cut-off for dark sky and maybe

other concerns is important

• Where getting sufficient light in far corners of necessary area without excessive light underneath fixture

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LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS

FOR LEDS• 24 hour applications, like garages, because

most potential savings

• Garages and parking lots where can use occupancy sensors for high/low or on/off lighting– Neither of these shorten LED life, like they can

for other lighting technologies– No long warm up and restrike times like HID

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LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS

FOR LEDS• Replacing relatively low wattage HPS and standard or probe

start MH lamps with magnetic ballasts– Lower wattage HID lamps and ballasts are considerably less

efficacious than higher wattage ones• HPS (initial lumens per watt including magnetic ballast)

– 69 for 100W– 107 for 400W (55% better)

• MH (initial lumens per watt including mag ballast)– 65 for 175W – 79 for 400W (22% better)

– Lower wattage MH lamps typically have much shorter lamp life than higher wattage ones

– For example, 10,000 hours for 175W and 20,000 hours for 400W

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LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS

FOR LEDS• Replacing relatively low wattage HPS and standard or probe start MH

lamps with magnetic ballasts– Higher wattage and lumen HID lamps and the fixtures for them often cost

about the same as lower wattage versions• But since more LEDs are required to replace high wattage HID fixtures, LED

fixtures with more LEDs cost significantly more than LED fixtures with fewer LEDs

• HPS because ugly yellow color and low S/P ratio• HID fixtures with low fixture efficiency, bad optics, not dark sky

compliant, etc.– A few fixture type examples

• Typical cobra head• Acorn without reflector which would prevent too much uplight

• Ballasts in existing fixtures nearing end of rated life• Have to buy new fixtures anyway, so can do financials by subtracting

cost of baseline fixtures

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LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS

FOR LEDS• New construction– Often fewer LED pole fixtures will be required,

because of better distribution patterns• So even if the unit pricing on LED fixtures is more, if

need fewer of them, poles, foundations and trenching, the total job cost can be significantly less, not even including electrical savings

• I clearly saw this for a new parking lot for one of my clients in the San Francisco Bay Area comparing pulse start quartz MH lamps with magnetic ballasts in high performance vertical base up fixtures compare to high performance LED fixtures

– Required 20% less LED fixtures, poles, labor, etc.

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LED with PV• This is getting more popular, but many

of the systems only provide about as much light as a 60 - 100W incandescent light bulb and are quite expensive

• One higher lumen example is Carmanah’s 1500 series www.carmanah.com – Up to 6800 lumens with Beta Lighting Edge

or LEDway– Programmable system for light output

through the night for various geographical areas

– Optional occupancy sensors– $6000 - $8000 without pole or labor

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2009 NEXT GENERATION LUMINAIRES BEST IN CLASS

• GE Lighting’s Evolve R150– 4900 lumens– 91.0 watts– 53.8 lumens per watt

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2009 NEXT GENERATION LUMINAIRES BEST IN CLASS

• Philips Wide-Lite’s VizorLED– 4112 lumens– 68.4 watts– 60.1 lumens per watt

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WHAT ABOUT OTHER LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES?

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HPS(HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM)

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HPS• Inexpensive, relatively long life & for lower

wattages the arc tube can be considered a point source

• If existing magnetic ballasts and fixtures are in good shape and if yellow light with only about 20 CRI is okay– Could consider switching to 40,000 hour rated

non-cycling or double arc tube HPS lamps now and converting to LED or something else later

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INDUCTION(AND COMPARISONS TO LED)

8989

INDUCTION• Basically fluorescent lamps without

cathodes, so not much to degrade, except phosphors

• Generators are the equivalent to ballasts and drivers

• White light, high CRI, long life, low glare, good for cold, instant on & no restrike time– And no lumen drop with low Kelvin like LED

9090

INDUCTION• Philips introduced their QL system in 1991 and Sylvania

introduced their Icetron system in 1997– Lamp and generator can cost $150 - $200

• Induction has become quite popular over the last two years with so many companies pushing fixtures and kits with less expensive Chinese and Korean induction systems– Have seen kits with Chinese induction systems as low as $100

• Up to mid 2009 could compete very well with LEDs in many applications– Now, especially for Type II long narrow streetlighting distributions,

high performance LED fixtures are significantly better– Induction can still be a very good solution in applications where

lighting distribution is not that important, like in acorn and coach lantern fixtures, bollards, etc.

9191

INDUCTION• Although induction lamps and generators are often rated

for 100,000 the useable system life is more like 60,000 or 70,000 hours, while there is sufficient light and not that many lamps or generators have burned out– So recommend life cycle comparisons of both induction and LED

systems at 60,000 or 70,000 hours– Even at 60,000 hours, that is 15 years at 4000 hours per year, and

many things can go wrong in 15 years being exposed to time and the elements

• Induction is a very mature technology, that will probably not improve very much, if at all– Maybe 70 - 75 lumens per watt out of fixture– While LED fixtures may double that by 2015

9292

INDUCTION• Induction lamps are large, nothing like a point source, so it is very

difficult to aim the light– So there is usually an excessive blob of light underneath fixtures, which is

a waste of wattage– While LEDs can be aimed to shine light where it needed

• Although kits and fixtures with Philips or Sylvania induction systems used to have significant price advantages over LED, that gap has shrunk or disappeared– One advantage of induction is that high lumen lamps and generators cost

about as much as low lumen lamps and generators– While for more lumens, more LEDs are required, which increases the cost– For quantities of about 1000, can get LED cobrahead fixtures to replace

100 - 150W HPS for about $300 and to replace 250W for about $400 - $500

• In about 5 years those prices should come down to about $100 - $200, which should make other technologies obsolete

9393

INDUCTION• Both Philips and Sylvania have stated that they are

into induction for the long haul– Philips should introduce dimming generators soon– Sylvania should introdue 40-50W and 200W lamps and

bilevel generators soon

• But with LED rapid improvement and price reduction– Chinese and Korean induction lamp & ballast

manufacturers could stop making induction products or go out of business

– Induction fixture manufacturers could stop making induction products or go out of business

– Sales companies in this country could stop trying to sell induction products

9494

INDUCTION• So customers of Chinese or Korean induction systems in

numerous fixtures may not be able to get– Technical assistance– Warranty support– Replacement parts

• Be cautious of induction fixture manufacturers that have only been in business for a year or two, that offer 10 year warranties

• Bottom line– If decide on induction, highly recommend only use Philips or

Sylvania lamps and generators and get fixtures from manufacturers that they support and have a long proven track record

– And make sure you get real IES photometric files from respected independent test labs

• Not just reports generated internally with software, which can make anything look good

95

LED vs. INDUCTION STREETLIGHTS

• The short version of my white paper is or available on my website for free– Its eight pages has the same information

that is in this seminar– I am working on expanding it, so it will

have detailed information that is not in this seminar

96

lighting source

qualifier lamp

wattagerated life

hoursinitial

lumens

EOL lumen mainten-

ance

EOL lumens

(approx.)

system wattage (277V)

initial lumens per

watt

EOL lumens per watt

fixture efficiency (approx.)

initial fixture lumens per

watt

initial fixture lumens

EOL fixture lumens

per watt

EOL fixture lumens

HPSclear lamp

10024,000 - 40,000

9,500 75% 7125 130 73 55 75% 55 7125 41 5344

Sylvania 7060,000 - 100,000

6,500 64% 4160 77 84 54 70% 59 4550 38 2912

Philips 8560,000 - 100,000

6,000 70% 4200 85 71 49 70% 49 4200 35 2940

Sylvania 10060,000 - 100,000

8,000 64% 5120 103 78 50 70% 54 5600 35 3584

Sylvania 15060,000 - 100,000

12,000 64% 7680 156 77 49 70% 54 8400 34 5376

Philips 16560,000 - 100,000

12,000 70% 8400 165 73 51 70% 51 8400 36 5880

4000K 350ma

50 1W LEDs

50,000+ - 100,000

NA 70% NA 67 NA NA NA 58 3866 40 2706

4000K 525ma

40 1W LEDs

50,000+ - 100,000

NA 70% NA 70 NA NA NA 61 4239 42 2967

6000K 350ma

40 1W LEDs

50,000+ - 100,000

NA 70% NA 50 NA NA NA 72 3606 50 2524

6000K 525ma

30 1W LEDs

50,000+ - 100,000

NA 70% NA 54 NA NA NA 67 3624 47 2537

Listed LED specs would provide sufficient light for minimum footcandles between fixtures and around designated perimeters, but maybe not for average footcandles.Stan Walerczyk of Lighting Wizards www.lightingwizards.com 2/20/10 version

Listed induction fixture efficiency is better than most IES files, because includes when lamps are properly prepared and some recent fixture improvements.

4000K includes 4000 - 4500 Kelvin. Some people think that 6000K is too blue. LEDs driven at 350ma would have longer life than at 525ma.LED fixtures are tested as complete units, not based on components.

Table does NOT include where the available lumens out of the fixture are directed. LED fixtures direct light where necessary, so fewer lumens are required.Since Induction lamps have same or worse optical control as HPS, their EOL fixture lumens should match HPS EOL fixture lumens.

HPS, INDUCTION & LED COBRAHEAD GENERAL COMPARISON TABLE

notesEOL is end of life. NA is not applicable. Real rated life is discussed in related white paper. HPS and LED info is generic. Induction fixture info is also generic.100W generator is used with Sylvania 70W induction lamp. For induction EOL numbers are based on 100,000 hours, and EOL numbers would be better at 60,000.

Induction

LED

97

ISOLUX DIAGRAM FOR TYPE II STREET LIGHTING

• The following three isolux diagrams came from PG&E for City of Santa Rosa, which currently has 100W HPS cobraheads

• Distribution patterns and amount of footcandles would vary some what with various manufacturers and models– But general distribution patterns are pretty consistent for

HPS, induction and well designed LED cobraheads

• These are with bottom flat lensed HPS and induction cobraheads– SAG or drop lens would increase light between fixtures,

but also not be good for dark skies and light pollution on house and opposite sides

100W HPS

85W INDUCTION

70W LED

101

WHAT IS BETTER THAN LUMENS PER WATT?

Footcandles, and really footcandles where the light is necessary, per watt

102

units 85W induction 100W HPS 60 LEDsfixture mounting height feet 28 28 28roadway width feet 40 40 40pole spacing feet 120 120 120illuminance - average maintained fc 0.64 0.78 0.69illuminance - maximum maintained fc 1.6 2.3 1.3illuminance - minimum maintained fc 0.1 0.3 0.4uniformity - avg/min 6.4 2.6 1.7system power watts 85 130 71100 x avg fc/watt 7.5 6.0 9.7100 x min fc/watt 1.2 2.3 5.6

FOOTCANDLES PER WATT

based on the work by Chris Nye at Leotek, www.leotek.com

103

ELECTRONICALLY BALLASTED

PS MH (PULSE START METAL HALIDE)

104

ELECTRONICALLY BALLASTED PS MH

• Two types of PS MH– Ceramic or CMH

• 90+ CRI• Up to 110 lumens/watt• Does not work with all electronic ballasts• Long restrike times even with electronic ballasts• Quite expensive

– Quartz• 65 - 70 CRI• Lower lumens per watt• 30 second to few minute restrike time• Usually can work on all electronic ballasts• Relatively inexpensive

105

ELECTRONICALLY BALLASTED PS MH

• Electronic ballasts (EHID)– These have been quite expensive, like $150– I have had concerns about heat, including in dark colored fixtures

blasted by summer sun, even when not on• But at least Metrolight has an external pod, with excellent thermal

design– www.metrolight.com

• PS MH lamp life may be up to 60,000 hours, but that should be verified from lamp manufacturers’ and/or ballast manufacturers’ extended warranty

106

ELECTRONICALLY BALLASTED PS MH

• LEDs are probably better to replace up to175 or 250W HPS or standard magnetically driven MH

• But electronically ballasted PS MH may be currently more cost effective to replace 250, 400 and higher wattage HPS or standard MH with magnetic ballasts

• Philips Widelite EON fixtures– 2 or 3 PS MH lamps in a fixture with electronic ballast– One lamp on at a time, for about 60,000 hours

• When burns out, Philips thinks that fixtures could be replaced with LED fixtures

– Aiming at $250 for a cobrahead– www.widelite.com

107

HID SHOE BOX FIXTURES• This is more about parking lot than roadway

pole fixtures

• Yes, many of the designer horizontal lamp fixtures look very good aesthetically, but vertical base up fixtures usually provide much better distribution and uniformity

108

LEP(LIGHT EMITTING PLASMA)

109

LEP• Luxim has developed a chicklet sized lamp with

plasma metal halides, driven by a high frequency amplifier – www.luxim.com– LIFI Sta 41-01 Series

• 130 source lumens per watt and 83 system lumens per watt• 290 system watts• 24,000 lumens @ 80 CRI• 50,000 rated hours• 5500 Kelvin• Dimmable• Fast restrike time• A real point source, so can direct the light where it should go

110

LIGHT EMITTING PLASMA

111

LIGHT EMITTING PLASMA

• This technology is quite expensive

• Cannot really compete against LED in relatively low wattage applications

• But may be more competitive than LEDs replacing 400W MH or HPS or 1000W MV– So many LEDs would be required, which

brings the cost up

112

LIGHT EMITTING PLASMA• First fixture manufacturer and model is Stray

Light’s Tesla – http://straylightoptical.com

• Other fixture manufacturers are also working with Luxim

• There are also competitors to Luxim

113

T5HO

114

T5HO• Where it does not get too cold, T5HO pole fixtures

are an option• But I do not think a very good option for most

applications– Windage concern

• Pole, anchor bolts and foundation

– Blob of light– Not that good lamp life– T5HOs not very good lumens per watt anyway

• 20% less than high performance T8 systems• 30% less than CMH with electronic ballasts

115

T8

116

T8• Not recommended for pole fixtures and very cold• Can be very good for numerous garage, carport and

open hallway applications– I often like triangle shaped T8 fixtures in garages to replace

HPS, MH and MV– In garages T8s, bi-level ballast and occupancy sensor can

work well in some applications

• High Performance T8 lamps and electronic ballasts, as listed by the Consortium of Energy Efficiency, www.cee1.org, can usually cost effectively replace T12s & magnetic ballasts and basic grade T8s & generic electronic ballasts– High performance T8 systems are more efficacious (lumens

per watt) than T5HO and T5 systems

117

REGARDING ALL

TECHNOLOGIES

118

USE MINIMUM, NOT AVERAGE FOOTCANDLES

• Average footcandles have been the established way to design for exterior applications and compare options

• For HID and induction to provide sufficient light between fixtures at to desired perimeter, they provide excessive light underneath fixtures, which is really a waste, but increase average footcandles

• But since good LED fixtures can get sufficient light between fixtures and to desired perimeter without providing excessive light underneath fixtures, minimum footcandles should be used– Good LED fixtures also have much better min/max ratios

119

MAJOR VOLTAGE SPIKES

• This can especially be a concern for street lights in areas that are prone to lightning

• Electronic HID ballasts, LED drivers and induction generators in other applications should be designed to handle voltage spikes

120

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY

• Yes, HID, induction and fluorescent lamps have mercury, but– Mercury levels have come down

dramatically over the years– Rated hours are quite long for some

lamps• Especially induction

– Some states, including California, mandate recycling

121

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY

• LEDs do not have mercury, but– Toxic chemicals are used in production– Considerable poundage of metal has to

be mined, melted and transported for heat sinks• All of which consumes considerable energy

and has environmental impacts

122

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY• Are LEDs really more environmentally friendly?

– We really do not know until Carnegie Mellon publishes its cradle to cradle report for the DOE

– Although University of Pittsburgh’s Mascaro Center for Sustainable Innovation’s ‘Life Cycle Assessment of Streetlight Technologies’ is quite good

• www.ledsmagazine.com/news/7/3/12?cmpid=EnlLEDsMarch172010

• (I am so sick and tired of LED people using ‘toxic’ in front of fluorescent, induction and HID and/or saying that LED is so much environmentally friendly, that I tend to hang up the phone on them, tell them to leave, etc.)

123

MADE IN USA?• With this serious recession, keeping American

jobs is important, not just for LED fixtures, but also with other fixtures

• Beta Lighting LED fixtures is just one example– Cree LED crystals, phosphors and chips made in USA

• LED assembly done in China

– Philips/Advance drivers made in Mexico– Fixtures made in Wisconsin, USA

• Do your own research for fixtures that you are interested in

124

CAN IMPORTED LED & INDUCTION STREET LIGHT FIXTURES BE USED WITH

ARRA FUNDING?• ARRA is American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

– a.k.a. stimulus funds

• Yes– http://eecleanenergy.org/web/faqweb/about/faqframe.aspx

• There are some fixtures completely made outside USA and even fixtures made mostly in this country usually have some non-domestic components

125

SPECTRALLY ENHANCED LIGHTING

• Older name is scotopically enhanced lighting• Light sources with more blue content are considered

spectrally enhanced, and are usually considered brighter and can improve visual acuity

• Not only do LEDs have more lumens per watt at high Kelvins, but the high Kelvins, especially 6000K, are also spectrally enhanced

• Induction usually available up to 5000K• But benefits of spectrally enhanced lighting are probably not

valid in street lights when people really only get enough light from one fixture at a time– Can apply in parking lots and garages when multiple fixtures in view

126

WHAT ABOUT LIMITING KELVIN TO MAX 3000K?

• International Dark Sky Association (IDA) has made claims that exterior lighting should not be over 3000K, which would limit short wavelengths, for various reasons– DOE, NEMA, IALD do not agree and have responded– After IDA met with DOE in early January, IDA came out with

‘Visibility, Environmental, and Astronomical Issues Associated with Blue-Rich White Outdoor Lighting’ in May with references

• Have a problem with scare tactics, like on bottom of page 12 – “While a firm connection between outdoor lighting and cancer has

not yet been established, if true it is clear that the blue component of such light would be a greater risk factor”

– Others may come out with a white paper or article later this year showing that Kevin does not make that much difference in night time light scattering, etc.

127

WHAT ABOUT LIMITING KELVIN TO MAX 3000K?

• With what is known at this time, IDA’s credibility is questioned

• But some induction sales people are using IDA’s premise as a marketing advantage over LED, because there is no lumen drop with lower Kelvin induction

128

CONTROL SYSTEMS• There is an evolution of wireless and power

line carrier wave control systems, which can – For all technologies signal the facility’s office

about• Light sources not working

– Including HPS lamp cycling

• Lights on during day due to faulty photocell

– Especially for LEDs, can include• Continuous or staged dimming

– When junction temperature too high– When traffic is greatly reduced during the night, so need

less light» Could also work for dimming induction generators and

dimming MH ballasts/amplifiers

129

CONTROL SYSTEMS• Currently these control systems are

expensive and may worsen paybacks and other financials instead of improving them– You will have to decide– Since each of these systems is usually

proprietary, which is a city, county or other institution gets, they will probably be locked into that company

– Control systems should get less expensive as time goes on

130

CONTROL SYSTEMS• New Philips Dynadimmer looks quite

interesting– Electronic, programmable & stand alone– Up to 5 dimming levels– Up to 5 time periods– Relatively inexpensive

– www.philips.com/dynadimmer

131

WRAP UP

• Questions

• Comments

• Applications

132

ALL OF STAN’S SEMINARS• INTERIORS - LEDs vs. Incumbents with a big

dose of task ambient lighting• EXTERIOR LIGHTING

LED, Induction, HPS, MH, LEP, Fluorescent• FREE FOR ALL IN THE HIBAY ARENA Fluorescent, Induction,

LED & MH• HOW LOW CAN YOU GO

– Which is 1/2 of Advanced Lighting Retrofit Options

• DIMMING vs. NON-DIMMING 10 Rounds in the Daylight Harvesting and Peak Load Reduction Arena

• LIGHTING 101• LIGHTING CONTROLS

– Planned for 2011

• Custom ones for specific purposes

133

LIGHTING BLOOPERS• One arm of a local

government said– We’re going to do

some new streetlighting

– These cast poles will look super in our town

• Another government office said– This is a historic

building– The storefronts

and the awnings need to stay where they are

134

THAT’S ALL FOLKS• Please fill out any applicable forms

• Contact information for Stan Walerczyk– 925-944-9481(San Francisco Bay Area) – stan@lightingwizards.com– www.lightingwizards.com

• Thanks for attending