exploring nursing research in canada class one september 16, 2009 judith shaw, ph.d.,r.n
TRANSCRIPT
Exploring Nursing Research in Canada
Class OneSeptember 16, 2009
Judith Shaw, Ph.D.,R.N.
What is research?
to search again
diligent and systematic inquiry
to discovery
Define
Nursing Research
Nursing Research
a scientific process that
validates and refined existing
knowledge, and generates new knowledge that
directly and indirectly
influences nursing practice
Nursing Research
Provides the scientific basis for the
practice of the profession.
(American Association of College of Nursing)
Definition of
Nursing Research
Requires an understanding
of
what knowledge is relevant for nursing-
Definition of
Nursing Research
Specifically-
what knowledge is needed to improve
nursing practice(Burns & Grove, 2007)
Metaparadigm
A global statement that identifies the
subject matter of each discipline or field
of study.
(Fawcett, 2005)
Metaparadigm of
Nursing
Human beings
The environment
Health
Nursing
Nursing Research
A formal, systematic, and rigorous process of inquiry used to generate and test theories about the health-related experiences of human beings within their environments and about the actions and processes that nurses use in practice
(Fawcett & Garity, 2009)
ComparisonNursing Process & Nursing Research
1. Assessment & Interpretation of Data
2. Diagnosis of problem
1. Selection of a social context
2. Formulation of research question; explication of researcher’s beliefs
ComparisonNursing Process & Nursing Research
3. Development and
implementation of
plan of care
3. Develop and implement methodology plan
Cyclical process of data collection, analysis, and concept formation and modification
ComparisonNursing Process & Nursing Research
4. Evaluation of plan of care
4. Interpretation of findings
May involve review of literature at this stage
Validation of findings with participants
ComparisonNursing Process & Nursing Research
5. Revision of plan based on evaluation
5. Communication of the findings.
Implications and recommendations
OR
Nursing Process Nursing Research(Fawcett, 2005)
1. Assessment
2. Planning
3. Implementation
4. Evaluation
5. Documentation
1. Statement of the problem
2. Research Methods
3. Conduct of the Research
4. Interpretation of results
5. Research Report
The Importance of Research in Nursing
Description
(what is)
The Importance of Research in Nursing
Explanation
(relationship; nursing interventions with
client outcomes)
The Importance of Research in Nursing
Prediction
(probability of a certain outcome in a specific
situation)
The Importance of Research in Nursing
Control
(to produce the desired outcome)
Kinds of Nursing Knowledge Traditions Authority Borrowing Trial and Error Personal Experience Role-Modeling Intuition Reasoning Research
Epistemology
-the study of the nature of knowledge
How we know what we know
Ways of Knowing
Aesthetics
Ethical Knowing
Personal Knowing
Empirical Knowing (Carper, 1978)
*Socio-Political (*White, 1995)
**Unknowing in Knowledge (**Heath,1998; Munhall, 1993)
Aesthetics
The nature of beauty or art
…art of nursing
Ethical Knowing
The obligation, moral component
– what should be done– what is good, right and desired
Personal Knowledge
Interpersonal interactions and relationships between the nurse and a client
– therapeutic use of self– authentic personal relationship
Empirical Knowledge
Knowledge of the experienced or empirical world
Socio-Political
Situates nursing practice in the world of society, community life, culture, economics, and politics
Who’s voice is heard? Whose voice is silenced.
Unknowing in Knowledge
All knowledge is tentative and dynamic.
Openness, qualitative receptivity to what may be learned.
Not all important questions have been asked.
Many answers to both scientific and philosophical questions remain elusive.
How does nursing thought flow from both
concrete to abstract thinking?
The World of Nursing ResearchPhilosophy Abstract
Knowledge
Science Abstract Theory
Thought Processes
Reality Testing
(Research)
Empirical World
(Nursing Practice) Concrete
Research Nursing Knowledge
More reliable
vs.
Other Kinds of Nursing Knowledge
Philosophy in Nursing Research
Framework for identifying central concept
Assumptions for theory development
Relates nursing to practice world
Information on how to learn about the world
Philosophical Position
Qualitative Research
Approaches
Assumptions
- interpretive worldview - multiple realities
- many sources of information
- knowing how social experience constructs reality is important
Philosophy
philosophical research
notions question
of
scientific
truth
Philosophy
Research Methods
Question of
Inquiry in
Nursing
Qualitative Research
Six Characteristics
1. Multiple Realities
The individual:
- active participates in social action
- comes to know and understand
phenomena in very different ways
2. Multiple Ways of Understanding
Finding a method or approach
to
appropriately answer
the question
3. Participant’s Point of View
To present the participant’s view of reality
- understand the context of what is
researched
4. Context
Alter as little as possible
5. Researcher- Part of the Study
Researcher as instrument
-subjective bias
6. Reporting
Participant’s perspective
-rich, literary style -participant’s quotes,
commentaries, and stories
Development of Nursing Science
Three perspectives
1. Positivist
2. Interpretive
3. Critical [Social Theory]
Positivist Perspective
Strict rules of logic, truth, axioms,
and predictions
Interpretive Perspective
Reality is based on personal perceptions
What we know has meaning only within a given context
Critical Perspective
Human behavior consist of different groups attempting to enhance their interests at the expense of less powerful groups
Three Levels of Quantitative Research
*Construct axiom *Construct
[relationship between constructs]
*Concept proposition *Concept
[relationship between concepts]
Indicators hypotheses Indicators
*different authors reverse these; Gillis and Jackson (2002) reverse the order
Qualitative Research
Naming - discovering meanings in
contexts
- process and meaning are described
Qualitative ResearchCyclical Process
Researcher moves back and forth between the data collection and analysis stages
-to identify and describe the
participant’s perspective
QUESTIONS ASKED
HOW/WHAT
Triangulation
Use of multiple methods
to generate and collect data
about one phenomenon
Triangulation
Within-Methods
Between-Methods
Within-Methods Triangulation
Example
-different types of qualitative data collections strategies
Between-MethodsTriangulation
Example
- both qualitative/quantitative data collection procedures
Unit of Analysis
The element or set of elements selected to study
-individual
-aggregrate [group, community]
LINK OF PRACTICE, THEORY, AND
RESEARCH Practice
Theory Research
NURSING RESEARCH PRIORITIES
To Improve:
Nursing as a Profession
Nursing Practice
Patient Outcomes
Quantitative & QualitativeResearch Characteristics
Quantitative Research– Hard Science– Focus: Concise &
Narrow– Reductionistic– Objective– Reasoning: Logistic,
Deductive– Basis of Knowing:
Cause & Effect, Relationships
Qualitative Research- Soft Science
- Focus: Complex & Broad
- Holistic
- Subjective
- Reasoning: Dialectic, Inductive
- Basis of Knowing: Meaning, Discovery
Quantitative QualitativeResearch Research
– Tests Theory– Control– Instruments
– Basic Element of
Analysis: Numbers– Statistical Analysis
– Generalization
– Develop Theory– Shared Interpretation– Communication &
Observation– Basic Element of
Analysis: Words– Individual
Interpretation– Uniqueness
RESEARCH-MINDEDNESS
Research-based Practice
Deterrents to Conducting Research
Deterrents to Conducting Research
limited number of nurses prepared to conduct research
nurse researchers may not be involved with or knowledgeable about nursing practice
difficulty in asking the research question
Deterrents to Conducting Research
lack of congruency between research purposes and research methods
insufficient time
access to patients
Deterrents to Disseminating & Applying Research
Understanding by practicing nursing
Faculty not involved in research
Lack of scientific rationale/nursing textbooks
Inadequate preparation
Promotion of Research & Research-Based Practice
Increase number of B Sc..N, Master’s & doctoral prepared nurses
Emphasize students learn to critique research for quality data
Develop a climate that rewards research
Promotion of Research & Research-Based Practice
Strengthen collaboration of practice/research/education
Research-based protocols Research interest groups Increase opportunities for publishing
FINANCING NURSING RESEARCH IN CANADA
Federal Support for Research
3 categories: research grants, research fellowships, & auxiliary grants (indirect $)– 1971-McGill, first Center for Nursing
research – gradual increase in funding– increase in doctoral programs/increase in
research
FUNDING
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Medical Research Council, National Health Research & Development Program
Charitable organizations
Canadian Nurses Fund
Canadian Health Services Research Foundation (CHSRF)
Social Science & Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)
Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation
PRAXIS WITHIN NURSING
theory, practice and research
informing the others
to produce
powerful new forms of knowledge