explosion damage assessment - penn state … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Short-DurationDynamics
EXPLOSIONEXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
PROF. TED KRAUTHAMMERThe Pennsylvania State University
First Structural Forensic Engineering Seminar onSTRUCTURAL FAILURE INVESTIGATIONS
University of Toronto11-12 January 1999
PennState
![Page 2: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OUTLINE
• PROBLEM DEFINITION
• BACKGROUND
• DAMAGE ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES
• COMPUTATIONAL SUPPORT
• EXAMPLES
• SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
![Page 3: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
PROBLEM DEFINITION
HOW TO USE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE IN SUPPORTOF:
– EFFECTIVE EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS.
– CORRELATING DAMAGE WITH POSSIBLE CAUSES.
– ASSESSING THE REMAINING STRUCTURAL CAPACITY.
![Page 4: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
PROBLEM (Cont.)
TERRORISM
ACCIDENTS
![Page 5: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
MODERN EXPLOSION DAMAGEASSESSMENT - HALIFAX 1917
6 DEC. 1917: SHIP COLLISION WITHA FRENCH MUNITIONS CARRIER INHALIFAX HARBOUR.
2766 T OF VARIOUS EXPLOSIVES.
OVER 2.5 KM_ OF HALIFAX'SINDUSTRIAL N END WAS TOTALLYLEVELLED. THE BLAST SHATTEREDWINDOWS 100 KM AWAY, AND WASHEARD IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
1600+ PEOPLE DIED, 9000 INJURED,200 BLINDED BY FLYING GLASS.1600 BUILDINGS DESTROYED,12,000 DAMAGED. TOTAL DAMAGEUS$35 M.
![Page 6: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
PROBLEM (Cont.)
BUREAU OF ALCOHOL TOBACCO AND FIREARMSU.S.A. CRIMINAL INCIDENTS DATA
1989 - 1993 1991 - 1995
BOMBING INCIDENTS 7,716 8,506
(ATTEMPTED) (1,705) (2,078)
INCENDIARY BOMBING 2,242 2,468
(ATTEMPTED) (557) (782)
DAMAGE (M US$) 641.3 1,257.3
![Page 7: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
BACKGROUND
• BLACK POWDER HAS BEEN USED FORSEVERAL HUNDRED YEARS.
• HIGH EXPLOSIVES HAVE BEEN USED FORABOUT ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY YEARS.
• NITROGLYCERINE (1862) - IMMANUEL NOBEL.
• DYNAMITE (1875) - ALFRED NOBEL.
• NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES (1945).
![Page 8: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
BACKGROUND (Cont.)
EXPERIENCE: ACCIDENTS, MILITARY
CONFLICTS AND TERRORISM.
CIVIL WAR, 1861 - 1865 RUSSIA - JAPAN, 1905
WWI, 1914 - 1918 WWII, 1939 - 1945
KOREA, 1950 - 1953 VIETNAM, 1964 - 1975
MIDDLE EAST, 1947 - INT. TERRORISM, 1960s -
![Page 9: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CONVENTIONAL NUCLEAR
CHEMICALS AND FUELS. NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS.
VAPORS. NUCLEAR WEAPONS.
COMBUSTIBLE DUSTS.
PRESSURE VESSELS.
EXPLOSIVES.
HIGH EXPLOSIVES.
EXPLOSIVE LOAD SOURCES(MILITARY AND CIVILIAN)
![Page 10: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
EXPLOSIVE LOAD SOURCES (Cont.)
NUCLEAR DEVICESS
• YIELDS: KILOTONS (TACTICAL), OR MEGATONS(STRATEGIC) OF TNT EQUIVALENT.
• RELEASE LARGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY(RADIATION, THERMAL, BLAST, EMP, ETC.) IN~1µsec, AFFECTING VAST AREAS.
CONVENTIONAL EXPLOSIVE DEVICES
• YIELDS: ~<1 KG TO ~>15 TONS OF TNT QUIVALENT.
• RELEASE SMALLER AMOUNTS OF ENERGY(BLAST, FRAGMENTS, ETC.) IN ~ 2µsec AFFECTINGSMALLER AREAS.
![Page 11: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
EXPLOSIVE LOADS (Cont.)
![Page 12: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
EXPLOSIVE LOADS (Cont.)
![Page 13: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
EXPLOSIVE LOADS (Cont.)
![Page 14: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
EXPLOSIVE LOADS (Cont.)
![Page 15: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
EXPLOSIVE LOADS (Cont.)
![Page 16: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
EXPLOSIVE LOADS (Cont.)
![Page 17: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
EXPLOSIVE LOADS (Cont.)
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
TIME (ms)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
PR
ES
SU
RE
(kP
a)
LOAD COMPARISONS FOR TYPICAL WEAPONS
Mk 84 100m - INCIDENTMk 84 100m - REFLECTED15 KT - INCIDENT15 KT - REFLECTED1 MT - INCIDENT1 MT - REFLECTED
![Page 18: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
EXPLOSIVE LOADS (Cont.)
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
TIME (ms)
0
10
20
30
PR
ES
SU
RE
(kP
a)
LOAD COMPARISONS FOR TYPICAL WEAPONS
Mk 84 100m - INCIDENTMk 84 100m - REFLECTED
![Page 19: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
TECHNICAL RESOURCES
CONVENTIONAL AND NUCLEAR WEAPONSEFFECTS ARE WELL DOCUMENTED.
NUCLEAR CONVENTIONAL
EARLY: DOD, 1957 NDRC, 1946
RECENT: ASCE, 1985 TM 5-855-1, 1986
Schuster et al., 1987 ESL-TR-87-57, 1989
TM 5-1300, 1990
CONWEP, 1992
![Page 20: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES
• LOAD DEFINITION: P(x,y,z,t) .
• MEDIUM - STRUCTURE INTERACTION.
• NONLINEAR DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR:
– GEOMETRIC.
– MATERIAL.
• STRUCTURE - CONTENTS INTERACTIONS.
• CONTENTS’ SURVIVABILITY (OR FRAGILITY).
• DAMAGE DEFINITIONS.
MANY OF THESE ISSUES ARE NOT WELL DEFINED !
![Page 21: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
COMPUTATIONAL SUPPORT FORDESIGN AND ASSESSMENT
• WEAPON EFFECTS CALCULATIONS.
• CLOSED-FORM SOLUTIONS.
• SDOF, MDOF (SIMPLE AND ADVANCED).
• STRUCTURAL MODELS (BEAM, PLATE, ETC.).
• ADVANCED TOOLS (FE, FD, HYBRID, ETC.).
• SYMBOLIC AND SYMBOLIC-NUMERIC TOOLS.
![Page 22: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
SDOF RESPONSE CALCULATIONS
F(t)
M
K or R(x)C
![Page 23: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SDOF RESPONSE CALCULATIONS
T / Tn
Xm /
XeFigure 3-54. Maximum deflection of elasto-plastic,one-degree-of-freedom system for triangular load
0.1 1.0 10 1000.1
1.0
10
100 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.5
2.0
Numbers next to curves are Ru/P
![Page 24: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
PRESSURE - IMPULSE DIAGRAM
• STRUCTURAL RESPONSE DEPENDS ON td/T
td = DURATION OF THE APPLIED LOAD
T = NATURAL PERIOD OF THE ELEMENT:
T = 2PI/OMEGA, OMEGA = (K/M)0.5
• THREE BEHAVIORAL DOMAINS:
td >> T td << T td ~ T
![Page 25: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
PRESSURE - IMPULSE DIAGRAM
1/[XMAX (KM)0.5]
2F /
(KX
MA
X)
![Page 26: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT ANDSCALED RANGE
DIFFERENT EXPLOSIVE EVENTS CAN BE COMPARED WHENUSING THE CONCEPT OF SCALED RANGE:
λ = RW1 3/
8 = SCALED RANGE.
R = DISTANCE IN FEET OR METERS.
W = EQUIVALENT TNT EXPLOSIVE WEIGHT, IN POUNDSOR KG.
DAMAGE CAN BE RELATED TO SCALED RANGE.
![Page 27: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT FOR FRAMES
![Page 28: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT FOR SLABS
![Page 29: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
DAMAGE CRITERIA
ELEMENTTYPE
MATERIALTYPE
TYPE OFFAILURE
CRITERIALIGHT
DAMAGE
MODERATEDAMAGE
SEVEREDAMAGE
Beams ReinforcedConcrete(ρ>1/2%/face)
GlobalBending/MembraneResponse
Ratios ofCenterlineDeflection toSpan, ∆/L
4% 8% 15%
Shear Average ShearStrain acrossSection, γv
1% 2% 3%
Steel Bending/Membrane
∆/L 5% 12% 25%
Shear ∆/L 2% 4% 8%
Slabs ReinforcedConcrete(ρ>1/2%/face)
Bending/Membrane
∆/L 4% 8% 15%
Shear γv 1% 2% 3%
Columns ReinforcedConcrete(ρ>1/2%/face)
Compression Shortening/Height
1% 2% 4%
Steel Compression Shortening/Height
2% 4% 8%
oad BearingWalls
ReinforcedConcrete(ρ>1/2%/face)
Compression Shortening/Height
1% 2% 4%
Shear Walls ReinforcedConcrete(ρ>1/2%/face)
Shear Average ShearStrain AcrossSection
1% 2% 3%
![Page 30: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ADDITIONAL DAMAGE CRITERIA
DAMAGE VS. SUPPORT ROTATIONS
FOR BEAMS AND SLABS
SUPPORT ROTATION DAMAGE
(DEGREES)
< 2 LIGHT
2 TO 5 MODERATE
5 TO 12 SEVERE
![Page 31: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
OBSERVED STRUCTURAL DAMAGE
![Page 32: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
SITECONDITIONS
BACKRAOUNDDATA
EXPERTASSESSMENT
MEASUREMENTSNUMERICALANALYSIS
POSSIBLECAUSE
POSSIBLECAUSE
POSSIBLECAUSE
DETERMINECAUSE
POSSIBLEEFFECTS
POSSIBLEEFFECTS
POSSIBLEEFFECTS
DETERMINEEFFECT
![Page 33: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ADVANCED DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
INVESTIGATOR
INTELLIGENT INTERFACE
EXPERT SYSTEM
DESIGNMANUALS
ANDSUPPORT TOOLS
NUMERIC FACILITIESAND
COMPUTER CODES
TEST ANDOPERATIONSDATA BASE
SIGNAL ANALYSIS
SENSORDATA
TOA
A
![Page 34: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
THE OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING
19 APRIL 1995
THE EXPLOSIVE CHARGEWAS ESTIMATED BASED ONCRATER DIMENSIONS.
~4000 lbs. TNT EQUIVALENTPLACED ~14 ft. FROM THEBUILDING, 4.5 ft. ABOVEAN 18-in.-THICK PAVEMENT.
EXTENSIVE DAMAGE, FAREXCEEDING WHAT WASSHOWN IN TYPICAL NEWSREPORTS.
![Page 35: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
THE OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING
5 6 7 8 9 10
TIME (MS)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
PR
ES
SU
RE
(P
SI)
BLAST LOADING ON COLUMN G24
FRONT
REAR
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TIME (MS)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
LA
TE
RA
L D
EF
LE
CT
ION
(I
N.)
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF COLUMN G24 AT MIDHEIGHT
FAILURE
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE BETWEEN THE FRON AND REAR OFCOLUMN G24 CAUSED ITS FAILURE 3.75 MILLISECONDS
AFTER THE BLAST ARRIVAL.
![Page 36: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
THE OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING
DIFFERETIAL UPWARD PRESSURE ON 5TH FLOOR SLAB CAUSEDITS FAILURE LONG AFTER THE BLAST LOADS DIMINISHED.
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
TIME (MS)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
PR
ES
SU
RE
(P
SI)
BOTTOM
TOP
BLAST LOADING ON 5TH FLOOR SLAB BETWEEN COLUMNS 20 AND 22
0 100 200 300
TIME (MS)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
DE
FL
EC
TIO
N
(IN
.)
SLAB FAILURE AT 183 MS (8.4 IN.)
PEAK DEFLECTION AT 284 MS (9.3 IN.)
5TH FLOOR SLAB RESPONSEBETWEEN COLUMNS 20 AND 22
![Page 37: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
THE OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING
NUMERICALLY SIMULATED EFFECT OF RAPID COLUMN REMOVALON BUILDING BEHAVIOR (Crawford, 1996)
![Page 38: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
KHOBAR TOWERS - SAUDI ARABIA
EXTENSIVE DAMAGE TOPRECAST APARTMENTBUILDING.
EXPLOSIVE CHARGE WASESTIMATED BASED ONCRATER DIMENSIONS,GLASS BREAKAGE, ANDADVANCED SIMULATIONS.
![Page 39: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
KHOBAR TOWERS - SAUDI ARABIA
![Page 40: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
KENYA AND TANZANIA, 1998
![Page 41: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
PETROCHEMICAL EXPLOSIONS
![Page 42: EXPLOSION DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - Penn State … · modern explosion damage assessment - halifax 1917 6 dec. 1917: ship collision with a french munitions carrier in halifax harbour. 2766](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051406/5acd59767f8b9aa1518d6173/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
EXPLOSIVE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT IS DIFFICULT.
EXPERIENCE: EXPLOSION MECHANICS AND EFFECTS
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS AND DYNAMICS
COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS.
USE DATA TO DERIVE POSSIBLE CAUSE-AND-EFFECTRELATIONSHIPS, AND VALIDATE WITH NUMERICALSIMULATIONS.
ACTIVITIES COULD BE VERY TIME CONSUMING.
URGENT NEED TO DEVELOP INTELLIGENT EXPLOSIONDAMAGE ASSESSMENT TOOLS.