exploring psychology 1_-_moodle
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TRANSCRIPT
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Brain LateralizationBrain Lateralization
Exploring Psychology (1)Exploring Psychology (1)
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Brain Lateralization
The Unequal Specialization of the two halves of the brain
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Behavioural Techniques
used to measure
Brain Lateralization
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Behavioural Techniques
• Dual Task Studies/Interference Tasks
• Tachistoscopic Presentation
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Interference Tasks
• Tapping
• Balancing task
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Right Hand (Tapping Alone) Left Hand (Tapping Alone)
Right Hand (Tapping & Reading) Left Hand (Tapping & Reading)
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Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year.
He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake. The only other sound's the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake.
The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. Robert Frost
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Right Hand (Tapping Alone) Left Hand (Tapping Alone)
Total number of Taps = Total number of Taps =
Right Hand (Tapping & Reading) Left Hand (Tapping & Reading)
Total number of Taps = Total number of Taps =
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Interference Tasks
Tapping Task
http://www.zimm-co.com/PressTheSpaceBar/pressthespacebar2000.html
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Tapping Task
• Base rate of how many times a person can tap their index finger within a specified time is taken for each hand, one at a time
• Measurements taken again –
Tapping & Talking
• The tapping while simultaneously-talking-rate is compared to base rate
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Tapping Task
• usually found that for most right handers talking decreases the tapping rate of the right hand more than left
(Hellige & Longstreth,
1981)
• greater interference when two activities are carried out within the same hemisphere
• greater right- than-left-hand interference indicates left hemisphere language dominance
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Motor Pathway
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Interference Tasks
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
Right Hand
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BalancingTask
• Base rate – length of time each hand can balance a dowel rod - alone
• Then, balancing in conjunction with reading
The balancing while simultaneously-reading-rate is compared to base rate for each hand
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BalancingTask
• usually found that reading decreases the length of time for balancing of the right hand more than left
• greater right- than-left-hand interference indicates left hemisphere language dominance
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Motor Pathway
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Interference Tasks
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
Right Hand
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Behavioural Techniques
• Dual Task Studies/Interference Tasks
• Tachistoscopic Presentation
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Tachistoscopic Presentation
Right Visual Field Advantage (RVFA) usually found for language
i.e., greater accuracy or faster Reaction Time for verbal stimuli presented in the right visual field
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Language Lateralization
RVFA is taken as a Left Hemisphere advantage for Language
- due to set-up of visual pathways
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Visual Pathways to Hemispheres
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Dichotic Listening Technique
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Dichotic Listening Technique
The simultaneous presentation of two different stimulus inputs
- one to each ear
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Dichotic Listening
Broadbent (1954)
• Initially used to study attention
• The aim was to purposely divide the attention
• To provide information regarding processing capacity/limitations
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Dichotic Listening
In Broadbent’s early studies
• participants heard 6 digits, 3 to each ear in simultaneous pairs:
Right Ear Left Ear6 97 52 4
• Recall 1. pair by pair (6 9, 7 5, 2 4) or2. ear by ear (672, 954)
Ear by ear recall was found to be easier & more accurate
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Dichotic Listening
Broadbent’s early studies
• Broadbent concluded the ears act as separate channels, to which the person can only attend to one at a time
• But participants do recall some items from the other ear
Concluded that there is a buffer zone in which items are held until the person can get to them
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Dichotic Listening
Dichotic Listening is used as a technique to measure brain lateralization
• Right Ear Advantage (REA) found for Language
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Competitive stimulation causes suppression of the ipsilateral pathways (Kimura, 1961)
Auditory pathways acting as a contralateral
system
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Auditory Pathways
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
Contralateral
Ipsilateral
Left Ear Right Ear
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Language Lateralization
Different behavioural techniques/Different routes
Same conclusion –
Left hemisphere specialized for language
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Language Lateralization
Tachistoscopic presentation & Dichotic listening
What do they tell us about how the brain is organized for Language??
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Language Lateralization
RVFA & REA are taken as a Left Hemisphere advantage for Language
What about the Right Hemisphere?
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Strict Localization Model (Moscovitch 1973)
Left Ear/VF Right Ear/VF
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
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Efficiency Model (Moscovitch 1973)
Left Ear/VF Right Ear/VF
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
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Hand Preference
& Brain Lateralization
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Hand Preference and Cerebral Asymmetry
Right handers
- most left hemisphere dominant for language
Left handers
- c. 75% left hemisphere dominant for language
- remainder have a bilateral organization
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Handedness & Cerebral Asymmetry
Right Handers Left Handers
Lateralization of Bilateral Organization
Language of Language
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Incidence of Hand Preference
10% Left handed
• Generation• Culture
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Hand Preference
Measurement
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Measurement of Hand Preference
• Hand used for writing
• Most widely used measure now:
Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) (Oldfield, 1971)
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Measurement of Hand Preference
Edinburgh Handedness Inventory
(EHI)
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EDINBURGH HANDEDNESS INVENTORY (Oldfield, 1971)Please indicate your preferences in the use of hands in the following activitie by putting + in the appropriate column.Where the preference is so strong that you would never try to use the other hand unless absolutely forced to, put ++. Ifin any case you are really indifferent put + in both columns.
Some of the activities require both hands. In these cases the part of the task, or object, for which hand preference is wanted isindicated in brackets.
Left
Right
1 Writing
2 Drawing
3 Throwing
4 Scissors
5 Toothbrush
6 Knife (without fork)
7 Spoon
8 Broom (upper hand)
9 Striking match (match)
10 Opening box (lid)
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Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) (Oldfield, 1971)
EHI Scoring
The laterality Quotient for the EHI is derived in the following way:
• Add the number of +’s getting a total for each column
• Subtract the sum for the left hand column from that for the right hand column
• Divide the obtained difference by the sum of both columns
• Multiply the resulting ratio by 100
Right Column – Left Column X 100 = Laterality Quotient R Col + L Col
• The EHI provides a score which ranges from +100 to -100
(Right handed (Left handed for all items) for all items)
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Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI)
• Measures degree of hand preference
• Provides a hand preference score
• EHI scores range from
+100 (Strongly Right Handed)
to
-100 (Strongly Left Handed)
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Degree of Handedness
Strong Left Strong Right
Handers Handers
Weak Left Weak Right
Handers Handers
-100 -50 0 +50 +100
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Hand Preference Measurement
• Other Hand Preference Measures
(e.g., Annett’s Hand Preference Measure)
• Carry out tasks
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Degree of Hand Preference
• Forced to use right hand
• Handicap – broken arm
• Family Handedness
• Genetics – biologically related
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Handedness & Cerebral Asymmetry
Strong Left & Weak Left &
Right Handers Right Handers
Lateralization of Bilateral Organization
Language of Language
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Hand Preference
Familial Sinistrality
Presence of left handers in one’s family
Brain Lateralization
– outweigh own hand preference?
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Familial Sinistrality
Left Hander - with FS
Left Hander - with No FS
Right Hander - with FS
Right Hander - with No FS
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Cerebral Asymmetry Worksheet
1. Define cerebral asymmetry
2. Name 3 behavioural techniques used to measure cerebral asymmetry
3. Briefly describe the rationale behind one of these techniques
4. What are the advantages of a behavioural technique over other types of techniques?
5. Calculate your direction and degree of hand preference using the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971).
EHI = R column – L column X 100 = Rc + Lc
direction =degree =
6. Is a strong hand preference associated with: -Weak brain lateralization
-Strong brain lateralization
-No cerebral lateralization
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Brain Lateralization and Ability
A Lateralized or more Bilateral
organization best??
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Brain Lateralization
Why be Lateralized for functioning?
- Asymmetrical versus a Symmetrical
brain