extending problem frames to deal with stakeholder problems: an agent- and goal-oriented approach

Extending Problem Frames to Deal with Stakeholder Problems:

An Agent- and Goal-Oriented Approach

Sam Supakkul

Lawrence ChungThe University of Texas at Dallas

http://www.skystef.be/images/Lightning/slides/2008-06-02-1818-Kampenhout.jpg

A storm is coming…Is it a problem?

http://www.alphabetgolf.co.uk/alphabetgolf.co.uk/Outdoor%20Party%20Dance.jpg

Yes, if we want outdoor fun

http://earthfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/egypt-drought.jpghttp://coofweb.deza.admin.ch/pictures/nepal/nrm/en_maize_farmer.jpg

No, if we’re dying for it

want healthy crops

Same phenomenon

problem blessing

http://www.batt69.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/little-boy-who-didnt-buy-an-eddie-bauer-umbrella-he-got-caught-in-the-rain.gif

phenomenon negatively affects someone’s goals

“Storm” causal phenomenon

“have outdoor fun”goal

negativelyaffect

“Being wet” situational phenomenon

cause

How to deal with stakeholder problems in software related applications?

London Ambulance Services (LAS)1994 manual dispatch debacle

http://www.publicrecordsguy.com/wp-content/uploads/jayci-yaeger.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/London_Ambulance_at_Abbey_Road.jpg/800px-London_Ambulance_at_Abbey_Road.jpghttp://www.geograph.org.uk/photos/67/30/673019_1ca5dedb.jpghttp://www.lancashire.police.uk/uploads/pics/hatecrime3.jpg

Nasima Begum with liver condition

4 emergency calls

died before ambulance arrived in 53 minutes

Source:http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-15211039.jpg?size=67&uid={e94b3c3f-0338-426a-8bb8-a1289c55c307}http://www.raf-upper-heyford.org/Vehicle_Ops_Dispatch_office.jpghttp://www.dr-dude.com/images/PaperStack.jpghttp://www.royblakeley.name/roy_james_blakeley/lyndon_johnson_situation_room19680216.jpghttp://www.keepnitsimple.org/images/purestock_1574r-01116.medium.jpg

“Physical movement of incident forms”operation

“Ineffective comm. in the call center” situation

a sub-problem of

cause

“Ineffective manual dispatch”situation

negatively affect

Nasima’s “safety” goal

http://www.dr-dude.com/images/PaperStack.jpg

LAS was developing a CAD system in early 90’s

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/London_Ambulance_at_Abbey_Road.jpg/800px-London_Ambulance_at_Abbey_Road.jpghttp://www.mobilecomms-technology.com/projects/astrid/images/new1.jpghttp://www.ukemergency.co.uk/ambulance/dsc09044.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/London_Ambulance_on_Hamilton_Terrace_.jpg/250px-London_Ambulance_on_Hamilton_Terrace_.jpg

solves?

How to ensure system solves stakeholder problem?

1992CAD

Resources

DispatchAmbulanceIncidents

Calls

d

a

b

c

d: MD!{DispatchAmbulance, DispatchHelecopter}

e

f

g

a: CA!{EmergencyCall} e: CA!{AmbulanceRequest}f: IN!{Incident}b: MD!{TrackIncident, ServiceIncident}

c: RE!{ReportStatus, ReportLoc,} g: RE!{Status, Location, Dispatch}

Requirements and specifications = software problem

Machinedomain

GivenDomain

DesignedDomain

Requirement

Requirement reference

Interface

Legend

phenomena

domains

requirementsspecifications

Software problem = what to be built by developers

software problem solves stakeholder problem?

solves?

How to make sure

1992CAD

Resources

DispatchAmbulanceIncidents

Calls

d

a

b

c


e

f

g



“A problem unstated is a problem unsolved”-- Douglas Ross, 1977

Concepts to represent

negatively affect

Sub-problem of

cause

Nasima’s “safety” goal“Ineffective manual dispatch” situation


“Physical movement of incident forms” operation

softgoalsoft-problem

UndesirableSituation

UndesirableMechanism

sub-problem

Legend



Agent NFRsoftgoal

Opera.softgoal And

++Make

+Help Contrib. Correlation

Legend

– ––BreakHurt

Claim

stakeholder problem = Phenomenon…negatively affects someone’s goalsIneffective manual dispatch breaks patient’s safety

Safety

– –

Ineffectiveness

wanttopic

topic

Patient

ManualDispatch

AmbulanceDispatch

Type[Topic]

Patient Safety[Patient]

SafetyPatient

want

i*/Tropos

Extension

topic

Legend



Agent NFRsoftgoal

Opera.softgoal And

++Make


Legend

– ––BreakHurt

Claim

stakeholder problem = phenomenon…hurts someone’s goalsIneffective manual dispatch breaks patient’s safety

Safety

InjurySickness

– –

EmergencyCare

Ineffectiveness

–Timeliness

want

topic

topic

want

topic

++topic

Patient

ManualDispatch

AmbulanceDispatch

– –

Safety

InjurySickness

– –

EmergencyCare

Ineffectiveness

–Timeliness

want

topic

topic

want

topic

++topic

Patient

ManualDispatch

AmbulanceDispatch

Ineffectiveness[CommInCallCenter] ++

PhysicalMovement[IncidentForms]

– –

Ineffectiveness[StatusLocationCommWithAmbulance]

...Legend



Agent NFRsoftgoal

Opera.softgoal And

++Make


Legend

– ––BreakHurt

Claim

stakeholder problem = phenomenon…affects someone’s goalsIneffective manual dispatch affects patient’s safety

Root-cause analysis

Ineffectiveness[ManualDispatch]

Ineffectiveness[CommWihtinDispatchCenter]

Ineffectiveness[CommWithAmbulance]

VerbalComm[WithAmbulance]

++

VerbalComm[TrackLocation]

VerbalComm[TrackStatus]

++

++

PhysicalMovement[IncidentForm]

CrewForgetsToCall[StatusReport]

CrewForgetsToCall[StatusReport]

++

Problem Interdependency Graph(PIG)

Solving stakeholder problems

negatively affect

Sub-problem of

cause

Nasima’s “safety” goal“Ineffective manual dispatch” situation


“Physical movement of incident forms” operation

Prevent

Detect

Contain/quarantine

Recover

Solving stakeholder problem



Ineffectiveness[CommWithAmbulance]

++


SoftwareBasedInformation

– –

FasterConveyerBelt

–

Timeliness[EmergencyCare]

– –

VerbalComm

– –

– – Accuracy

–

Integrated Problem Interdependency Graph (PIG)and Softgoal Interdependency Graph (SIG)

CreditCardTheft

Stolen[CreditCards]

UnauthorizedAccess[WebSite]

...

SecurityMeasures

want

Hacker

Stakeholder problem sufficiently addressed?

^ (AND)

Ineffectiveness

Ineffectiveness[CommInCallCenter]


...

SoftwareBasedForms

MobileTrackingDevice

1992 Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) System

...


VerbalComm

OR

AND

v (OR)

AND

OR

software problem solves stakeholder problem?

solves?

How to make sure

ManualDispatch

Resources

AmbulanceDispatch

Incidents

SafetyInjurySickness

– –

recover

EmergencyCare

Ineffectiveness

++

–

1992CAD

IneffectivenessPIG(Fig. 7)

wantTimeliness

want

topic

topic

Performance(ORCON)

want

CADResources

topic

– –

ComputerAidedDispatch

++

++

– –

topic

a

b

topic

+

c ++

Patient

Caller

Bystander

Government

ef

a

c

b

g

«refine»

d





Ineffectiveness [IncidentLocationIdentifaction]

Ineffectiveness[Communication]

Ineffectiveness[DuplicateCallHandling]

Ineffectiveness[CallHandling]

Ineffectiveness[CallbackHandling]

Ineffectiveness[SpecialIncidentIdentification]

Incomplete [IncidentLocation]

Inaccurate[IncidentLocation]


Ineffectiveness[StatusLocCommWithAmbulance]

Unfamilarity[IncidentLoc]

++ ++



++++

++

HumanJudgement[DuplicateCallHandling]

CallerLeavingPostToConsultAllocator

HumanJudgement[SpecialIncidentIdentification]

++

++

CallerUnfamilarity[IncidentLoc]

CallTakerUnfamilarity[IncidentLoc]



HaveCallerRefertoPhoneBoxID

ComputerBasedGazetteerWithPhoneBoxID

– –


RadioBasedAutomatedTrackingDevice

– –

RadioBasedStatusInputDevice

SoftwareBasedDupCallDetection

AutomaticVehicleLocationSystem

MobileDataTerminal

++ ++

– – – –

Timeliness

– – – – – –

– –

AutomateResourceAllocation


Integrated PIG - SIGExtended problem diagram













++ ++



++++

++




++

++







– –



– –




MobileDataTerminal

++ ++

– – – –

potential missing solution

Timeliness

– – – – – –

– –



potential overlooked problem or gold-plating solution

Benefits of integrated problem- and goal-oriented analysis

Ineffectiveness[ManualDispatch] problem vs. 1992 CAD solution

ManualDispatch

Resources

AmbulanceDispatch

Incidents

SafetyInjurySickness

– –

recover

EmergencyCare

Ineffectiveness

++

–

1992CAD

IneffectivenessPIG(Fig. 7)

wantTimeliness

want

topic

topic

Performance(ORCON)

want

CADResources

topic

– –


++

++

– –

topic

a

b

topic

+

c ++

Patient

Caller

Bystander

Government

e f

a

c

b

g

«refine»

d
















++ ++



++++

++




++

++







– –



– –




MobileDataTerminal

++ ++

– – – –

Timeliness

– – – – – –

– –



Limitations

• behavioral solutions not traceable todomain and phenomena

• non- behavioral solutions not traceable

UndesirableSituation NFR Softgoal


OperationalizingSoftgoal

mirror image

mirror image

Observations

Syntactic Semantic

Soft-problem Softgoal

Problem ≠ negated goal

Solution ≠ negated problem

not the same

Ineffective[ManualDispatch]

Unsafety

not solution for

StormNo Storm

Conclusion

• Contributions– stakeholder problems representation

Soft-problem (Undesirable Situation, Undesirable Mechanism)

– Integrated root-cause and solution analysisPIG - SIG

– Traceability: agents, goals, stakeholder problems, s/w problemsExtended problem diagram

• Future Work– Detailed traceability solutions and domains/phenomena– Integration with negative models

e.g. anti-goal and abuse frames

Ineffectiveness

Ineffectiveness[CommInCallCenter]


...

SoftwareBasedForms

MobileTrackingDevice

1992 Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) System

...


VerbalComm

PIG – Problem Interdependency Graph

noproblem

Thank you

Proposition

Goal

ContributionClaim

SoftProblemSoftgoal

Decomposition SatisficingOperationalizingSoftgoal

NFRSoftgoal



Eql And Or

CorrelationSatisficing

DirectSatisficing

Make Help

Hurt Break

Requirement

ReferencedPhenomenon

RefInterfaceEndPoint

RequirementReference

MachineDomain

DesignedDomain

GivenDomain

Domain

InterfaceConstrainReference

ReferReference

ControlledPhenomenon

parent

offspring

Agent

Hardgoal

Topic

SomePlus

SomeMinus

1..*

1..*

1..*

generalize

Problem

HardProblem

Stakeholder Adversary

TopicEndPointType

0..*

controller

1

SharedPhenomenon

1

1..*

1

1 1

1

1

11

1

1..*

1..*

Want

1

1..*

Impact

1

SatisficingLabel

Undecided

Denied

Satisficed

WeaklySatisficed

WeaklyDenied

0..*

1

1..*

1..*

0..* 0..*

StakeholderWant

AdversaryWant

Conflict

realize

ProblemFramePhenomenon

Phenomenon

0..1

Phenomenon

...Individual

Relation

Softgoal

Stakeholder

Specification

Design

MachineDomain

[11]

Legend

adoptedmeta-element

extendedmeta-element

proxy of existing meta-element

caused by

Prevent the cause

Detect

Benefits of using goal-oriented reasoning

caused by

Crew’s “safe return” goal“Loss of power and oxygen” situation

“explosion of fuel cells” phenomenon

affect

Contain/quarantine

Recover

http://www.diegm.uniud.it/create/Handbook/techniques/List/Immagini/FishboneDiagram.gif

Fishbone Diagram

http://www.qualitytrainingportal.com/resources/problem_solving/images/fault_tree.gif

Fault Tree

Lin Liu, Eric Yu, and John Mylopoulos, “Security and Privacy Requirements Analysis within a Social Setting“, RE’03

The i* Framework

Axel van Lamsweerde, “Elaborating Security Requirements by Construction of Intentional Anti-Models”, ICSE’04

Anti-goal

Guttorm Sindre and Andreas L. Opdahl, “Eliciting security requirements with misuse cases”, RE Journal, 2005

Misuse Cases

L.Lin, et. al, “Analysing Security Threats and Vulnerabilities Using Abuse Frames”, Technical Report, October 2003

Abuse Frames

Steven J. Bleistein, Karl Cox, and June Verner, “Validating strategic alignment of organizational IT requirements using goal modeling and problem diagrams”, Journal of Systems and Software, 2005

An integration of goals and problem frames

extending problem frames to deal with stakeholder problems: an agent- and goal-oriented approach

Documents

problem frames

stakeholder problems

outdoor funhttp

cad system

software related applications

liver condition4 emergency

party dance